‫كلية الهندسة – جامعة سوهاج‬

‫قســـم الهندســــة الكهربائيـــة‬

DC Drives

Dr Khairy Sayed
Faculty of Engineering, Sohag
University
 Power Electronic Converters in Electrical Drive Systems
Converters for Motor Drives
(some possible configurations)

DC Drives AC Drives

AC Source DC Source AC Source DC Source

DC-AC-DC DC-DC

AC-DC AC-DC-DC AC-DC-AC AC-AC DC-AC DC-DC-AC

Const. Variable NCC FCC

DC DC
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
Converters for Motor Drives

Configurations of Power Electronic Converters depend on:

Sources available
Type of Motors

Drive Performance - applications

- Braking
- Response
- Ratings
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES

Available AC source to control DC motor (brushed)

AC-DC AC-DC-DC

Uncontrolled Rectifier
Single-phase Control
Control
Three-phase
Controlled Rectifier DC-DC Switched mode
Single-phase 1-quadrant, 2-quadrant
Three-phase 4-quadrant
 DC Choppers based DC motor Drives
• Many industrial applications need a conversion of a voltage coming from a
DC source into another DC level. Step up DC choppers are used for
regenerative braking of dc motors.
• Step down DC choppers are used to control the speed of dc motor.
• Complete production unit consists mainly of three basic components;
• ► Electric motor,
• ► Energy-transmitting device and
• ► The working (or driven) machine.
• An electric motor is the source of motive power.
• An energy transmitting device delivers power from electric motor to the
driven machine (or the load); it usually consists of shaft, belt, chain, rope
etc.
• A working machine is the driven machine that performs the required
production process.
 Applications of DC drive
Examples of working machine:
① Lathes, ② Centrifugal Pumps, ③ Drilling Machines, ④ Lifts, ⑤ Conveyer Belts, ⑥
Food-Mixers, etc…
An electric motor together with its control equipment and energy-transmitting device forms an electric drive, as shown in
the figure below
 DC Motor Control
DC motors are used extensively in adjustable-
speed drives and position control applications.
• The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by
• (i) Field-Flux Control Method
• (ii) Armature-Voltage Control Method
• DC choppers can be used for the speed
control of DC motors.
 Basic Equations of DC Motors

Motors are generally classified

according to their methods of
field excitation.
 Basic Equations of DC Motors
For the field circuit:

For armature circuit,

Motor back e.m.f.:

Speed Control of DC Drive by Using
DC-DC Buck converter
 Speed Control of DC Drive by Using
DC-DC Buck converter
As shown in figure, the output voltage is

The output DC current is:

Where the switch duty cycle is

expressed as:

As shown in the waveforms below the switching

frequency f is 1/T, where T is the time for one-cycle
and equal to Ton+Toff
 Speed Control of DC Drive by Using
DC-DC Buck converter
Power delivered to motor = (Average motor voltage)
(average motor current)

Input power to chopper =(average input voltage) (average source

current)

For the motor armature circuit,

 Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC
400

200

+ 2Vm
Vo  cos 
-200


-400
0.4 0.405 0.41 0.415 0.42 0.425 0.43 0.435 0.44

50Hz Vo 10

1-phase Average voltage

 over 10ms 5

0
0.4 0.405 0.41 0.415 0.42 0.425 0.43 0.435 0.44

500

50Hz
+ -500
3-phase 0.4 0.405 0.41 0.415 0.42 0.425 0.43 0.435 0.44
3VL  L ,m
Vo Vo  cos 

30

20

 Average voltage
over 3.33 ms 10

0
0.4 0.405 0.41 0.415 0.42 0.425 0.43 0.435 0.44
Silicon Controlled Rectifiers
 Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC
2Vm


+ 2Vm
Vo  cos 

50Hz Vo 90o 180o
1-phase Average voltage
 over 10ms
2Vm



3VL  L ,m

50Hz
+
3-phase
3VL  L ,m
Vo Vo  cos 
 90o 180o

 Average voltage
over 3.33 ms 3VL  L ,m


Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC

ia

+
Vt
3-phase
Vt Q2 Q1
supply

 Q3 Q4 Ia

- Operation in quadrant 1 and 4 only

Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC

+
3-
phase 3-phase
Vt supply
supply


Q2 Q1

Q3 Q4
T
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC

F1 R1

3-phase
supply
+ Va -
R2 F2

Q2 Q1

Q3 Q4
T
 Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC

Cascade control structure with armature reversal (4-quadrant):

iD

ref + Speed
iD,ref + Current Firing
controller Controller Circuit
_
_

iD,ref
Armature
iD, reversal
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC

Uncontrolled control
rectifier
Switch Mode DC-DC
1-Quadrant
2-Quadrant
4-Quadrant
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC

control
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter

Va
T1 D1
+
ia
Vdc Q2 Q1

+ Ia
 D2
T2
Va

T1 conducts  va = Vdc
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter

Va
T1 D1
+
ia
Vdc Q2 Q1

+ Ia
 D2
T2
Va

D2 conducts  va = 0 T1 conducts  va = Vdc

Va Eb

Quadrant 1 The average voltage is made larger than the back emf
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter

Va
T1 D1
+
ia
Vdc Q2 Q1

+ Ia
 D2
T2
Va

D1 conducts  va = Vdc
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter

Va
T1 D1
+
ia
Vdc Q2 Q1

+ Ia
 D2
T2
Va

T2 conducts  va = 0 D1 conducts  va = Vdc

Va Eb

Quadrant 2 The average voltage is made smallerr than the back emf, thus
forcing the current to flow in the reverse direction
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter

vc
2vtri

+
vA Vdc
-

+
vc
 Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Four-quadrant Converter
leg A leg B

+ D1 D3
Q1 Q3
+ Va 
Vdc

 D4 D2
Q4 Q2

Positive current

va = Vdc when Q1 and Q2 are ON

 Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Four-quadrant Converter
leg A leg B

+ D1 D3
Q1 Q3
+ Va 
Vdc

 D4 D2
Q4 Q2

Positive current

va = Vdc when Q1 and Q2 are ON

va = -Vdc when D3 and D4 are ON
va = 0 when current freewheels through Q and D
 Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Four-quadrant Converter
leg A leg B

+ D1 D3
Q1 Q3
+ Va 
Vdc

 D4 D2
Q4 Q2

Positive current Negative current

va = Vdc when Q1 and Q2 are ON va = Vdc when D1 and D2 are ON

va = -Vdc when D3 and D4 are ON
va = 0 when current freewheels through Q and D
 Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Four-quadrant Converter
leg A leg B

+ D1 D3
Q1 Q3
+ Va 
Vdc

 D4 D2
Q4 Q2

Positive current Negative current

va = Vdc when Q1 and Q2 are ON va = Vdc when D1 and D2 are ON

va = -Vdc when D3 and D4 are ON va = -Vdc when Q3 and Q4 are ON
va = 0 when current freewheels through Q and D va = 0 when current freewheels through Q and D
 Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
Bipolar switching scheme – output
AC-DC-DC swings between VDC and -VDC

vc
2vtri

Vdc
Vdc
+ + vA
vA vB 0
- - Vdc
vB
0

vc Vdc

+ vAB

_ -Vdc
 Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
Unipolar switching scheme – output
AC-DC-DC swings between Vdc and -Vdc

vc
Vtri
-vc

Vdc
+ + Vdc
vA vB
vA
-
0
-

Vdc
vc vB
0
+
Vdc
_
vAB
0

-vc
 Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Four-quadrant Converter

Armature
200
current 200

150 150 Armature

Vdc 100 Vdc 100
current
50 50

0 0

-50 -50

Vdc -100 -100

-150 -150

-200 -200

0.04 0.0405 0.041 0.0415 0.042 0.0425 0.043 0.0435 0.044 0.0445 0.045 0.04 0.0405 0.041 0.0415 0.042 0.0425 0.043 0.0435 0.044 0.0445 0.045

Bipolar switching scheme Unipolar switching scheme

• Current ripple in unipolar is smaller

• Output frequency in unipolar is effectively doubled
different modes of operation of an
electric machine
different modes of operation of an
electric machine
 Practical Example
30A PWM Motor Speed Control (6Vdc to
60Vdc)
Feature:
Input voltage: DC6-60V
Output voltage: linear load
Output current: 0-30A continuous current: 20A
Speed control type: speed control mode:
potentiometer
Speed range:0–100% Control frequency: 15KHZ
Wiring type:fence terminal knob Length: 18CM
Jog stop switch
Panel mounted
Size:9.5x6cm/3.74×2.36inch
12V-40V 10A PWM DC Motor Speed Control
Features:
Control the speed of a DC motor.
High efficiency, high torque, low heat.
With reverse polarity protection, high
current protection.
Working Voltage: DC 12V – DC 40V.
Control Power:0.01 – 400W.
Static Current:0.02 A ( Standby ).
PWM Duty Cycle:10% -100%.
PWM Frequency:13 KHz.
Size:6cm x 7.5cm x 2.8cm, Weight: 70g