electong

UNIT1 9 Poulavalent aloas Ceates exha

lectsores ae majoly
Chage CAALA avnd
SEMICONOOCTOR DEVICES
2 PoWER SUPPLI£S-
holes 0nc tninohlty Clarge Caoiens,
Seni condu clrs;
condu chivity belven
Mateials ohich have a

nbn-couoluctors. heninal electhonte deuice

n vohich
Conelucos
ICondudisthy noeaze
ag 2 enpentas
electic Aowsn Only wtne
Ctonl , diseclion

ises oy adding ome ipusitin. Di-0de) 2 elechodesAode (re)

hoce addicg npoitie ihinsic (-
Boping
inoeaze il Conbuctijdy Can er used as nectyien egeclates
emiconduin oscilatess ehc
Scrtekes,
SEMICOnNDUCTORI :
9ES OF
YPES

P-bype SC
PN JoncTt0 oe:
SC a ooUndau wthon a
An vileyac
P-kype & NABC
mafetal
P-treS devikco beteen
deping hivaloet
2tinsic9 abbinz by called PN jwneldn
dussos
indium) 6 to allocw lhe plor q ekciic
rg
uuty
wwwiy ots (e boon, allium, ed
dsectict avd ocks in ie oyek daectir
huwre 3i ta qe SC excers holes
One
Thivalent atenss heale Synmbod:
Holes One majoity chsange Canier ad
weinony ohaygdooies Cadtuode
elechons he CAuode -e
FUe

otaiued by deping
Einuic 9C
eg: antinon, phephoroa
pentavalent inpuiyatoms
impuuiy
asenic et
 Wonking phinciple: Due Perward kiasing, yliod te
eutasds junelion.
Unbiased Condilion:
-
dafeuntia hepels lioles
potuntial hepels
ue jundin i dosnmed, fhe Sovialant,, aplied
When
P
eechons&holer Cuoy oough he unction By the e's te:oands jntirn.
dippusinn' Hevte kle widt q deplcbicn hcon aiucen
phoces N hegion
This Pre es Coning: PM junctan
holes nea ha
Pneginn
necombiona
u
with
hole ooing o ee e
Similasy
e
froe
combines Loil es dn Nrgio eeee
P hegco N Nuegiom

neahe wickion
no
h a hegton i 4omed, wolaeh doet

ea runein. his negoq

we avy han
n potutiad. pee
Mobile chasged
osien
pofortial
r voltaga 8ieate han
Known asdepletsn hegio, mayer casttes4 ase able
bilt in
ee Douor
ado
lteepfo3 asv-
Cess e depletion
eaditacedlowads tve poknal
higion.
appked porvil

6- &holes athartd anta e

appbad
a
anau
ecer0. t lechors
Hole
Cent lows olut i asáy
majody

hus s P-uide,
daecton HMe

es movr Aom n std

P inu
Depleton
layes. Cuent in onp s n-de.
ide
oderetiol asties diwnp Fu, Ge-0-3v
Ohuoond biased Condton: n) Revene biased coudition:
teoninal attey n this tue, p-zide ConreedpI5
tve
When auwl-Ue tesninal N-gide, Conrecel
COnmected P-Btde Ve Teminad balley odn-sid
fosuard biaied. ttvmuinal battey
aid be +Ue
 heserse blas volthge T
Whenedepletin uegion e, ira e mve htosa
wioh the fouasds -e Aod
ars holey nDve
lowards
teeminal
. +Ue temuinel,

Causes oA g ussart
due b rend N

h
es electic eeck; nornily
electie epyech ninoiiy
Chage Cavi due s
oiased
built in
But,oofth hegiong aheable
the
Ces tha Breakdohay

COBies in
depletiorn hegton.
pom p-Side n-sie ad
Jet Jet n-Sid&
Swappad
p-side Qnd podue MDLe ee electhos.
Aom, roceu epeab oduuce
Oap ped ow q CLsent in This aned

h a the Causes
Cut known a Op lectios acceleate a hewcle uere wil

evese bias
Comdbtidn. This CUmt
ne) e udden iue in heuese eurerd.
CLhenk'. CAA ne) it
CpuA depletin
heveve atisaticn The Uoltage at uoteith Ahe

gLc Bnaks ond ncteases low q asgant 2i bben

T

eleeruc asMen
phucnsmenbn q
e he
Jage comenl4
wlinicajin uat vey
ollom
Con
kuoion as Avalaraee
wton Ba Malnal j
Avolanthe breakdpon,"
XBteakdowrn voltage:
ulipi aim
s abore cexton
When Qnlieo voltage pevh
ovel in puese io
eletond e acelenola A sdden ise in heve cnt aute
deletion hesdn,
eolde a olka aed
dlanaage he dovi

These eteeiens
 ZENER IOPe
www
Alo kmon a brekdenon diode ". Zann bheehdpuan:
bias voltage, heaches
A heavbly daped ge device tet a deigu he hevesse
bR ge drong
enei volage electia Preld el
nesale ievee
twese
daeekiom

un he qepttd enough ts ull velene e3 tom

porent aton, n
puwoing biosv This enoen as Xeno bieakdeun
yoltage thenchi enn vdtoge tnee volaeunhio A his hesicn,a Bmall qe in
vob

cuwsneet plous in heseme dtcn

hanid ue elkchit cuxnt
Bheales
hesulbs
This i roun Q zenea eret"
Avalavncle U Zehe
9ymbol:
Aialanche enes
ts, elechet
Ocuss dus
colisem Ocewa du electtode,
Honernt atom. icla elw 2
Opea elion e's wt1h heauily dopal
dtioole 'arerle 2)0cus in lightty dope Occus m dade.
Dusing ood bias, 2ere PN in
P-n an dtooe
3 Negatie Kenpelatue
Bhat P mcim dinede
leiskage esitive tenpeaue
hewese bis, a al Coeicieut.
Coercern
, kg betucon
urig diode, due b mirod AOcum when V2 78v 47Ocdiuy dhui

Cuoh ent ows toough the

reaches
heaches
V- cnatet eristies
Chaxge Chnierg. erese H
Volage
applied
Whn eledie poldlin Cep
vbktage,
leton
hegucn
brwad
Kenn ore)
alues ruhe
pulls valence es& cuopat foud,
uia wlurclh kon ounduces
es moUR in
dath Ainee voll
Cubnent ue to a nartim.um zhbilizes Aalayaa
nalape hrekdpun.
brerkdur
apfu wlith i
detovniud by Phe 8eies hessfs8 fehbanZore
wride ange 4pltdoteje .
Tere
hemaa Covont a a
 enn Votage ( VA) Knges Aom 24u oo,
wid dirden
n,oo
ax.cusut (22en Max. cuistnt af ortge.
zmes
30V RCRo
MAK- Oont ' nuin
M.bheakalown.
cRut heuief 6

Torer hes3tana7 Heritone s he zene dibde

XOPERPTTOr
exhibita
Voltage tolaana Ve haly cycle:
pially +5 as a Voage somc
he io igl

.
ovnside
KECTIAER: CRo.
onwea an Alenatug ussent [ac)
Direet Cwwert [oJ
Halk walle necuzres.
nave ncttiu clesed Aurteh
Lll ere diodk acts as a
op ELde,
iga ames at ide.
HALF- WAVE RECTFIER
yele q AC 4g p
Alloos only pesitve hale
Vealy uole oioge
-e kal ele,
yele
Qud hejectsnegakie
V
3 Conponer as useo pusi duntek
ievese eosed. act as. a bpem
fevce dinde
8ar/imer
.j. '
te lood,

Resistoa
)
230 v AC inko seguised
CRD
AanOBmer ODvnver
Value
0Din de alloas Plow eunect n only ohe
doepon
Reirte Coraols
Wavg
Rectipioatin tcion
Katio o/p D¢ foue1 s ilp AC pour

necligie
ralerme
Srotior ic
igenal, v(t) Vionlt), oet Hoi ew REFIPIERvaH CAPACIiVE
FIZJEKR ,

. Vang vt) de
t T.
Oip daNYtint rovm a kalproave ectie z
pulsatung Bc
Henceiters ae used 5 Cowey
pulaeler e
waeyom.
yprend urg
uppls ae
Vmts he
aCapaclr glter. V
truptal
ettatog Can
also
akjo e gaen,
giuen. bk Tge

inaltbl, Cwrernk
eplace V wth P
930V apaehye
olP.

Ropple factot)
ppla rtartad AC Sipel ot appean

*feak iyelxe Ubltoge (Pru)

oilaand
greal, hutibde
the o/p deteviines hew
welW a Mox. voltoge ak can
vol
D oltape
De yoltae. olubirng neveyeas conojtdr) T lke breakloen
AC voltage
a Cowest
a waue heclpen PIV Vni
aueaye valie
om
(Vam value
facl: Ralio RMs

Rrppl lakwae hele l21 P:1-57V)

dadter
 RECTIFIERS
FOLL WAVE OPERATONV:
Kechiyjes that couet
botth kal cyoles an

altenoting ioul, nh a
dtpral e Hal cuch:
haly cycle, tevininal 1
Code apijed hertisie
+Ve
pe Bridye hecbties. will be iositie auud temiral will be neyaliue,
dibtle D, a8 goruwand biaieel
CENTE R TAPPED FOKL WAVE RECTFER This Causes
and as nevese biased
P rea
dibde Dg
Coni hnigoiner
erntce
l tte hniy cyek
Cerntre. kopped
atop domsh Clesed duth olfaned b P,
Tuwodiodes
Resstwe dood.

AC
1 Ae p
R

Äanizoniej
e hol cycle
uoillAe
1Centse tapped
Thapntes2okual Dusivg. -be halh
cyde, lezminsl 2
weie conetzd
eact cesiie will loe riegale.
Werh. an
akdruonal
iesne temanal
2 revee btased &actai
2winslig .ACvoltage Lm eDiode Pr is
peosed &act as
pen dutck, dinde A i¢ouard
volfager, (+le
e)
eqjuad a opmsilk, Closed Hch. Ouwkly
-Ve hak
cyelh apeas ab o

dindes, eacd to allooi aal in vly

Dtodes
one olrectid
Aigual
anpied.
 ezeles e allbrweel s
As a hesul, bofh lial
Dass hsougl.
Hene volape
awenage 0p
tarice at het
Full nhu«
wave eligie
CapaeiHt. ilka o,
XWavepow

DiokA
AA The pple Arcts
VAc

8t.3/
T ac
Didde22
omyacttr PF =
us value
op Cuetase valte(

Trtal M RIDGE RECTIFIER:

onwab
CAPAcmUE FILTER Kectutesthat uses dioder
OLL WAVE RECTIF IER WH
conepone
o auri nnler in olp De
Bridae tectiien Cousi q 4 dibde
lte chargeswed.yicbly.a p
acapacilive ES
guen
&a nesis trrt Aocd.
Capacits slnue Couypared
Coupased
capeclei 2 uch
much slowe
PUhanqi bine
Dischaxqi Ckatge
wtn chongug t agai
tellei discharger
Hene,byoi pC op igerl 7.
poduces Constont
which
OPERAToN Waro
e hal eycle
Deorin +e hak yel,
Qnd tanural 2 becomes-e
and Pipole
eanaenal

oill kelowoo
keconee

blesed po
222
AA AA_A
Diodes
and
22 and4 oll e
eoesse6ased

wil low Jrom 1s.4 68b

D4

Cseut
D3&
e
D
Rerke A he
BRIpGE RECTTF1ER WITH CAPACITIUE FILIER
R To avoid ipples in olp Ord o
Coruey pulsating Conshant De ep aa

e hak cepce
Capacitie 4ilten soaldloe used
teiinals
1
hal
Duonge becovnest+Vec cyele
Chasgingand dlischongu heperkag
egaFue andenanay, eorunrd kased Capaits hoduucesaaCostart Bc o}p. ast
Diodes ar D ill
while D and P nevesse
Csent will
hom 2 4 s 33
braed,
plow
61
6 s 1.
30V
At tp

R
Vn(N)
Vavg Vni/ V Vyms
+
ge otu
AA a hisult,CunMnt (lour
posílhic and vdc/
Men atie nal cycdes 1p "galM
PPLE PACTOR
2 EcTIACATONNEPFIEKY:
Raliieh
HAKF WAVE RECTIFIER NAA
Pa ER
Vm -I. R (Vne
Vac
Vauepe A
(Vnsnot)dist)
(ms
V -cos wt
(
27 0-406

w () .Vde
at (du 2
Srwtelat Xfeak inweu vethae [PIu):
an
Volkage hat a dbde
Max. hevee
stV wwtord wout lte
destioyng t junetin

PIU =Vr

Vn (-cos 2wt)d@t) Thontome tiniom dor 7uF)

TUF=de power delieal b load
aCalng q Barspones Setorday

ac ated
TeF
 TUF
7R V i nut dlot)
Ve 0

-o
Va 2R
Vw Bot) dwb)
12 02
TUP 0 28+ Cos 2-oso)
fowt 4acdos
[er:it
FF Tos value =
1S7

-
awelage tolue
Von/
leak actog peak valu Va kaprple Hactet,Y:
Y

'enh facei=
ms Vale Vm/a

3Vn/n
FOLL WA VE ReaTFIER

Jactk 8

otdlws)
Vac Vu. V Sm

VJe
-CO tot|"
Jo P
, (Vme
 Sndudoi
uls
apaabi alte

INDUCTUR PIATER:
TUE:
hen olp
a hecttea pases 1useigh i,
UF&0-693
inlucts, it blocks u ac
compenent and ellouy

Prln fact CFly Ba ole Conyporent heach le lod

The tiple facles kc le B, JO00)
2 Vm

32 w
Vm

qses and R
e bhe pple faules
vaa

on
Operalim indueter le deperdi
feundomeral fiopoty hypore ny charge F
CUObent as ough
it
LTERS

wntaint de
ouniel 8eie op waveom,
tuligpes
a
cos &wt tas4uot-+Las6ut t.
ac ilkeu
compoNe.
oN heuna
Mununale e 71

Wdbeiioe ac iaolns de egoe Hoe the de componert8dVm

, 9t
Negleding Ja Volue
Of, 4w
AV Cos 2wt
3
32
otal inpedneeg it i R
3w1
Cuvent ac Congonet 2,
hen he d hsistane 2 iny, e. ofp& pe
VmV hodes hen,
UR+A 0 H
wsnt R de cogonert

Kesuling Lwheott, i i 9en as, CAPerm PILIRR

ot nenpens ensve ilka ør diglulons ia

m Am Cos
R 3 R+40 Capaitos filte
fourd in he s
hese taiaol Cpenaion c Capacilie lla i
Bpme Aado
hont bhe hiple gieud hut lense te deAry
AVm u comectal/ aeoa
Vle 372 RhuL arpear at he olp, tnen ib
tyulsatirg dc volfage
ARL

R
All waue
héctred p
3 V2
 un b bu pea
+Ve
value
hak yele; capacion chasga
onyeme
ty s maintain thi
2 valtage, Vr,
vabue as te
Reues rxueting
,
pp
my
talue,,1e
VP
geb,

will 23
gull waue ilp dheps esp Vde
oischarge hoseugk R slavoy
D
Capaitet uill
wntl he
ntl Bhe hawome 2 voltage again a a
value
Tegere stirpte,
46cR
otage.
QNeata khan Capaeuin volage
a contant de
has
nhoduces

ponmt &BTsigc, R ) , tu tinls dun ke

ut
ouk
m.
heducd n de olp vltage
de ofp
AC FIRTER:

diectty fsetrostional
b6

The haprle actens

point
inducie
wt
:
geictei
inessely
ferepertiortsl
2
orge acqpin ed by apacitn = 2C
V,p-pC Cepacelie gilt
at by CApaciibh
2 x Hence ese tan elhs ane combized
Cane
then tinple act tll k indesndost g K
ASSUme he
peied n WaeLeim.
li-vue
R
C

Ta hectyid olp
Thon
Vip-t uc value
V-P
khe ehe indudane
Yms Value
poVgms m eduetin
 one dlibde 2,
t erve utic Volue g nductanej VUNTHyt KEGOLATOS

alurays e conduchi Sn an unheglated euti sunyly, op

of valtageU, ilp velttge ei laaed changar.
2
Cnconges Leheneres
4Un os
coS aot
Sot A yeyolatei is an elechoic
ktagc
volHage
op volta, 3
De Cheuit a prevides atable de Voltage ondependot

ne
2
Votrage
VA
leadkeod cutihent teep esatue anel ac

.e 4Von
3M XA
Vasiations.

Factois deteniring
le sfetle
cheats the tupple olp de the
unhent koaing tn.ough X voltage V dapends em

dc uoltage Vn, load cussonb 2

Vbltase in 6lp P Lwnecetated 4

Aeyesallie T.
Vms msXc 3 Change n op pltage 7 poel sy
aclor
Vin T
v
Vele
Cor 8, AVn + Ro A7 +ST4T
uestitti Xe
2c0C
and 2ul, we ely
see CoeYfrclenti ae,

2o /p hegudlektcon facfoi,

Y: 73 LC Olp mesertance
Avi A 20 4To

Thus by uin value d C, he

and le c AU
A V 20, ATzo
yle acto can heduced enpolaiun Coqri
S AUin0 A2_
 Jesse e value hese
CDete
Befra
ENERDrODE nS voAJICE
REQOLPIDR

henestlalton poe Åupply. .Tene dicde, Urdes Stevewe bia

vetage
INE REG ULATIDn);
used s nezulate he
Dened as chonge in op voloayea
Conelitiorn Can
Keepiug tle lod
"
hegalalej ciacuit é
dhange ine eyprly voltage Zenes vollage
Cwmut&enpejaiue censtaut.
hown a Jollous
re hegulation = Change in olp vol 2+
Carge n 7p vd
V z R
eleted wi enal 6
OAD RECOLATON: Zener i dibde
Vofage des ied aco he
locud
Deped as gollous at aler
oasaderabe, Tat
diode has a
uale
heelatern
Lenn
bias hneakdrdn,
voltage acaon ib
fpaeticelly
torove
Kocd
Vgo Lond)
umains Cutont, even Cwhett
Tesought
ough
chaga
chaye
t
a Jasge
extent.
.
*
ADoud Hesudation rder nmal coinditons,
ro load cwnent
Vne oadop veltoge out
hee Voltage at oad cseet
nated lad cet When p wtage Vi que _as remavs ovsts
gell Aod-oP pecerctage. CHupoveliy
pordlirg
wsudlly' denoted ebop nesis ts R will uth a CBner
This acseYs
No
e Cbnstank, boh ad w
op n chaaceaty Vz
ble
a a easue
Powa
uteal hesutave
he a Constant
 Hene O en
oill hesult in on
+2 his dhanback Can he cue rnte SPPS
volich willnt alter vollane aom be lod ebetineuouul
hegulatot act a a
tthing
#nunst be ensunedhot even
in
voltags applrel
diode 2 opplird Joriable uwe Corwerte ond kene s tiuy
divde Mexe exceeds PIV
Aene
Voltaye must, be eata
fian bresndoum voltaga hegligibly aeud voltage diponts
non-div3ipaie
Che anameleM
neplaf
lente o One
Called o

(min)=o In smPs, he asbie doskce

at povides t
kuifthes node
mo) neputdatinn
auwoayp onealed in a
RCmar) Ve e" eiths ute n2ahusation.
min) Block diogam
RCruer): ta)- V
2(min) tlz(na) Coyhol
elemut
of
Rilmin) = Vin(in)-o VoHo
N
2Ctacx)
hnin het
R Krnx +Rmin
osctlofoy

wTCHED opE POwER SUPPAY (s/9RS): Sunpug 4T

SMPs
L De
De 6 Dc
AC
Cowerters
Coruetes
Oscilladen ollows Covnos elemond fo e sitded
voltag regakais n P ON andOff
Vasieus yes Covnbol elemen uuely consist a hantutot
fall wndes
e cakeyey.
dosipatie rglater
poun e urth, aM induloo dhbdeOun
i.eoVoltoge
valtoge
coutbvaling element olos
oewua w wweleed vo
ipate
& cotad
voltas.
foA each
with On, enegy punped
ento
n
magnetic tield aociafed wth lur irduoer.
 megy i hnneleased lend ak deinsl e As oad qse
olp volage tends ts fal,
Voyng dury he o oyoke
fraur Feach Met SMPs use PuMchuugue
uutbking, one Co Von e 2red eveng n eack yupk
Otume oscllalst is contalled
tonhol ofp jolHage. Width
Ond h Uoltags geedbeak hont tngen
uiteh com onl De on e OFF ellh olp Votcge dops,
esurtoh is ON
top, but doeust dixipote When enegy deliveral
deliweral oryesn
ianyen
alpo enegy poss
Tme hesulturg in ese
besomes
enew ibl. lhe op voltage ON ime
ghontes util he loep hakibze
DC-Dc CbnVERTER:
Regerence $aatoott

Printa pouwa neceived

de
kizl vdtage dc.
omAC
weitied aud ileo nale q
Auifched al a high ale
Pwaveorm
Jt shen
pecd (oyuuo (5 H so khe). asd ted
pmmay
s T
doen injomet igh pe D/p waom
de stp
heebijid dnd Allenel
OPof ide i' olP powe pply
:s0.
Beut

Aonple ei elp #ent kodh s duy cude

Dudty tyola l0/,
guiteh Centw) e oP
VolHage

When duiy cyclk i s0., niatimun enei

Rechtpo oli will Be possed aoush step dawn tianyorne,
Rectpre C PTtei he outy cycle
oe paded nough Rounyonnë3.
donavd Conuete
pes
Vol
SMPs ahe
'Dwrt
BoLSNOn
7
AC 9enyor
yback contetee an Push pull Convetes
en
*D -AC alalakle
ConVEPTER

ohuori' 03 bintenugted Bae seppy. e Urstew chargd

At ne
Uses
Cuent
a
eial cintuit uat. senses
a loa poe
hre

on
skarging e
aa kensoa detech econtüus uly
oves a gturdley ekut eysrent
ne,
Euoithes
e eysten 9uiclly
ystem. cones o a b-ps
u atrm
Pw UPS
uppls hel daectiy conect
h

bne
AA THiac 5ACAC
incewirs a y.
Sergr. conuoibe Systen
Lisnit/ ASSItNMET 6UESTOS
kcadgtooo2, neciyia
HR auir a huie
Horagepe[Baffey
A
On Ac vl g 32SV a.oug, m veluwd cwriert
dhoda has heaTttare g
tesiatana

Syatent hanpes bie lood iwerta, s whdh

pouwes olp,
peak,
fivy.
aws
draws i howen fom attached botesies. dc&ac
sugny must be
Fost, he taile Pouen
tRL
&ensed.
is deteded, there dcfaC
a fewen faikre
compcute neceivei heguketer, uwith olp. vol sv,
pause beyore the 2 Design a Zene
Qneihes hghet p 1020,
lD»uA Zeri wat : #pomW Vb

py
&
gsesk elecbioc oad wiunt :

UPS a he name indhtwtas, he gp

inlenrupfed, because obes not vneed b soiek i Vo
newe itnian)=6+R.
Kmax Kmn
powe batteg
Opfrom ire are Contivuseesly
1 batey 8 Coustautiyy

Connekad op ystem Tlesough ineste 12

 UNIT-2
ConSTRUCTDO:
BTT AND MaSFET AMPLIFIERS
ky giandlasichei a sšing
Sngle
n-p-n ovned
TVTRONOCTTON; n--n -negien betaeen
n-hegivks
Thansistes
3 mva dlevicebese,Eeites gomad bg anduehing a dengle n-At
aplipicait
Collectei)
-0-P 2 hegiota
Muly wed foa betoen
Anptpicadion is done by patirg, ie ip
ew hesstana 5 a C
Cusnnt gt Rom a hegivvn
nesistance 8
negion high,
+ Reskstot Tiansilter.
haniea
Coserot Cortnlled daria. E lo P B
ypes
Tpes UTT Doping:
sc. natrel e
BT Adsg inpittes h
Wnipelas Jundiom Ttounsast
WT ia Conductiwiy.
Cuotent onduckion is due s majotikg clarg-

Carries, Craly
Base
Srciter
ta
eauily
doped,

deped,
mall area
ahge anea
Bpoklan Suntton"tianaiste
Collecten
Collectn Modaadtily dopad, onge aRe4
Cuhent corducticn i due botk he Piode epioalerd
majoiby àvrd mnofbj Chasee Cauers, n-p-n
BOT
T C
B
n-p-n T
p-n-p
B
 Y
Junclions:

p-n Junobinns
ACTTVE MDDE:

fox &th agpe n-p-n.

a e
oiased
)Eitea-hoe juninn - Ipe JE hase enitte junchan odaid kos ed.
kau junhan heveve
i) Coleabo Tpe Te ase Collerkon twnclion
8
C
E B
OPERATTON
wPN
VeE
ed hamuths
tlnbias
extnal volnge E Vee Vec
No ov no jnclioh ues es in
Depletye
Dep
ant here, TEnad as ed BE
Thsogh kate
Thua

fow g cheib at
ay jwttion volase eat wii -seaion enutte do
like a hasio dinda, Cona tilule e emitte
elacton
cuosint
How
De,

fneuyh P:type
bore
These
he Bansit.
Basien vola
voliage is 0 7u S 0:3y4i ge.
Qnd end Concbi wih 'hola
Shue ly ta
hades

Biesed anatoi doped, vey den es econtbneg lt

nconteielioy Constitulsbax cuwsernt Bs.
e "}haisat Can ke
cneratad
Kenaunorgage no, elechiors C&o he
&ale-Fyitltaele Appliektn hox wove oouglh ollecto e
en cient telnuwas

Wo
Modle JUnetüon
dc ouhce. This Eovatitala
colectr .1
ackue
active
ounrd
biaseo
dpia.
Reege
tozed Hene

Fouood
ueme
actue
Revesse Ccui
2uitol CollecttCwbent Covnymusa
f 2 combnerili
oxuien
Fouand minsity
3-9ahaaton - maoriby and
cusler aocollecthr utot
Revene eve 1inol 9ealiase phEnilkaope
cCejone) Tan(niaoit)TRg
 AM- C Rc
REVERSE AcTUE MODE

6eCEæ{
M
BE Junckin
revese btasa od
CB unctin feidasd ios 9peutey
ABde tianite
collecte; Collectn
side doeon it. 'enite a
Epeiai q amas
prp i ttat g n-p-n, extept
voltse, polairta, gain ble, a Ade
hat he uoles q e ad hola, ias
reuEha
ouo cunseut dinectirn ae
CUT-OFF M0DE TRARISISTOR
ConNG ORFTTONS
Botk wotins
CLorent 3 Tape (ommon ase
Commen bndta
oase collecto Conunor ollechr

CMMA BADE CDFIQURATIUV

u BIT acts as an
ope wttts Bsermade tnmaran ketp ad
guen behipern emita ad bos,
oSATORATtoN MOpE
Zlp
Bofh the junehiva ae fei wad bes OPien blu leten ad boi
-2c
Maxinnn CLoeut tow fom, colleti s
uatfe B3T. ac a Shuort cceit
luus ai

Le to)
lussut gain ci Cyot aaljabion pradei
Bepied 0 oig inneha collue
CLonent t olerite CoLhyent

dde e(
Veltov
in Ic T6,
fan wt
-0
dhagp on 0.95 0-995
t ckres
Depend hiekren bo -1z te ickne
bae RBalie hVaue de IP hesestarna atin g change in BE harge

hom
AVeg
in
in ea Contarb Vs.

,
2
Alg Ves-Conshnt
Total tp bnernt
Sakuain
Revate

Lshen
CLLRentE
bak Ope= ta Loent out i vodtago
tu a o3uf

eiltes pap
np-n
We arol negsie fest
Veg
VR i fo
foi pa7
negliyible, VBg
à Te for n--n & te
chasacfeata Cuue blo Tc &Ve d tomd
Oh
1
Snafh
3mA
*TI? chasacteritia: aluaio il
Hel 2 mA
TVeE) avd
Cvebetoeea lp veltage

l9 cuent (2) at Corstarut Collector as

Cuwro hejion.
Vwle CVeg
 enmtte is connten koth, ip &
3tepioB: Sine
A hesion JE i fassod
Biosed
os op il s krewn as CE

haniatb anligiot
hle
cfen
Cursent henuains Coestonl, eenycs 73a Vpe
tiwesfona AVee Vec

n) ootiaalin tesion 2ett junci Je Qnd Jc Cwnernt elotibns:

One oardioia
le Anow
SeTet
hat,
bolou he cwee lg
i) Cueteghegionlpim ze0 l T+) +lso.
nealy
ueavene bosa,
Bth ctima
e cON 9an

Cuonnt gan:)
AC Chat ga
went unelipealíanat anu.
ATEVeg Corstunt BA hato q op
aount lp

COMILON EMITTER ConfiGORATON Pdc e/p

This gan e oulkn a,
ahen hon Collectn natte.
& cusari
p Vol-Vpe 0lrvol -Uec Op cuwnont
e -c
ivide boh Ny ond r by 2e,
D
chtasacdersta:

Pe ZeTe
y.
CmA)
Hetie r9io
B
Aso, 1+p

+B
+ - SatunaisnK
heguon
gouA
Ig2uA

Vee
Cutoff Tipn

Rbstotutingy n Dp smbteone

Atir wgon
biased herese
chaackesishey
IP Je uwand
slapy

VcB lo dotun otinm hegict

forwond keed
Bofh Te&Te ae
alue
Vee kavnges blew 0-1k0sy
Cuey hegion
Vee hevese

nes istance AVpgE

E VegCosont.
LoFIQURFTNDN
COMMonN CDRLE CIDR

en
fonfired
CEn CB.
Elp b teuen base &toleda, Cawa
pnp. betueen rite Collesor, wih tolek a
&

VegR e e ei n-pn
Uce -eje bonon Pbo a enulta oloua
 chasacteista:
M- Re

XCutaent gam:
* Vcc
(a)7 Vce

Co s

T Vea,
3
TE-Tc AC Chnautoistia 8 digenent due ts the faotthe
CuOsent helatiotns: fe Ves i oetermined y Vce
Vee eeVBg a)
Hee T e t Jceo. Vep VcE +VeE
dence Tc BO

tTcso.
LR t TceD
gbou
(1-
A

Ct Satuna

Relaion betioeen ,o P
opneistonia Y,=
A
Cutolf hagion.
Ve
Tlsg Tc Corstok
A2s

Tte MOST USED CoNPIGURATION

CE wed
High Uo) &CUMert qain hce Pz V?
 panaviel mndel Reuei VolfageJem d
Johaveu
einol dcwsatts Denoed as hr
deices i peified 2 oltozord hA1 ouoord cLmet gain
nlu kouing ip V,co
Arnepffe iu o wth olp SC.

and 2 op tenunola.g, Penoted as h

3 admitano sah2p
port
200p Donritod at h
Aeuvt
deste Thoraiste a h-pahamela nodbl
hpopmelbo
teplacrd by
zlp camt nausistn
V,
, holp vwlbhge

votfage
&
op Cuart odel
Con

n8ITp Cuvsrt & o voltnge ae

cuneni t ih votage
ndependent Vari ables, astd lp
ae dependernt yariabla,

,f,
1 l thrN

(2,T
ly 2tho
2 +h-pomamehei model de
Jnh-parametet o CE Conionation,

hn T +hak cwhent 2
2p Cwnent: olp voltaye e
Sn maax dom,
fu ha ha2
aiuvilent ciuut i
BM
Deinitva h-patanicde: heit/ara orth
4 SC
Denoted as hi
 Vhehie+ kree tontrlaund
e
hpe et hne Ve AV
AV

he h-poanmeln ase
AVbe
hie = BVee
Veg -tonaton
lyb -tauslud
Te
he
conyiguxao
L -ortard -pmamelea uodel do Cc,
rer

ye Fon CC Congigo alion,

22 ke- p CuDonl ,; ale cwoont Je
hne -ovatau p oltage he olp vologe e
Vce

VE
h-panamelia
2p
niodel Fo
cwvunt
-
_cB

-Le ; Olp cuwent

-e
wlhge-
-Jc elye ,,
Vhe nicpt+hcVee
4 hoc e
p ubltage
be olp
AJiwnlend ouuit
4
uublent cinoit
Mhib
a T
B M2i
Vce
h
Eatiesrtk
3

he -porareler esualusn wil be paamde Volue: oe hu 4cAVce -torutou

hic r AV -Coatarnb
bLE+bVbe aVee
4,-conziant
The h-poaveens A
AWe
e
Oe
A Vbe -Cbraloud
hib Vie
ATe Vb Coutont
Anlat As 109117 Ch, 1a, G MTIITIEk:
MOSPE T
Mefal tnide fET
3 Tekninals"
Aln caltod kemminals
3
Gute lonii nss i zolatd fom hu thom Gate (G)
DAain C(o)
MotfeT gouce (S2.
This casne Juigh ilp norstance in
Ady 49naller in size
ow towel coruption
-

Used as an aunylipi
ex.
MOSfET
MOSFET CoMMoN SoURCE AMPLIFIER

Deplebiom Enraycentortt ure R Ca

Rs
pcbunnel
1-chonnel
P-channel n-channe R
cocuib for 1ois auit
ywmbol digal eguivalent
he stall 4ollows
D
M-

n- charune.
deplelin vol p-donvneldepldin
nttdo R1
Ri
he oluyout paiameters ae oiwn Qsfollous

h Channel enhanewiod P-conel ahasneou

unole nAod
 p hesitane
MA

R+R
i0p e3i tne ciuit iS as fallbus
The rcoll giozal euivalent
Ra

2p teastuue
C|E) +
hom he cuik RR11Ra
Vos
V R+Ra
R+i t2 tante:

Avo-
Ay
Va
Ri l)
Av-goRi V To 1Re App'prg
k oh node,

+Ro
R
MoSPET CoMMoN DRAIN AMPLIFIER:
Auo a -
alled as
SoCUhce follower
dlo tabion
fom otci ce
Mese
MasPEr ince
 jain, Av : ,= (r
V 9o(1
GATE AMPAIFIER:
MOSFET CoM0
Ca

1 Voagegain
Av o
Vona) (T.1a) Tnte Snall igal ioolert iocui
VinV Ugs++V
T1a AM

Vop Vin

Heu Vin R.R R

R 1Ra + Rsi RtPai

n valu,
uboeh thobs

Hena,
VgsRV -
o
Qultdu in O
 1es i3tone
KL at node A,

+ Ves
octage 9pin +9 Rsi

-T
oku i lep
e0 - Rai1temRe
THm

A Re
+g+a
Ves hoe Rg 77 R, 9mRe1 77 ,
A unlty

OIFFEREnTIAA AMPAIHER
Av: Va
aitgeserae betveon
Anplipies e
voltage

V vd
Tun stage

Ouit
uialei irCsouik
 L eveuial ode he nall diqual eguivalenb ciyoauik

V- oiuexucdial anmplipe

CMRR: MM-
onnnon Mnde Peyentiraio
Abrldy prniol Vna

herect a COmmo bCe

=
CMRR e Ad
Ao Ge dded op at collefoi a,
Vo AJVg+ Forem
Cbnkiouholior digeurbia anplirer
ovagam, Voltage acses V&Vna cug
Volbage dwkdet
hul
ul
ilp, kalances op
Paal 1/p. rbalysel o
V
-k)
Deal +RB
Balancei op.
) ange iP, Vn2

Sbgle ilp, p Lnbaanced (a-e)

eigual aualyis of eertial aplipie Ve keL enitta node, J
Sma
op
Aual ip, balanud
Vcc
et . Ve
YT
Vo

Ra
V Ro
Subslinbe
14

( n ,
na 14
, +Rs
V S+2-V-e
RoCHP)
(U-e)
T VViag-Vep4
Ve BRe
Ynt RB t2a
4P V -Vet VgVe
e R16)
42)
-
BRe
14 tR +2
Yt Re
okuing
VAtAg-2V, =
Ve
(Trt V. Re Va1
Vp+VpaVe(T+)
Ve P ot base tewinal aaa d#eential anplipe
4048uned be,
Vp+Va

eVrt
VetR RoCHs)

Va)
2
Subsante (0 in ,
ts+2
uht bitate @ in D,
V Vbaht+2 \Re
 V,-Fhe
2
The above eguatan ia the p
Po(4 p)
VJ (%+eo
-Veni VaPm Vcan + Al
2
A
Al BRe

t Re
htRg42Vonn y -V 2(vh tRe)
Atn-BRc
V BRc Vonnt -Va[1+ tfe( To
"lo votaye, assime
ntRB nHE+2 2Po( H) ind gain ön lana
q CUent&
R0
-PKc h Rol
tBVem+Re
1+)
Icq
Y+RB tRB2
H)
Rol R 4
Rof4p)
pRe

+nts
-BRc
RotR) tRg +2Ro(tp) Om+BRe AlRe
C+) tRe ntRe1oltp)
RoC14)
Hee gun ca
2c8/
Qubstlubirng
0,,
V BRe Von
t+ke AdTco
+Ret Ro(H)
Rol H4) Re Ad h.ei
nt Rg
Ret 2RGCHR)

1)e Ad T. Re

V-pRc .Vcm
Re
4Re12Ro[+8)
h 2TtRe V Sinilasly, HCm-BRe
Aan
t (4)
 Ta Re

AVr

B
.T
4 2Pn1*P.
()
Y+)da
I+2 Rolt+P) Te
Creg I+ Rep)2
UT

Acm --Re
&+ B) Zs
BVT

CMRR.

Pe AAun