Chemistry project

Preparation of ink

b.kishore
Xii
Roll no. –
S.no Title
1. Introduction

• What is Ink?
• How it was prepared in ancient times
2. Types of Inks
3. Aniline Ink
• Composition
• Method for preparation of Aniline
Ink
4. Gallo-Tannic Ink

• Composition
• Method for preparation of Gallo-
Tannic Ink
5. How to prepare ink at home
 6. Bibliography

Ink
 What is Ink?
Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments and /
or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce
an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing
and / or writing with a pen, brush, or quill. Thicker
inks, in paste form, are used extensively in
letterpress and lithographic printing. Ink is an
essential item for students, teachers, authors and
others. Ink was first, used by the Egyptians around
4000 years ago.

 Ink formulas vary, but commonly involve four

components:

1) Colorants
2)Vehicles (binders)
 3)Additives
4)Carrier substances

HISTORY
Many ancient cultures around the world have
independently discovered and formulated inks for the
purposes of writing and drawing. The knowledge of the
inks, their recipes and the techniques for their
production comes from archaeological analysis or from
written text itself. The earliest inks from all civilizations
are believed to have been made with lampblack, a kind
of soot, as this would have been easily collected as a by-

product of fire. Ink was used in Ancient Egypt for writing

and drawing on papyrus from at least the 26th century
BC.Egyptian red and black inks included iron and ocher as
a pigment, in addition to phosphate, sulfate, chloride,
and carboxylate ions; meanwhile, lead was used as a
drier.Chinese inks may go back as far as three or maybe
four millennia, to the Chinese Neolithic Period. These
used plants, animal, and mineral inks based on such
materials as graphite that were ground with water and
applied with ink brushes. Direct evidence for the earliest
Chinese inks, similar to modern inksticks, is around 256
BC in the end of the Warring States period and produced
from soot and animal glue. The best inks for drawing or
painting on paper or silk are produced from the resin of
the pine tree. They must be between 50 and 100 years
old. The Chinese inkstick is produced with a fish glue,

whereas Japanese glue ( 膠 "nikawa") is from cow or stag

Ink drawing of Ganesha under an umbrella (early 19th
century). Ink, called masi, an admixture of several
chemical components, has been used in India since at
least the 4th century BC. The practice of writing with ink
and a sharp pointed needle was common in early South
India. Several Jain sutras in India were compiled in ink.

INDIAN INK was first invented in China, though

materials were often traded from India, hence the
name.The traditional Chinese method of making the
ink was to grind a mixture of hide glue, carbon black,
lampblack, and bone black pigment with a pestle and
mortar, then pouring it into a ceramic dish to dry. To
use the dry mixture, a wet brush would be applied
until it reliquified.The manufacture of India ink was
well-established by the Cao Wei Dynasty (220–265
AD). Indian documents written in Kharosthi with ink
have been unearthed in Chinese Turkestan.The
practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle
was common in early South India.Several Buddhist and
Jain sutras in India were compiled in ink.

Ink formulas vary, but commonly involve two

components: Colorants Vehicles (binders) Inks
generally fall into four classes: Aqueous Liquid Paste
Powder
Health and environmental aspects
There is a misconception that ink is non-toxic even if
swallowed. Once ingested, ink can be hazardous to one's
health. Certain inks, such as those used in digital printers,
and even those found in a common pen can be harmful.
Though ink does not easily cause death, repeated skin
contact or ingestion can cause effects such as severe
headaches, skin irritation, or nervous system damage.
[23] These effects can be caused by solvents, or by
pigment ingredients such as p-Anisidine, which helps
create some inks' color and shine.
Three main environmental issues with ink are:
Heavy metals
Non-renewable oils
Volatile organic compounds

Some regulatory bodies have set standards for the

amount of heavy metals in ink. There is a trend toward
vegetable oils rather than petroleum oils in recent years
in response to a demand for better environmental
sustainability performance. Ink uses up non-renewable
oils and metals, which has a negative impact on the
environment.
Carbon
Carbon inks were commonly made from lampblack or
soot and a binding agent such as gum arabic or animal
glue. The binding agent keeps carbon particles in
suspension and adhered to paper. Carbon particles do
not fade over time even when bleached or when in
sunlight. One benefit is that carbon ink does not harm
paper. Over time, the ink is chemically stable and
therefore does not threaten the paper's strength.
Despite these benefits, carbon ink is not ideal for
permanence and ease of
preservation. Carbon ink tends
to smudge in humid
environments and can be
washed off surfaces. The best
method of preserving a
document written in carbon ink
is to store it in a dry
environment (Barrow 1972). Recently, carbon inks made
from carbon nanotubes have been successfully created.
They are similar in composition to traditional inks in that
they use a polymer to suspend the carbon nanotubes.
These inks can be used in inkjet printers.
 2. Types of Ink

On the basis of Use On the basis of manufacture

BLUE INK ANILINE INK

BLACK INK (II)Gallo-tannic ink
BLUE-BLACK INK
GREEN INK
RED INK
STAMP PAD INK

 This project is used to learn about preparation of

Aniline and Gallo-tannic ink with respect to

particular colours.
Aniline Ink
Following substances are mixed for preparing this type

of ink:
Main Materials
Blue-black color - Naphtha blue-black
Blue color - Acid blue, Methylene blue
Red color - Scarlet red, Eosin
Black color - Aniline black
Green color - Malachite green
Some aniline colors are also used in preparing ink
which is dissolved directly in water.

Other materials
 (i) Glue: Gum Arabic (or gum acacia) is dissolved
in hot water and this results in a sticky solution.

Mixing of this in an ink solution, helps in many ways :

(a) The ink turns bright.
(b) The color of ink does not fade with time.
(c) The flow of ink is maintained smooth.
(ii) Glycerine: Sometimes, glycerine is also used in
preparing ink. The mixing of glycerine checks the
early drying of ink. This is mainly used in
preparing the stamp pad inks.
(iii) Alcohol : Spirit or alcohol is mixed in ink because
it helps in :
(a) Quick drying of ink, and
(b) The ink does not diffuse on papers after
writing.
(iv) Boric or carbolic acids: The principal constituents
of ink are organic in nature. The breakdown of
these materials spoils the ink and this causes
deposition of constituents in fountain pen of in
 the ink pot. Incorporation of boric or carbolic
acid to the ink preparation checks this problem.

Method of preparing Aniline Ink

 For preparing a particular colored ink, first of all

a 2.5% solution of that color in distilled water is
made.
To this, is added a suitable amount of glue
solution.
Now the solution is mixed well and heated for 5
minutes.
During heating, the contents are constantly
agitated.
On cooling, the solution is filtered. The process
of filtration is a very important step and is
carefully repeated several times.
To this is now, mixed a little amount, each of
boric acid or carbolic acid, alcohol or spirit and
scented material.
This preparation is filtered again and bottled.
Using this process it is made.
Gallo-tannic Ink

The following substances are used in its

preparations:

(1) Chief constituents : Following substances are the

chief constituents :
(i) Tannic and Gallic acids are used as chief
constituents to get blue-black ink.
(ii) Ferrous sulphate and hydrochloric acid also
helps in providing blue-black color to the
ink and check the growth of fungus.

Basically, it is a mixture of ferrous sulphate, tannic acid

and Gallic acid; it is, therefore, also called Irongall ink.
The other materials used are carbolic acid or boric acid,
gum Arabic or gum acacia, spirit or alcohol, glycerine
and scented material etc.

Method of preparation of
Gallotannic ink
 Dissolve 250 gm of tannic acid and 80 gm of
Gallic acid in about 5 liters of distilled water.
 To this solution 250 ml dilute HCl is added.
 Dissolve in a separate container 300 gm
ferrous sulphate, 20 gm carbolic acid about 4
liters of water.
 In a third container, the desired color is
dissolved in a little water.
 All the three solutions are mixed together.
 Also add a little of glue solution, alcohol,
scented material, mix well, filter and keep the
filtrate for a few days.
 Filter once again and store in bottles. The ink
is ready for use.

How to prepare ink

at home
One drop at a time, add hot distilled
water to the bowl of lampblack (you
can make your own by completely burning paper
or wood) - stop adding water before you think you
should and if you, accidentally, get too much
water, add more lampblack. Mix until the water is
an inky black (lampblack floats and is difficult to
dissolve). Once the water is inky black, add a small
amount of gum Arabic and mix until the gum has
been dissolved in the warm liquid (this homemade
ink should be the same consistency as
commercially prepared ink). Store the ink in a
small glass bottle for future use. A variant of this
recipe is: mix together one egg yolk, one
tablespoon gum Arabic and 1/2 cup honey; then
stir in 1/2 tablespoon lampblack: this will produce
a thick paste which you can store in a sealed
container. To use the ink, mix this paste with a
small amount of water to achieve the desired
consistency.
Indelible ink
INDELIBLE-"unremovable".
Some types of indelible ink
have a very short shelf life
because of the quickly
evaporating solvents used.
India, Mexico, Indonesia,
Malaysia and other developing
countries have used indelible
ink in the form of electoral stain
to prevent electoral fraud.
Election ink based on silver
nitrate was first applied in the
1962 Indian general election.

Iron gall (common ink)

Iron gall inks became prominent in the early 12th
century; they were used for centuries and were widely
thought to be the best type of ink. However, iron gall
ink is corrosive and damages paper over time (Waters
1940). Items containing this ink can become brittle and
the writing fades to brown. The original scores of
Johann Sebastian Bach are threatened by the
destructive properties of iron gall ink. The majority of
his works are held by the German State Library, and
about 25% of those are in advanced stages of decay
based on several factors, such as proportions of ink
ingredients, amount deposited on the paper, and
paper composition (Barrow 1972:16). Corrosion is
caused by acid catalysed hydrolysis and iron(II)-
catalysed oxidation of cellulose (Rouchon-Quillet
2004:389).
Treatment is a controversial subject. No treatment
undoes damage already caused by acidic ink.
Deterioration can only be stopped or slowed. Some
think it best not to treat the item at all for fear of the
consequences. Others believe that non-aqueous
procedures are the best solution. Yet others think an
aqueous procedure may preserve items written with
iron gall ink. Aqueous treatments include distilled
water at different temperatures, calcium hydroxide,
calcium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate,
magnesium bicarbonate, and calcium phytate. There
are many possible side effects from these treatments.
There can be mechanical damage, which further
weakens the paper. Paper color or ink color may
change, and ink may bleed. Other consequences of
aqueous treatment are a change of ink texture or
formation of plaque on the surface of the ink (Reibland
& de Groot 1999).
Iron gall inks require storage in a stable environment,
because fluctuating relative humidity increases the
rate that formic acid, acetic acid, and furan derivatives
form in the material the ink was used on. Sulfuric acid
acts as a catalyst to cellulose hydrolysis, and iron (II)
sulfate acts as a catalyst to cellulose oxidation. These
chemical reactions physically weaken the paper,
causing brittleness.

Preparation and
characterisation
of ink
formulations for
jet printing on
nylon carpet
Preparation and
characterisation
of ink
formulations for
jet printing on
nylon carpet
Preparation and
characterisation
of ink
formulations for
jet printing on
nylon carpet
Preparation and
characterisation
of ink
formulations for
jet printing on
nylon carpet
Preparation and
characterisation
of ink
formulations for
jet printing on
nylon carpet
Preparation and
characterisation
of ink
formulations for
jet printing on
nylon carpet
Preparation and
characterisation
of ink
formulations for
jet printing on
nylon carpet
Preparation and
characterisation
of ink
formulations for
jet printing on
nylon carpet
Preparation and
characterisation
of ink
formulations for
jet printing on
nylon carpet
Preparation and
characterisation
of ink
formulations for
jet printing on
nylon carpet
Abstract and Figures
Various ink formulations for inkjet printing on nylon66
carpet are prepared by using CI Acid Red 57, Natrosol
and sodium alginate thickeners, ethylene glycol,
diethylene glycol, and isopropanol with auxiliaries. The
inks are characterised for their rheological, wetting,
and storage stability properties. They were jetted by
using a Printos P16 drop-on-demand jet print-head
onto the nylon66 carpet materials, and the printed
images were characterised by using an Image Xpert
system. The inks that contained the synthetic
thickeners at the optimum ratio provide good printing
and imaging properties, such as optical density, drop
size, and depth of penetration into the substrate at pH
4-5. The optimised ink formulation is found to have
 good storage stability. The study has focused on ink
formulations based on CI Acid Red 57. Ink formulations
based on other colorants could also be studied in order
to assess the applicability of the ink formulation
system found for other colorants. The ink formulations
developed could find both uses in industrial scale
printing and low cost ink formulations for printing of
nylon66 carpets.

Preparation and characteristics of ink formulation

for jet printing on nylon carpet

Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to
prepare and characterise various ink
formulations for inkjet printing on nylon
66 carpet.
Design/methodology/approach – Various
ink formulations were prepared using CI
Acid Red 57, synthetic thickeners
(BYK425 and BYK420),
ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol,
isopropanol with auxiliaries. The inks were
characterised for their rheological, wetting
and storage stability
properties. The inks were jetted using a
Printos P16 drop-on-demand jet print-head
onto nylon 66 carpet materials. The printed
images were
characterised using an ImageXpert system.
Findings – It is found that the inks
containing the synthetic thickeners at the
optimum ratio give good printing and
image properties, such as optical
density, drop size, and depth of penetration
into the substrate at pH 4-5. The optimised
ink formulation is found to have good
storage stability.
Research limitations/implications – The
study focuses on ink formulations based on
CI Acid Red 57. Ink formulations based on
other colorants could
also be studied in order to assess the
applicability of the ink formulation system
found for other colorants.
Practical implications – The ink
formulations developed could find use in
industrial scale printing.
Originality/value – Low cost ink
formulations for printing of nylon carpets
are novel.
Keywords Inks, Inkjet printers, Textile
manufacturing processes
Paper type Research pape
Scheme 1: Chemical structure of CI Acid Red 57 dye
Scheme 2: Formation and structure of BYK425
PU polymer formed by reacting a diisocyanate with a
Urea

OC-N-R-R-N-CO + NH2CONH2 -----> n{HNCOHNOCNHR1-

NH-CO-NH-CONH-CONHR2NHCONHCONH–}n

Scheme 2 Formation and structure of

BYK425
Notes: R – Benzene ring
N – repeat unit
Results and discussion
Two families of ink formulation were
prepared namely, Group
A inks containing BYK425 as thickener
while Group B inks
contained a mixture of BYK425 and
BYK420 (1:1) as
thickener. Relevant test results are shown
in Tables III-VIII
and Figures 1-11.
Effects of binders on the viscosity of inks
The viscosities of various inks prepared
are shown in Tables III
and IV which were limited from 1 to 10
cP. This is suitable
for the piezo jet printing machine used.
The effects of the
binders on the viscosity of the inks are
shown in Figures 1 and
2. It can be seen from Figure 1 that the
viscosity of the inks
increased with the increase of the
concentration of BYK425
for Group A inks. The viscosity of the
Group B inks also
increased as the concentration of the
BYK425/BYK420
mixture in the inks increased (Figure 2).
Such effects are
expected, due to the thickening effect of
BYK425 and
BYK420 and its viscosity was limited
from 1 to 20 cP. This is
Table II Ink formulations containing
BYK425/BYK420 mixture (1:1)
Compositions (%)
Ink
sample
code DEG EG IPA Water
Acid red
dye
BYK
425/BYK420
mixture
(1:1)
B1 10 5 5 27 3 0
B2 10 5 5 22 3 5
B3 0 5 0 4 2
3 0
B4 0 5 0 3 7
3 5
B5 10 0 0 37 3 0
B6 10 0 0 32 3 5
B7 0 0 0 4 7
3 0
B8 0 0 0 4 2
3 5
B9 0 0 5 4 2
3 0
B10 0 0 5 3 7
3 5
B11 0 5 5 3 7
3 0
B12 0 5 5 3 2
3 5
B13 10 5 0 32 3 0
B14 10 5 0 27 3 5
B15 10 0 5 32 3 0
B16 10 0 0 32 3 5
Note: Using glycerol (G), levelling agent,
antifoam, AA to adjust pH, NaCl,
and urea, as 1.78, 0.59, 0.3, 0.59, 0.03, and
2.96 g, respectively
Table IV Properties of the inks containing
BYK425/BYK420 mixture (1:1)
Ink sample code Viscosity (cP) Surface
tension (mN/M)
B1 5.7 34
B2 22 31.6
B3 4 34.3
B4 19 32.2
B5 3 34.8
B6 25 31.0
B7
3 3
5
B8 15 32.7
B9 3 35.0
B10 10 33..0
B11 4.8 34.6
B12 12 33..2
B13 4 35.0
B14 25 31.0
B15 4.6 34.3
B16 14 32.5
Table III Properties of the inks containing
BYK425
Ink sample code Viscosity (cP) Surface
tension (mN/M)
A1 5.7 34.1
A2 11 33.2
A3 4.3 34
Results and discussion
Two families of ink formulation were
prepared namely, Group
A inks containing BYK425 as thickener
while Group B inks
contained a mixture of BYK425 and
BYK420 (1:1) as
thickener. Relevant test results are shown
in Tables III-VIII
and Figures 1-11.
Effects of binders on the viscosity of inks
The viscosities of various inks prepared
are shown in Tables III
and IV which were limited from 1 to 10
cP. This is suitable
for the piezo jet printing machine used.
The effects of the
binders on the viscosity of the inks are
shown in Figures 1 and
2. It can be seen from Figure 1 that the
viscosity of the inks
increased with the increase of the
concentration of BYK425
for Group A inks. The viscosity of the
Group B inks also
increased as the concentration of the
BYK425/BYK420
mixture in the inks increased (Figure 2).
Such effects are
expected, due to the thickening effect of
BYK425 and
BYK420 and its viscosity was limited
from 1 to 20 cP. This is
Table II Ink formulations containing
BYK425/BYK420 mixture (1:1)
Compositions (%)
Ink
sample
code DEG EG IPA Water
Acid red
dye
BYK
425/BYK420
mixture
(1:1)
B1 10 5 5 27 3 0
B2 10 5 5 22 3 5
B3 0 5 0 4 2
3 0
B4 0 5 0 3 7
3 5
B5 10 0 0 37 3 0
B6 10 0 0 32 3 5
B7 0 0 0 4 7
3 0
B8 0 0 0 4 2
3 5
B9 0 0 5 4 2
3 0
B10 0 0 5 3 7
3 5
B11 0 5 5 3 7
3 0
B12 0 5 5 3 2
3 5
B13 10 5 0 32 3 0
B14 10 5 0 27 3 5
B15 10 0 5 32 3 0
B16 10 0 0 32 3 5
Note: Using glycerol (G), levelling agent,
antifoam, AA to adjust pH, NaCl,
and urea, as 1.78, 0.59, 0.3, 0.59, 0.03, and
2.96 g, respectively
Table IV Properties of the inks containing
BYK425/BYK420 mixture (1:1)
Ink sample code Viscosity (cP) Surface
tension (mN/M)
B1 5.7 34
B2 22 31.6
B3 4 34.3
B4 19 32.2
B5 3 34.8
B6 25 31.0
B7
3 3
5
B8 15 32.7
B9 3 35.0
B10 10 33..0
B11 4.8 34.6
B12 12 33..2
B13 4 35.0
B14 25 31.0
B15 4.6 34.3
B16 14 32.5
Table III Properties of the inks containing
BYK425
Ink sample code Viscosity (cP) Surface
tension (mN/M)
A1 5.7 34.1
A2 11 33.2
A3 4.3 34
Results and discussion
Two families of ink formulation were
prepared namely, Group
A inks containing BYK425 as thickener
while Group B inks
contained a mixture of BYK425 and
BYK420 (1:1) as
thickener. Relevant test results are shown
in Tables III-VIII
and Figures 1-11.
Effects of binders on the viscosity of inks
The viscosities of various inks prepared
are shown in Tables III
and IV which were limited from 1 to 10
cP. This is suitable
for the piezo jet printing machine used.
The effects of the
binders on the viscosity of the inks are
shown in Figures 1 and
2. It can be seen from Figure 1 that the
viscosity of the inks
increased with the increase of the
concentration of BYK425
for Group A inks. The viscosity of the
Group B inks also
increased as the concentration of the
BYK425/BYK420
mixture in the inks increased (Figure 2).
Such effects are
expected, due to the thickening effect of
BYK425 and
BYK420 and its viscosity was limited
from 1 to 20 cP. This is
Table II Ink formulations containing
BYK425/BYK420 mixture (1:1)
Compositions (%)
Ink
sample
code DEG EG IPA Water
Acid red
dye
BYK
425/BYK420
mixture
(1:1)
B1 10 5 5 27 3 0
B2 10 5 5 22 3 5
B3 0 5 0 4 2
3 0
B4 0 5 0 3 7
3 5
B5 10 0 0 37 3 0
B6 10 0 0 32 3 5
B7 0 0 0 4 7
3 0
B8 0 0 0 4 2
3 5
B9 0 0 5 4 2
3 0
B10 0 0 5 3 7
3 5
B11 0 5 5 3 7
3 0
B12 0 5 5 3 2
3 5
B13 10 5 0 32 3 0
B14 10 5 0 27 3 5
B15 10 0 5 32 3 0
B16 10 0 0 32 3 5
Note: Using glycerol (G), levelling agent,
antifoam, AA to adjust pH, NaCl,
and urea, as 1.78, 0.59, 0.3, 0.59, 0.03, and
2.96 g, respectively
Table IV Properties of the inks containing
BYK425/BYK420 mixture (1:1)
Ink sample code Viscosity (cP) Surface
tension (mN/M)
B1 5.7 34
B2 22 31.6
B3 4 34.3
B4 19 32.2
B5 3 34.8
B6 25 31.0
B7
3 3
5
B8 15 32.7
B9 3 35.0
B10 10 33..0
B11 4.8 34.6
B12 12 33..2
B13 4 35.0
B14 25 31.0
B15 4.6 34.3
B16 14 32.5
Table III Properties of the inks containing
BYK425
Ink sample code Viscosity (cP) Surface
tension (mN/M)
A1 5.7 34.1
A2 11 33.2
A3 4.3 34
Results and discussion
Two families of ink formulation were
prepared namely, Group
A inks containing BYK425 as thickener
while Group B inks
contained a mixture of BYK425 and
BYK420 (1:1) as
thickener. Relevant test results are shown
in Tables III-VIII
and Figures 1-11.
Effects of binders on the viscosity of inks
The viscosities of various inks prepared
are shown in Tables III
and IV which were limited from 1 to 10
cP. This is suitable
for the piezo jet printing machine used.
The effects of the
binders on the viscosity of the inks are
shown in Figures 1 and
2. It can be seen from Figure 1 that the
viscosity of the inks
increased with the increase of the
concentration of BYK425
for Group A inks. The viscosity of the
Group B inks also
increased as the concentration of the
BYK425/BYK420
mixture in the inks increased (Figure 2).
Such effects are
expected, due to the thickening effect of
BYK425 and
BYK420 and its viscosity was limited
from 1 to 20 cP. This is
Table II Ink formulations containing
BYK425/BYK420 mixture (1:1)
Compositions (%)
Ink
sample
code DEG EG IPA Water
Acid red
dye
BYK
425/BYK420
mixture
(1:1)
B1 10 5 5 27 3 0
B2 10 5 5 22 3 5
B3 0 5 0 4 2
3 0
B4 0 5 0 3 7
3 5
B5 10 0 0 37 3 0
B6 10 0 0 32 3 5
B7 0 0 0 4 7
3 0
B8 0 0 0 4 2
3 5
B9 0 0 5 4 2
3 0
B10 0 0 5 3 7
3 5
B11 0 5 5 3 7
3 0
B12 0 5 5 3 2
3 5
B13 10 5 0 32 3 0
B14 10 5 0 27 3 5
B15 10 0 5 32 3 0
B16 10 0 0 32 3 5
Note: Using glycerol (G), levelling agent,
antifoam, AA to adjust pH, NaCl,
and urea, as 1.78, 0.59, 0.3, 0.59, 0.03, and
2.96 g, respectively
Table IV Properties of the inks containing
BYK425/BYK420 mixture (1:1)
Ink sample code Viscosity (cP) Surface
tension (mN/M)
B1 5.7 34
B2 22 31.6
B3 4 34.3
B4 19 32.2
B5 3 34.8
B6 25 31.0
B7
3 3
5
B8 15 32.7
B9 3 35.0
B10 10 33..0
B11 4.8 34.6
B12 12 33..2
B13 4 35.0
B14 25 31.0
B15 4.6 34.3
B16 14 32.5
Table III Properties of the inks containing
BYK425
Ink sample code Viscosity (cP) Surface
tension (mN/M)
A1 5.7 34.1
A2 11 33.2
A3 4.3 34
Results and discussion
Two families of ink formulation were
prepared namely, Group
A inks containing BYK425 as thickener
while Group B inks
contained a mixture of BYK425 and
BYK420 (1:1) as
thickener. Relevant test results are shown
in Tables III-VIII
and Figures 1-11.
Effects of binders on the viscosity of inks
The viscosities of various inks prepared
are shown in Tables III
and IV which were limited from 1 to 10
cP. This is suitable
for the piezo jet printing machine used.
The effects of the
binders on the viscosity of the inks are
shown in Figures 1 and
2. It can be seen from Figure 1 that the
viscosity of the inks
increased with the increase of the
concentration of BYK425
for Group A inks. The viscosity of the
Group B inks also
increased as the concentration of the
BYK425/BYK420
mixture in the inks increased (Figure 2).
Such effects are
expected, due to the thickening effect of
BYK425 and
BYK420 and its viscosity was limited
from 1 to 20 cP. This is
Table II Ink formulations containing
BYK425/BYK420 mixture (1:1)
Compositions (%)
Ink
sample
code DEG EG IPA Water
Acid red
dye
BYK
425/BYK420
mixture
(1:1)
B1 10 5 5 27 3 0
B2 10 5 5 22 3 5
B3 0 5 0 4 2
3 0
B4 0 5 0 3 7
3 5
B5 10 0 0 37 3 0
B6 10 0 0 32 3 5
B7 0 0 0 4 7
3 0
B8 0 0 0 4 2
3 5
B9 0 0 5 4 2
3 0
B10 0 0 5 3 7
3 5
B11 0 5 5 3 7
3 0
B12 0 5 5 3 2
3 5
B13 10 5 0 32 3 0
B14 10 5 0 27 3 5
B15 10 0 5 32 3 0
B16 10 0 0 32 3 5
Note: Using glycerol (G), levelling agent,
antifoam, AA to adjust pH, NaCl,
and urea, as 1.78, 0.59, 0.3, 0.59, 0.03, and
2.96 g, respectively
Table IV Properties of the inks containing
BYK425/BYK420 mixture (1:1)
Ink sample code Viscosity (cP) Surface
tension (mN/M)
B1 5.7 34
B2 22 31.6
B3 4 34.3
B4 19 32.2
B5 3 34.8
B6 25 31.0
B7
3 3
5
B8 15 32.7
B9 3 35.0
B10 10 33..0
B11 4.8 34.6
B12 12 33..2
B13 4 35.0
B14 25 31.0
B15 4.6 34.3
B16 14 32.5
Table III Properties of the inks containing
BYK425
Ink sample code Viscosity (cP) Surface
tension (mN/M)
A1 5.7 34.1
A2 11 33.2
A3 4.3 34
Results and discussion
Two families of ink formulation were
prepared namely, Group
A inks containing BYK425 as thickener
while Group B inks
contained a mixture of BYK425 and
BYK420 (1:1) as
thickener. Relevant test results are shown
in Tables III-VIII
and Figures 1-1
 this project is about
1. how ink is prepared?
2. history of ink
3.combinations

4.formula of ink
5.importance

The end