PROJECT TITLE:

AN ULTRASONIC MOSQUITO REPELLENT

DOCUMENT :TRADE PROJECT

TITLE:AN ULTRASONIC MOISQUITO REPELLENT

STUDENT NAME:DENIS KIRWA KOECH

ADMISSION NO:AEE 100-009-19

INDEX NO:5231020209

DEPARTMENT:ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING

YEAR 2022

SUPERVISOR:MR CORNELIUS MUTAI

 THIS PROJECT IS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

EDUCATION IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

ii
Declaration
I hereby declare that this project work is my original work and is being done for first time. It has

never been presented to any academic institution of learning.

Name:

Signature …………….………………..

Date …………..…………………

Supervisors’ Name.

Signature ………………………………

Date ………………………………
Acknowledgement
I thank God Almighty for care and gift of life, and having granted me his mercies has I undertake

my project work.

I wish to thank the Technical Training Intitute for offering me the opportunity to pursue a

Diploma in Technical Education. Special thanks to my supervisor who assisted and guided me in

the project work.

Special thanks also goes to my college mates for the team spirit and brain storming sessions,

which really contributed to the success of my project.

The writing of this project work was not an easy task. It took a lot of time and resources to

complete it. I could not have managed alone without the support of other people. It is on this

basis that I acknowledge all those who supported me morally, professionally and financially in

my project.

ii
DEDICA TION
This project is dedicated to my fellow colleagues from Aldai Technical Trainers Institute ,

lecturers for enlightening me on the importance of education and also for their encouragement to

strive higher and my parents who gave us support to ensure the project succeeds.

I also appreciate my supervisor who taught me on the organization of the project.

iii
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I hereby testify that everything documented in this project proposal herein is based on my own

knowledge and research carried out with exception to printed or electronic content where I have

iv
ABSTRACT
Control of mosquitoes is something of utmost importance in the present day with rising number

of mosquito borne illnesses. Specialty products like mosquito repellent used to combat

mosquitoes are required. This project proposal presents the design and testing of an electrosonic

mosquito repellent. The project is aimed at developing a device that is capable of emitting

ultrasonic energy of varied frequencies. These frequencies do affect the auditory senses of pests

such as mosquitoes, rodents, avian and nocturnal insects by making them uncomfortable in their

abode. However these frequencies do not affect the hearing ability of humans.

This electrosonic mosquito repellent is based on the 555 timer IC is a simple and useful mosquito

repellent .The mosquito repellent circuit generates an ultrasonic sound with a high output

frequency that allows spreading mosquitoes within a wide radius . The circuit is quite simple and

require few external components . The oscillation frequency is given by the value of the resistors

and a capacitor components and can be modified changing the value of components or replacing

the fixed resistor with a variable resistor ( potentiometer ) .

The actual oscillation frequency of this electrosonic mosquito repellent is above 20 KHz so what

is needed is a good high frequency speaker , example being a piezo speaker.

The electronic mosquito repellent circuit can be supplied from a 12 V DC power supply.

v
Contents
Declaration................................................................................................................................................................. i
Acknowledgement.................................................................................................................................................. ii
DEDICA TION........................................................................................................................................................ iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY.................................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................................................. vi
Chapter One............................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 2
1..1.1 Statement of the Problem..................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.0 OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.1 Specific Objectives.............................................................................................................................. 4
1.2.2 General Objectives............................................................................................................................... 4
1.3.0 Scope....................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.0 Justification........................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter Two............................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.0.0 LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.0 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................. 5
2.1.1 REVIEW OF THE RELATED STUDIES.............................................................................................. 5
Chapter Three............................................................................................................................................................ 7
3.0.0 METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................................... 7
3.1.0 Circuit Design....................................................................................................................................... 7
3.2.0 Hardware components analysis..................................................................................................... 11
3.2.1 Preset Resistors.................................................................................................................................. 11
3.2.2 Variable Resistors............................................................................................................................. 11
3.2.3 Speaker................................................................................................................................................. 12
3.2.4 Capacitors............................................................................................................................................ 12
3.3.0 Choice of design................................................................................................................................ 12
3.4.0 The process flowchart..................................................................................................................... 14
3.5.0 DESIGN.................................................................................................................................................... 15
3.5.1 THE HARDWARE SUBSYSTEMS.......................................................................................... 15

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 3.5.2 BUDGET ESTIMATE.................................................................................................................... 15
3.5.3 SCHEDULE........................................................................................................................................ 16
Chapter Four............................................................................................................................................................ 17
4.1.0 SYSTEM TESTING, IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION....................................17
4.1.1 SYSTEM TESTING......................................................................................................................... 17
4.1.2 EXPECTED TEST RESULTS...................................................................................................... 17
Chapter Five............................................................................................................................................................ 19
5. 0.0 CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT...........19
5.1.1 PROBLEMSENCOUNTERED......................................................................................................... 19
5.1.2 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................... 20
5.1.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT..............................................21
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................................. 22
APPENDIX......................................................................................................................................................... 23

vii
 Chapter One
1.0 BACKGROUND

Malaria affects more than 250 million people and causes more than a million deaths each year

(WHO 2005). One important control strategy against this and other mosquito-borne diseases is

mosquito control, which aims to reduce human-mosquito contact.

Different control measures are used routinely against mosquitoes and their larvae, including

chemical (e.g insecticide), biological (e.g larvivorous fish or pathogenic fungi), environmental

(e.g land filling or drainage), and personal protection (eg mosquito repellents formulated as pills,

coils, ointments, lotions, and sprays; and insecticide-treated or untreated bed nets).

Electronic mosquito repellents (EMRs) are marketed in response to a huge demand from the

public for convenient, safe, and effective antimosquito products. Female Anopheles mosquitoes

transmit malaria by sucking blood from humans, and these small handheld,battery-powered

EMRs are intended to repel them by emitting a high frequency buzz almost inaudible to the

human ear.They can be used both indoors and outdoors, and are claimed to repel mosquitoes

within a range of up to 2.5 metres.

Some of the EMRs seem to be based on known aspects of mosquito behaviour, while others have

no scientific data to substantiate their claims. Manufacturers have put forward at least two

reasons to explain the alleged repellent action of sound against mosquitoes.One reason is that the

flight sound of males repels females once they have been inseminated; hence, whatever mimics

the male’s flight sound may repel females. However, research has shown that male mosquitoes

are actually the ones attracted by the female flight sound and females normally have a very weak

sensitivity for sound compared with the males.

viii
1.1.0 INTRODUCTION
An electronic insect repellent is a safer alternative compared to toxic insect repellents.These are

electrosonic devices that have either electromagnetic or ultra sound waves to repel insects like

mosquitoes and roaches.The effectiveness of these devices has not been clearly established but

the numerous studies for experiments have shown that these electrical devices are indeed

effective in repelling or eliminating pests.

Some examples of electronic insects repellents are plug in electronic repellents,ultrasonic

transmitters and the electromagnetic lamps.These electronic pest control devices are very

affordable.And despite the fact that they have been around for more than two decades,they have

just recently been acknowledged worldwide because of their environmentally friendly

claims.Apart from this,they have also been proven to be less noticeable and cumbersome.The

absence of stinking spray repellents is truly a blessing by itself.

Several methods have been used and are still being used for the control of pest;many of them

have been proved ineffective in one way or the other. The commonest method of pest control is

the use of pesticides (chemicals). Pesticides are substances or a mixture of substances used for

destroying, preventing, repelling or mitigating pests. Pesticides are commonly used in and

around homes because they are easy to apply, fast-acting, and effective against a wide variety of

pests. There are instances where the use of pesticides in rodents control may be effective, but

there is no registration which specifically refers to the use of pesticide against pests control

which does not constitute a potential hazard to man and his environment. Chemical method of

pest control has been found to be very effective but quite expensive to maintain. Also, these

chemicals are highly poisonous and harsh both to humans and pests alike as a result of their

ability to pollute the air. Air pollution is thought to be one of the most important risk factors for

ix
respiratory diseases, particularly for bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD). However, a direct causal relationship is not easy to prove because air pollutants do not

occur as individual entities but in combination. In addition, the concentration and duration of

exposure to air pollutants required for inducing an adverse pulmonary effect have not yet been

determined. Moreover, it adversely affects the environment that it brings about the genetic

mutation of the internal make up of these pests that they produce offspring that are immune to

these chemicals that were used on their predecessor. This, coupled with society‟s growing

concern about environmental risks, makes alternative methods of pest control increasingly

attractive.

1..1.1 Statement of the Problem

Due to frequent use of chemicals in the institution to repel mosquitoes, I decided to come

up with this kind of project to avoid pollution of the environment which may result to

respiratory diseases.

The project is designed and created in which the mosquito repellent circuit generates an

ultrasonic sound with a high output frequency that allows spreading mosquitoes within a

wide radius . The circuit is quite simple and require few external components . The

oscillation frequency is given by the value of the resistors and a capacitor components

and can be modified changing the value of components or replacing the fixed resistor

with a variable resistor ( potentiometer) The actual oscillation frequency of this electronic

mosquito repellent is above 20 KHz ,so what is needed is to use a good high frequency

speaker , you can use a piezo speaker.

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1.2.0 OBJECTIVES
1.2.1 Specific Objectives
To develop an electrosonic device for mosquito control that generates multiple frequencies of

oscillation.

1.2.2 General Objectives

•To assess whether Electrosonic Mosquito Repellents (EMRs) prevent mosquito bites.

•To assess evidence of impact on malaria infection.

•To prevent allergic reactions from mosquito bites.

1.3.0 Scope
The general description of the project is to develop a circuit that produces a tone above

the Human audible range and this is supposed to keep the mosquitoes away. The

electronics mosquito repellent schematic circuit diagram based on the 555 Timer IC is a

simple and useful mosquito repellent circuit. This mosquito repellent circuit generates an

ultrasonic sound with a high output frequency that allows spreading mosquitoes within a

wide radius. The circuits is quite simple and require few external components.

1.4.0 Justification
From the problem definition, the electrosonic mosquito repellent(EMRs) will be better in that:

1. No environmental pollution.

2. Reduction in malaria infections.

3. Reduction in allergic reactions from mosquito bites.

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 Chapter Two
2.0.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with related past works done on the same field, it will assist in coming

up with weakness that need to be rectified by the project. this will guide the project

designer on some important information to be used in the project work. it involves the

designer conducting thorough search about the past works

2.1.1 REVIEW OF THE RELATED STUDIES

Electrosonic mosquito repellents (EMRs) are marketed in response to a huge demand from the

public for convenient, safe, and effective antimosquito products. Female Anopheles mosquitoes

transmit malaria by sucking blood from humans, and these small handheld,battery-powered

EMRs are intended to repel them by emitting a high frequency buzz almost inaudible to the

human ear.They can be used both indoors and outdoors, and are claimed to repel mosquitoes

within a range of up to 2.5 metres (Kutz 1974;Helson 1977). No adverse effects have been

reported in the literature.Mobile phone companies also market a ring tone that is claimed to repel

mosquitoes within a one-metre radius (BBC 2003).Some of the EMRs seem to be based on

known aspects of mosquito behaviour, while others have no scientific data to substantiate their

claims. Manufacturers have put forward at least two reasons to explain the alleged repellent

action of sound against mosquitoes.One reason is that the flight sound of males repels females

oncethey have been inseminated (Foster 1985); hence,whatever mimics the males’ flight sound

xii
may repel females. However, research has shown that male mosquitoes are actually the ones

attracted by the female flight sound and females normally have a very weak sensitivity for sound

compared with the males (Wigglesworth 1965; Chapman 1982; McIver 1985; Michelsen 1985).

Another reason is that mosquitoes avoid the ultrasonic cries of bats (Foster 1985). Although both

explanations may be conceivable, there is no published scientific information to support either

idea.Different brands of EMRs have been examined for their efficacy under laboratory

conditions, none of which showed any effects for the devices tested (Singleton 1977; Curtis

1982; Iglisch 1983;Foster 1985; Jensen 2000; Andrade 2001; Cabrini 2006). There are review

articles concluding that the EMRs are ineffective in repelling mosquitoes(Coro 1998; Coro

2000). Scientific skepticism over the last 30 years and a successful prosecution of EMR sellers

under the UK Trade Description Act in 1980s (Curtis 1994; BBC 2005) seems to have done little

to deter manufacturers marketing EMRs and the people who buy them. This is a concern because

it is likely to lead to consumers not using other protective methods that are proven to work. This

could result in an increased risk of infection with mosquito-borne diseases, especially malaria

(Jensen 2000).Despite the scientific view and research findings, EMRs are still widely promoted

and used by the public.The project therefore tries to review all reliable research about the effects

of high pitched sounds in preventing mosquito bites and, hence, to assess whether there is any

evidence that EMRs have any potential in preventing malaria in the field setting.

xiii
 Chapter Three
3.0.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1.0 Circuit Design

The aim of this project is to design and test an Electronic Mosquito Repellent.The approach is

that mosquito repellent circuit will generate an ultrasonic sound with a high output frequency

that allows spreading mosquitoes within a wide radius .The circuit is quite simple and require

few external components.The oscillation frequency is given by the value of the resistors and a

capsacitor components and can be modified changing the value of components or replacing the

fixed resistor with a variable resistor.The actual oscillation frequency of the electrosonic

mosquito repellent is around (20-65 KHz )so there should be a good high frequency speaker.

For this project, I have chosen a circuit found from a reliable source at internet which I have

modified it to be more completed with variable frequencies generated and controlled as shown

below:

Fig1:Electrosonic Mosquito Repellent Circuit Diagram

Fig1:Electrosonic Mosquito Repellent Circuit Diagram

xiv
3.1.2 Circuit Diagram

Fig2: Electronic Mosquito Repellent circuit

3.1.3 555 Timer Design

The main theory of the electronic mosquito repellent circuit is how it generates variable

frequency and how to control the frequencies generated. In order to perform the function of this

circuit fully, a 555 Timer has to be used. The reason 555 Timer is used in this circuit is because it

can convert an analog signal input (voltage) to digital signal output (frequency), which functions

as an ADC (Analog to Digital Converter).

555 timer based circuit is a kind of voltmeter, also an analog to digital converter, which converts

the analog input voltage to digital output pulses. The output pulse width is proportional to the

xv
difference between the analog input voltage and the voltage across the capacitor. It can measure

from +5V to +18V. The accuracy is high in the range of 6V to 18V. The readings are about the

same with the 10 bit ADC readings. The accuracy depends on only the +5V supply voltage and

the microcontroller's clock frequency.

Depending to the manufacturer, a 555 could have around 20 transistors, 15 resistors and a couple

of diodes.

Fig 3:555 Timer diagram

An Astable Multivibrator is often called also an oscillator. A 555 can be used to generate clock

pulses in a wide range of frequencies with enough output power to drive several ICs.

xvi
The oscillation frequency is calculated with the following formula:

F= 1 .
0.67 (R1 + 2 x R2) x C
The same circuit can be used to control DC loads such as LEDs, lamps and DC motors. The idea

is to use this circuit as a PWM signal generator. To do this, you need to replace R2 in fig 1.with a

potentiometer. By altering the potentiometer's value, this results in changing the duty cycle

output. The duty cycle is calculated as follows:

D = TTOTAL / THIGH
D= R1 + R2
R1 + 2 x R2

=220+5000/220+2*5000 =51.08%

xvii
As for the design method, Proteus 8 Professional software is used to stimulate, modify and

construct the schematic circuit .The purpose of using Proteus 8 Professional is that it is easier to

construct and easier to understand. Besides, it can fully examine the relationship between the

resistance and the frequency generated by the 555 Timer. Then, test run of the hardware several

times by connecting the circuit in a breadboard before iron soldering into a circuit board in order

to complete the prototype has to be done.

3.2.0 Hardware components analysis

The main components beside 555 Timer are resistors, preset resistors, variable resistors and

speaker. Resistors are the most common electronic components used in any electronic circuits,

electronic devices and electronic projects. Resistor limits the function of voltage across or

through it. It also serves as the simplest voltage divider.

3.2.1 Preset Resistors

Preset resistors are used in circuits when it is necessary to alter the resistance. Dark/light and

temperature sensors usually have these components as the preset resistor allows the circuit to be

made more or less sensitive (they can be turned up or down - reducing or increasing resistance).

3.2.2 Variable Resistors

The variable resistor is a resistor with a resistance value that can be adjusted either mechanically

by means of a revolving or sliding. It is also often referred to as VR. It has a resistance value

which varies as choosing a fixed resistor. The types of VR are the type of potentiometer or

preset.

xviii
3.2.3 Speaker
Speaker uses a coil of wire, which acts as an electromagnet, set inside of a magnetic gap of a

permanent magnet. The speaker converts the electronic frequency to sound frequency. The

frequency of the sound will be kept as high as possible. So that the annoying sound will be heard

by insects only but not human because humans don’t normally hear sound of frequency higher

than 20 KHz.

3.2.4 Capacitors
A capacitor is an electrical device that can store energy in the electric field between a pair of

closely spaced conductors (called 'plates'). When voltage is applied to the capacitor, electric

charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity, build up on each plate.

Capacitors are used in electrical circuits as energy-storage devices. They can also be used to

differentiate between high-frequency and low-frequency signals and this makes them useful in

electronic filters.

3.3.0 Choice of design

When compared, the general insect repellents that is sold in the market, the type of insect spray

pesticides works only on mosquitoes and cockroaches, while the electricity is able to get rid of

mosquitoes and flies and sometimes even ants. For all the use is not fully effective repel pests

from interfering with users.The function of the electronic mosquito repellent is the most effective

way to address this problem. This system is a type of insect repellents for the needs of each user

who have problems during sleep or in any situation.

In general, animal and other living creatures have a limited hearing range, which in other words,

frequency that they can be heard is limited. Similar to human, we cannot hear low frequency

xix
sound below 64 Hz and also annoyed with high frequency sound which above 23 kHz. Based on

the theory, animal like mosquitoes and cockroaches will be annoyed with some high frequency

sound that is different compared to human.

The table below shows various species hearing range:

Species Approximate Range (Hz)

HUMAN 64-23,000

DOG 67-45,000

CAT 45-64,000

COW 23-35,000
RAT 200-76,000

MOUSE 1,000-91,000

BAT 2,000-110,000

OWL 200-12,000

CHICKEN 125-2,000

xx
3.4.0 The process flowchart
The following flowchart is the process of production of Eletrosonic Mosquito Repellent project

from the beginning until the final production.

Design Electronic Mosquito

Repellent schematic circuit.

Determine the component used

Run
basedthe
onsimulation using
the terminal a
voltage
software to check whether
and the frequency need to bethe
circuit can
generated function as expected..

Connect the circuit on the

breadboard to test run the
hardware manually.

Modifying the prototype

hardware many times to function
as in the simulation.

Connect prototype hardware in

the circuit board and solder the
components on the board.

Test running and modifying the

hardware until it functions well.
xxi

Final product has been achieved.

3.5.0 DESIGN

3.5.1 THE HARDWARE SUBSYSTEMS

The design of the essential components of the project are treated here. There function and mode

of operation, which are not treated in chapter 3, will be presented here.

Basically the circuit employs a 12V regulated power supply that powers the components.

3.5.2 BUDGET ESTIMATE

ITEM AMOUNT(KSHS)

250
Bread Board
220 ohms resistor (1) 20
1M ohm resistor (1)
20
0.005uf capacitor (1) 20
20
0.1uf capacitor (1)
555 Timer (1) 200

1000uf capacitor (1) 20

5 kilo ohm resistor (1) 20

8 ohm Speaker (1) 400

12v charger 500

Circuit Board 250

TOTAL 1720

xxii
 3.5.3 SCHEDULE
Weeks

S/NO 2 3 4 6 7 9 14 15 17
/Hrs 1 5 8 10 11 12 13 16 18 19 20 21

Proposal writing 10

15
Literature review

Preliminary design 10

Detailed design 30
Implementation 40
Circuit testing 6
Documentation 40

Circuit testing 6
Documentation 40
 Chapter Four
4.1.0 SYSTEM TESTING, IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION
4.1.1 SYSTEM TESTING
Testing is a vital process in the development and realization of any design, be it hardware based,

software based or both. The various components and their circuitry has to be tested to ensure that

all the components on board are certified okay and in good working condition. The components

that does not give the required output specification are isolated and troubleshooted to determine

the nature and cause of the component failure through careful analysis, that is examination of the

working principles of the component(s)

4.1.2 EXPECTED TEST RESULTS

fig 4:Electrosonic Mosquito Repellent Circuit Diagrams

From the simulation carried out using Proteus 8 Professional, it shows that the circuit is

functioning well as follows the Astable Mode Theorem of Analog Integrated Circuit Timer (IC

Timer) 555. The concept of the circuit is to generate continuous stream of rectangular pulses

having a specified frequency.At the output speaker,there was a high pitch sound heard(a buzz)

which triggers the mosquitoes auditory senses thus scaring them away.

Resistor R1 is connected between VCC and the discharge pin (pin 7) and another resistor (RV1)

is connected between the discharge pin (pin 7), and the trigger (pin 2) and threshold (pin 6) pins

that share a common node. Hence the capacitor is charged through R 1 and (RV1), and

discharged only through RV2, since pin 7 has low impedance to ground during output low

intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the capacitor. In the astable mode, the frequency of

the pulse stream depends on the values of R1, R2 and C:

F= 1 .
0.67 (R1 + 2 x R2) x C

F= 1 .
0.67 (220 + 2 x 5000) x 0.005uf

=29.208 kHz

For my case,I used a variable resistor of 1M ohm(RV1) whereby I varied and used 5000 ohm in

its place.

The frequency generated from the simulation approximately the same with the frequency

calculated by using the astable frequency theory.

From the theory, this sound at this frequency is annoying, disturbing noise for insects specially

mosquitoes, and drives them away.

To repel other animal such as dog and cat, the variable resistance need to be adjust to as a result

25
 the circuit will generate around sound frequency.

Chapter Five
5. 0.0 CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT
5.1.1 PROBLEMSENCOUNTERED
In the course of the design and test of this project, some problems were encountered. They are -

• Component Failures.

• Getting some of the components proved had in the market, for instance a Piezo diaphragm that

will respond to 15 KHz was very difficult to find.

• Short Circuitry.

• Oscilloscope failure to run in the simulation, it had some setbacks. The mentioned problems

were later taken care of during the design processes and testing of this project.

26
5.1.2 CONCLUSION
Preliminary results obtained from the preliminary performance evaluation revealed that the

device has the potential to eliminate mosquitoes.

This circuit or project can be helpful in domestic area by keeping the mosquitoes away using a

high frequency sound produced by the circuit.

Based on the theory, a 555 Timer is needed to gain the function of generate frequency. 555

Timer acts as an Analog to Digital Converter as it can convert analog voltage signal to digital

frequency signal. In Astable Multivibrator mode, it acts as an oscillator to generate clock pulse in

a wide range of frequencies with enough output power to drive the IC. In order to control the

frequency generated and also made the circuit functioned to generate variable frequencies, a

preset resistor and variable resistor have to be included. As both resistors vary the resistance

value to gain a needed frequency to be generate.

For the success of this project, proper method to design and construct the circuit has been taken

into consideration. Proteus 8 Professional software simulation tool is used to simulate the circuit

inside a computer. After that, the circuit is connected to a breadboard to test run the project

before transferring the circuit to a circuit board.

Based on the simulation, the circuit successfully runs as what is expected based on the theory.

The concept of the circuit is to generate continuous stream of rectangular pulses having a

specified frequency. When 555 Timer is in the astable mode, the frequency of the pulse stream

depends on the values of R1, RV1 and C as can be calculated using a formula. Thus, when the

value of R1, R2 and C are 220Ω, 5000 Ω and 0.005μF, the speaker will emit a frequency of

27
29.208 kHz this range of frequency is known to be annoying for insect like mosquitoes but

totally cannot be heard by human.

5.1.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT

However, the project is still not reach full complete functions as it can be improved. There are

many ways to improve the circuit of which includes:

To put sensor and led lights in the circuit to detect mosquitoes so that we will be able to know

when there are mosquitoes all around us. It is also able to prove that this circuit works well

because if the led light does not work that means the area is safe from the mosquitoes. In

addition, we can use direct current and the battery charger circuit. Thus, this circuit can operate

during blacks out because usually mosquitoes are attracted to dark places.

Next, we can improve by enlarging the field to repel mosquitoes so we can use a circuit covering

a large area.

In addition, this circuit could apply to another system and it is not limited to mosquitoes only if

the frequency is modified. Modifying the frequency will produce a sound that can easier detect

any other animal not only mosquitoes such as produce the siren or yap dog

sound.Using microcontrollers and ultrasonic sensors to transmit the sound in a special band of

frequency.

28
REFERENCES
1.Strauss WG, Maibach HI and Khan AA. Drugs and disease as mosquito repellents in man. Am.

J Trop Med Hyg. 1968;17(3):461–464.

2.Enayati AA, Hemingway J and Garner P. Electrosonic mosquito repellents for preventing

mosquito bites and malaria infection,Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;18: 34-42.

3.A. P. Meehan, 1976. Attempts to influence the feeding behavior of brown rats using ultrasonic

noise generators. International Pest Control. July/August.

4.G. Elert 1998-2012, the nature of sound (the physics hypertextbook) Retrieved October 12,

2012 from www.hypertbook/physics.info/sound

5.Suman Gupta and A. K. Dikshit, Biopesticides: An eco-friendly approach for pest control,

Journal of Biopesticides 3(1 Special Issue) 186 - 188 (2010) 186

6.Simple Electronic. (2011) “Electrosonic Mosquito Repellent Circuit Using 555”. [Online].

Available: http://www.simple-electronics.com/2011/09/electrosonic-mosquito-repellent-

circuit.html

7.Just Technika. (2011) “Electrosonic Mosquito Repellent [Circuit Diagram]”. [Online].

Available: http://justtechnika.com/articles/electronic-mosquito-repellent-circuit-diagram/

29
APPENDIX
SYSTEM COMPONENTS

1.Bread Board. 2.220 ohm resistor. 3.1M ohm resistor. 4.0.005uf capacitor. 5.0.1uf capacitor.

6.555 Timer. 7.1000uf capacitor. 8.5 kilo ohm resistor. 9.8 ohm speaker. 10.12v charger.

11.CircuitBoard

30