You are on page 1of 8

443

¬è‡ËZ e
$
á^j×Ú o9‰…çnÞçm ^m†Ò‡ àm‚Ö] ð^`e(æ•…ö] äfÕ (†ŠnÊ憵 8m] pçŠm]

]q˜Z ~WÉÙ~~œ,•
_______________________

Dr. Qazi Abid

Associate Professor, Department of Urdu, Bahaudin Zakriya University, Multan

Critical Terms used in Twentyth Century

In this article some of the critical terms of literary theory and criticism have been

explained. It is a fact that right after half century of its introduction in west, Urdu

critics started to write about theory and used its tools in their criticism but till this

time no serious attempt has been made to explain the terms used by literary

theory. This article presents a brief introduction of selected terms objectively.


_______________________

h
gzZW5Ôe] á góÅ&
Ô]• î0 ZgzZáZöZ KÔWiÅiel
Zgj g}Z ðWi¸W»]ù~W5~[f
Z ~Ce¯gzZ]*—Ågì‚XZƒ~ð;Š ~uzŠÅ~œ,•Ð~I:Ïzg
ÆC(‚†g”Åk7
Ã](‚ä]c
h
gzZáÅ 5ZgÆe]
ˆ â gzZ ](‚ˆâ ä ú›g Å Zh gŠ~ ð;Š”Xc
J(ÐW6gîÆ`uq Z Å .[ŠZ
H
Æ~g¹LLñOÆ~g¹ˆâ ÐZ ä èE4ÓºG$ Z ~¢X Š Ü z»äƒˆâ ÆVâ{
W‰ Š ~WyZŠp6x!ZÆ~œ,•
zŠgQhZzÐÔ•M
KZä+Š* È~g¹ˆâgzZ~g¹Ðã‚WëÎä]* » óˆ
Šx*
DggzZV-zg ~Wx ÓyZ1c ó
Å]q˜Z ~WhZzÐ]ù~WkZÅ~œ,•~gTÅsfXÅ7ÒÃìYðÃÅ ±ÂÅ]q˜Z{”äz
è iq

:•z»[Â"k Š~WZ]q˜ZtXÏñYÅÒÃŃ
ZgzZ•ˆÅÉÐVâ{
( Aesthetics)] 1)
Æ` uŬ_ÆŒ~ »g Z ]g @ á ~f q
sîLZì·_»ŒÑ»Tì c • Z Å•] 1)
Ù Šxk!
„g CY ðZC zŠÐáZjÆ] 1)akZX•ìg D YK wEZg » & §VâzŠ èzcgzZ¦çñ6gî
'!
Åø*
tc ƒŠŽñg0
ì @ ZÆ1ËŒc
Wžt~ V/y‚WXì @
ƒèzcŒ( [ )ì @
ƒ¦çñŒ( ³Z )ž•
ì~Š ÃZtc
WžÐáZjÆgŠC1)KZ Å qçñQgzZ[|ZÔ2Ôˆ·_»ŒÌ~[Š ZXì @ ƒ~V\W
gzZ[Š Zäyî#ZXìZƒÐy* á vŠ Å•Xì ; g @
-Ìi ¸W»kZ b§ÅVp • WcæLG
% iì ïq »ŒQc
ì ¹ÜZÔ
Å ºgÆ] 1)gzZ[Š Z {z ñVZ t
 IŽÐáZjÆg ZŠ™Æd
Š ZgzZ[Š Z~„
 c
g ãkZ {iXKZgzZ|@
Åk Q
444
á gzZì ÅcŽ Ð áZjƘZ ä Š¤
ÐQì –¼Ž 62gzZ ˆ Å ~²• •á g .ƒÆ kQQX • Õ
 AzZ
~*Š Å]1)p•}Ct
 IëZÐáZjkZ Ìäx‘gzZ . Y Hg¦tÃëZ ZuzŠ » *Š Å] 1)
»Xì @
kCÐ~(6(KZ ]! Åݬè] ÒŠ ZXåtû ó óe
t ~ õg @ g ÖZ L L»dz™{z ðƒÝqÌZÃbÃ4T
ÃÆk Q~]1)ã*zyX~Š 7zÂ{ Zp§{s§Å] 1)ã*zyäVß Zzä™x »6] 1)žì Cƒ
»]c
úÆ] c ÃÆ] 1)6gî~Š ã
ÃyZgzZ• ] c Ì] c –Á¹6k Qì mŽÐ *Š ! Š Z
ÃÆk QX ì Š
]
~äâ ih Z
 6gîm{Xì ~gz¢* Šx £ƒ
Yc Å] 1)ÌÐ Qì Å ~gzNëZŽ äVß Zz¶Š
 o~ õg @
Xì ~gz¢ãY~ŠzÂs§kZ•ñWt ‚] » Z· ZÆ] °_DpgzZ[Š Z
( Aestheticism) 4zŠw)B46
w)
tX Zƒx ¬Á={È»[Š Z ñZ'[Š ZZ
 ðƒw=b ˜Z Å4zŠw)c
46
w)~[fÆ~œ,ÞZ
yZX c Û ~ [Š ZÐQQgzZ c
Š rz• ¯ Ï0
i ¯§ CZ¬ ÃkˆZ ¯§kZ ä V'Š Z ~â â zg ð̀gzZ Zƒ qzÑÐ *̀q
’
G½$
E I
3 Z KZ Å®._ÆwìÆVÍßyZÔ •n
ì Cƒ] 1) ö§ Špq gÌZ {Š c iæÎ]gzZ , ÍÔ . »~ Vz®BV'Š Z
sÜÌaÆÄ6ÅkQgzZce*
ƒŠŽñ6
gîÆK~Š ã
ÃŒÌ~( y) !Å®Xì „ŒsÜgzZsÜ{zgzZ
Xce *
™gHg £Ã„ŒsÜgzZ
ïq »ÑÆb§gzZ Ë c œ£ —Ô ÕZz ¹ÜZ Ô ÕZz Ï(Ã[Š Zž åwì »VÍß0Ð q
’kZ
IF
Ûy
gzZ¸ï Šg Z ŒW½w„ÃÕZzÐ ŒÅ®Ð b§q ZtcÍce ´gÃøL G4&LZÃÑÆŒ!ñOÅäƒ

ÅŒŠpž ZƒZa ÌtXq


Zg0 ’kZÐzz„ kZ¸s ÜÆgŠÅ b§gzZ Ëg0
ZÆq ZÆ®{z´Æg ZŠZ C1)
"Ð Z1ðƒÐ *̀Z’Z Åq
’kZp¤ &‡b§¾aÆ„ì
Z ñYð¯wJÿLE LG
E" kx Ó{zgzZ ñYÅ äzp°H
ÒàLZ~Y 1850ä7 XH qzÑx » » ~i ‚wßQaÆkZ ä Vzg »ðvŠgzZ7 ›Z¤
Z Z
i Û rz•
 5~÷Z• Ûu
’kZ ~ˆXóƒ
gzZU#Ô| Š1 ]Z WZÆq ó „ rÄ'n¾Å™ ÄLž
L ¹~ ó ó]c
ÄÁßQ L L[ ÂBy*t ÃW
ßZzq’t ~ yàZX Š ¹Ìó qó ’Å ~I o zZ L Ð
 L zz ÅVÍß4ZÃq
’kZgzZñ(Ðzz Åx »Æóg 5
ňÅ[Š Z]Z W ZkgzŠÆq
’kZXì @ YHg¦{Òú»q ’BkˆZ ¯§kZÃyZzhWgzZ ðƒk
 Û ÐzzÅçJ.G
r z•
5 "
2F
EG
3½$
ö§ ŠpÆ[Š Z X ˆ~Š 7zÂ{Zp§{s§Å] Z WZ yZ~ ¸¨zgØÆVr’5pñƒ¿%Q6Vr’ˆâ gzZh ]
ggz¢m½ZŠ ðÃ: ðÃÐq
Xì ‚ ’kZg¦h]ˆâBC(‚ »äƒ
s"B ï
( Absurdity)e GG3E $Ñ
4›G

Å Ï0i)ë KZ ä kQ~ Tì ˆÅ ~ ZÐ ó ó{gTZ »~Ï L Ly*q
ZÆ °»6gî~Š ã
b ˜Zt
YE
ÆxëL 58E~uzŠ ~ Y 1961 èEÒhGZ íâ ~ˆ X ÅwEZ b ˜Z Å Absurd aÆä™C Ù ªÃe
$ GG3E
s" gzZ ï $Ñ
4›G
Zzg ÅóZg e 8g- ň
» k Q è[ÂŽ 6e
yZž åwì » kZ 3g The Theatre of the Absurd ä k Qx *
445

øÚÏZà b ˜Z kZ ä ñ»Xì ªÑBabsurd wq‹gßtH7~®LZÃÏ0i)ë b§Tä Vzg ó)Zg e
X åHwEZ~
è> ¶
6U ä \g- &Zƒ Za Ðzz ÅäYJQyZZÐ6g ZŠZ yQÆÏ0
iÝZgŠtzg /B~„t ~ [f
 ~ Vl~(zŠX ¶ŠŽñ6gîÆK}(¹ q
g yZZ6g ZŠZ yZ Z
p Z 4zŠ y̈ZB4zŠÆ~ T å c
CZˆÆ
[Š ZÆäâ ikZÃwq‹gßÅ[™ÏZX Z 7* ZÃ[f}g7Âc
™ o‚ »[™6f q Z h Qt Zèi»g ZŠZyZ „ äVß Zz
4ŒÅZˆâžì wì »VÍß¼XH76gîÆbzg ~„z/kZ ä
ÐzzÅx Z%ZÆg ZŠZ R•gzZ Y •gzZ ~gzŠÐ ] é›G3E
ZÆV-zgmºÆ®LZÃeZ ÏZ äVzg 2ÆgzŠ kZgzZ Zg ¦
žì wì»VÍ߉XH7g0 Ð eZ6f kZ[f
ƒ kˆZŽ » ~g ZŠ)fg0
ì @ ZÆy̈ZXì Zƒ Za Ðzz ÅtÅ î OÐ~ V2ZgZŽì [™~ŠŽ z »y̈Zt
VY {zžì @
ƒ Z9 Wt ‚ÆkQwZÎ Z (q Yƒg D »ªu ‚Z kZ {z~ ]gßÅäƒ: Zg7 Æk Q
ZQgzZì @
X•3YDÎÆ ï GG3E $ Ñ„ÐwZÎkZ ?ì
4›G
EJ
t Ð T )y*szcLZ ä °» X H7B‚Æ ]˜ q–ä {)z ð½h4& WÔ F g ‚ Ô °»ÃyDg kZ
Z6gîÆZwÃ~ÏXì k?Åwq‹gß„ ÏZ Ì{zì H{Š .ZÐ}gTZ ã*
y "q - T~ ( ˆÅ~
Z b ˜Z
Zwq‹g߸ Ì~ Vßz* Ù 1ì Cƒ ãYá 6Ka Åh N ™‡Š
Æ°»Xì CYWn™Q±Q y" {zg !
C
™g(Z ^Å}Qq
© Zy s ! Ð ) ó ó̈‡
y̈Z Ì~ ( wg ¯g â w ~pL L ã¹szcÅ kZ Xì CIgl »Vzg ZŠ™
E
45J" WXì
ÐZgzZì @
Igl»y̈Zg OZ -Ñ»ÚË~óZg eÆ ïH½G "Xì @
5E Yw$~} uy̈Z~óZg eÆ ð½hG
~h §zŠXì ˆÅÒÃÅKÃwq‹gߪÑkZ Ì~Vzk
] ’ŶjVZ jXì »Ú¾g OZy Wž ¸7è Ìt
Å b§kZ~zŠg Qì HwEZ6
gîÆ"wq
Z~VñZg e LZÃ]gßkZÅ®Ìä çH.E" ®‹g ó)Zg eCc
2F Þ â
x ÅZ.
Û ÔVâ YZgzZVßz*
>Œ ÆŠ =gâZXì YYH{@x~nó ^e:Ãg Z-ŠŽ {zLÔ óòŠ W~y
W LVE¹Å@g OZÃwq‹gß
Xì CY~Š ð3Š6
gîÆ"w/q GG3E
Z ï $ Ñt~Vßz*
4›G ÆÏ * /ZgzZVE¹‰Åg©7Z
( Theatre of the Absurd))Zg eªÑ
s" ðƒ#~s Z§Z LZ äT ðƒ Za Š75q
Ãe Z ÅVzg ó)Zg eˆÆVlK¬~uzŠgzZ «
Û ó óÀ» ï
$
ä èEÒhGZ Hg â ~ Y 1961 b ˜Zt X Š Šg Z Œ
c GG3E $ ÑL LÃ] &ÅVzg ó)Zg e yZ Ô H7B‚ÆV1w/Z
4›G
X 3g¸x *
»[ ÂKZ äk Q ,ÅwEZ
( Absene) ÏŠŽñ*BÏŠŽñx°
Œ
Æd Û èâ Ð Zpì HwEZ äZh
gŠÐZgzZì Ð ] * ]
Dg ~Wh ˆâp¤
Zm» b ˜Z kZ
Q~øÚÆÇgzZ öZÎÅkZÔ 'Ð b§TWh
]Iâ Xì 7eÌ9 ŠÆ™µ Z8Ð V-zg ~W
E¯6kZÉ 7„ZÐ p ÒFÐk
 
½k gŠXì ~¿› gÆkZtzgtì CŒ•Zg Ŭ_Æ
’žì wì » Zh
446
E¯6k
 
½Ð p ÒkZk ƒŠŽñŠp6RË: ËÑZz%1 ~Tì Cƒïq Åe
’Xì @ œ
 
%]ßk g Ì
½Xì B
g¦kZp•ãZz] Z WZÆ~IˆÏzggzZ](‚ÔW5p¤ Z6bÃkZXì @¸ÑZz™~kZžì B
ƒT g
G
ÐzzÅÏŠŽñÅgHgzZeœ GG3©ÒŒ!gzZD~±ÂgzZƒÅQÌËXì Å «„ ä Zh
%]ßï gŠ ^ãZztÃ
Û ßÌÃlzg kZ Å] *—h
êŠg Z Œ ]Ð p Òq
ZtÃtXì c Û ] é›G3E
Šg Z Œ 4ŒÅZˆâ ÅÏŠŽñäZh
gŠÃ]!
kZgzZì gÀ
Ì6kZì © gzZáZz%1ÔykÔ yâ igzZì B
ÀøÚ ã—k^Ž ÃïÐáZzG g k‚ Z KZ6Âñƒá1Žì
Xì 4Š"Ðk
 Zk
’Ã'ŽìwŽgßã—+Zq ’Xì CVQwZÎ
( Presence ) ÏŠŽñ
@
™÷z +ðÃÔì @
™k Ð b ˜Z ÅÏŠŽñx° b ˜Zt
 žìt x|»kZXì ðƒ ~ a
½gHðÃZ
gŠp¤
Zh Û ] é›G3E
Zì êŠg Z Œ 4ŒÅZˆâ ÅÏŠŽñÐ Z Zh
gŠXì CYá s§ÅDÃpÏŠŽñÅkZ Âì ꊼŠ *Z cì
Ö ´Åec
# ö¼Ånm{q Z ÑZz%1ÐzzÅ] é›G3E4ŒÅZˆâ ÅÏŠŽñHžÅ7s
 ŸzÅg¦kZ ä+Š*
Æ
Y0ïq»eÆäzm{q
Xì @ Z ÑZz%1ÐzzÅe
œ
%]ßèY7ÌykZi Zê* Y0
ƒ(Z1ì@
( Absolute/Absolutism) ~IÇ
ižì B
b§ÅÏ0 W~ŠŽzÐ ( Legislative Criticism)WÏ6gî~Š ã
g ¢tŽì c g¦t
gzZY âZÔ,qžwìtX Yƒ7i Z0 Ü zc
Z WZ6yZ‰ ƒÝqx ZzŠq
~pÅäâ igzZ}igzZì @ ZÃVßßQ¼~[Š Z
á »yZZ6ï
G
GG3©ÒŒ!pì ] ¸Å~pŠp{zÂì ÇÚðÃ~*Š¤ G
GG3©ÒŒ!•Dƒò ZzŠ]Zg¦
»VzI ï ZX •: Ä•
]gz¢Å ;zçF : {zÔ • Dƒ Zgzâ Ð kˆZ èi§kZ ]Zg¦gzZg ZŠZ ‰ì wì
 Yá$
ÅnË~ yZ: •M
ƱÂÅyáyZ1ñƒ7Á~lŠ¤ Ü zŽ •gz¢Æb§kZyá!Š Z¼Xì »nm=tzg ~WtXì Cƒ
ʼn
X•ìg Dƒspåj§
í
( Relitivism )sŸZBÄŸZ
Û ©øL F
$ dä í6í WÃbÃkZ~h G
KëZ• ]§zŠ1ï
GG3©ÒŒ!ž Aì *Š„ Ú Zg¦»sŸZBÄŸZ
ð3Š Ug ¯¡Åg¦kZ Ì~*Š ÅWXì Ýq] m„ÃpsÜ~*Šžì ‚
gmÐwßQ CÑ»kZtÃtX •
Yc Û ~y
Š 7g Z Œ Ü zg0
WgzZ ÇÔ îÃg £ ~WÌËgzZ•Sg CWfpB‚B‚Ɖ ç~WXì CY}Š
ZÆ]
Xì @ Yƒ7»b§~g7¤
Yƒgz¢°ŸZ Â@ Ù @'
ZˆÆá²¼g £~WC ÆkZÉ Y
( Abstract)ŠêBe
h
ŠBh
Š
;ggz¢mðÃ: ðà »kZ ÌÐ ] é›G3E
4ŒÅZˆâ gzZ • „ - *ŠÌ,Š ã
 k~• ã* ~„Å b ˜Z kZ
wŽgßgzZ ÌÚÔì Yƒ Ìg¦ðÃtì Cƒg Ñ~}%iÆe
h
ŠcŠÔŠêƒ B
~h Ù Xì
g:( ~Š â ŽÚ{zC
ÂÚ] ‡zZ ‰X • ] Zg¦c
,q à Zzh Šê„ +Z {)z›g \ Ômß Z r
Šc  Ô k‹ÔÒpÔs »Z ÔíÔ !pXÌ
447
Šmß Z r
h  b§kZXì ‚ ZgŠ ·pìÚ~h
gVq ŠÂ~gŠ ·}ì @
ƒïq »Vsßñpì Cƒ ~h
Š
ŠX{)zÒp }@
~h ƒéðÃÐ kZ1•Cƒ Â] Ì~X•+Z ]Zh
Š¼Xì Vq Û íß Z r
ZŠ•  1ì
ZÃe
q ŠÌ~6~ ~œ,•Xì CYÅÒÃÅä¯z »¿!Ã] Zg¦ñOÅ âZ Ì~~²•
Zzg ~h á
X ZƒÝq rz• ÛJ
R
&
( Concrete) çE?ABk^
&
~ V/»Y âZ +Z~ *Š Å[Š ZX • B gŠŽz ~Š â q ƒÐ *Š ~Š â m» âZ çE
Z Y âZ k^Xì @ ?A c
k^
&A
gzi {Š c
i6g ÖZ k^~ e
Zzg ~ÄÅ[fÐ ~œ,zg VZXì @ Bg Ö Z concrete c? Vƒ B
çE gŠŽz k^Žg ÖZ
~œ,•X c ÐWÐ ]Zg¦LZähgzZ `°»ÔBgzi egz~] ‡zZZÃq
J ( ’kZX ˆÅ¿#Åh
ŠgzZ Š Š
c
Z ðÍÄä x‘X Å «äx‘gzZ &
Ð ]¢gzZ {Š â Žì „¿AgzZ ~Š â q î0 Z ð*
Zg j {Š c
Z Â~„F Zzg kZ~
iÃe
Z Ãbzg ÏZ Ìg¦ »ói ˆèzc » áZ öZ KXì @
êŠ ÌZ 6Rq Z ñƒ D™ {Š .Z
™úÅ ck^q
gŠŽ zk^q
B Ù ªÚgzZce *
ZžìC g¦»Ú~uzŠÐg¦ÆÚq
WÃZƒZ a Z~ wìÆkZXì êŠ ð3Š Zƒ
Å *Š èzcKZ~ËÆ¿›gÆg Ö Z !Æ] é›G3E
4ŒÅZˆâ Ž ì ŠŽñe
Zzg ~g7 q á k^~ [fXì
Z Å ~²•
Xì îŠgzi6
Ék
¦

( Synchronic) ãâ iq
ëZ » ]*—Ågì‚ åHE4E
5G Û ] *—çL8Xâ õÎáZz ä™ëZ•
&~ e• Û x  C©~Š ã
ÃWC(‚gzZ ](‚
~g ïY ðÃ~}g ! i {zakZ •]g @
Æx ÂiÆy! gzZ ãâ iM j§òZgƬ_Æy! 
ižN~œ%gzZ +F
™^s§Å] (‚Ð ] *—wìtXce*
@ ™g (Z & §ãâ iq ia kZ•Tg܇Р¶Š
 »¬_Æy!
,@
Æx Âq Ü z¢qž·_»%Z kZXì @
i~xŠŽñc
Z b§¾y! ‰ 0 Û zë Z »x Â~Š ã
gZŒ Æ] (‚gzZì
g mÐ *Š Å] *—6gî~Š ã
~ÃÅ] (‚1ì B p¤
Z b ˜Zt Xì @ ì Cƒ „g™x » »
B·_ ãâ iq
‰ õg @
 âi q
+  a kZ ì g »Ð ] *— Ågì‚6gîm{gzZ Ð ]*—]Ñ»
 } ¬_Æ [Š Z Z
i6gî~Š ã
~Tì Cƒ „g™·_»] ´·,ZÆy! gŠ Å] c
{z Âì C™Äc ÄÅ[Š Z™ƒµ ZÐ ]ZøÚ
X •Dƒìg™Za ã癃¸gëB‚Æ}uzŠq
ZÆY Z b
ZZÆy!
i
( Diachronic) ãâ iM
w”ÆVÂùC*—‰Ì` Wp¤
Zì ;g§{[¨%J Z~ *Š Å] *—·_]g @
äâ iq »y!
i
{Š c
gzZ ] *—gzZì Hg (Z F Y HwEZÃg » &§kZaÆ
 ä ]*—~ ~œ,•1ì @
i „ì_ãâ iq
g» & §»·_ãâ iq Ð b§TgzZì c Û „xñèF
Šg Z Œ {Š ciÐZ äWC(‚àZzh  ÀÐ éw@ Æ ] (‚
g »& §ãâ iMX e07z»„è‰ÌËÆW·_þLG 0z^I Z »WC(‚
$ §ãâ iMÐ b§kZì Š
448
Xì[™Ð] *—]g @
sÜÌ` W
( Signifier) úpÔwZŠ
ã—ÌðÃ._Ægì‚Xì µz»WC(‚gzZ](‚Ð ] *—ãâ iq
Ågì‚Ìb ˜Zt
Zt 6gî~Š ã
CßL Lq 1ì @ Ù „ Ž ìz (Z » y¶
ƒ ïq »ŠŽ z 8C ã— úpBwZŠXì @ƒ Œ6V”zŠ y¶ 
tc
Íì @YƒUZgs§ÅÚ‚f »kZÐ kZgzZì CYW~Ĥ Å] 2Å~g ‡Žì( îG 47E‚CßÔ ßZ Cß) ó ó^
0G
»ÚÔ7ÚÐ úpc wZŠXì C™ÏÒúÅÔì CƒŠŽ ñ~`g {Ž |cÚk^q ZÉ Cƒ7k^^Cß
â ðÉ 7~¡¸g »wßægzZwZŠžìt] !
* zÂÿLE
&‡Xì @ ŠGËŽ @
% c
W~‚fÐgzÆiZzW“ ƒhZzg¦
™wJÆDõ~k
Xì © ’Ë%{Ñ çÌðÃ&ì@
ƒYZzggzZ
( Signified) p§¦Ôwßæ
6gî~Š ã Bwßæ ñY0z »¿6fÆ~g ‡Ž x|{zìz ZuzŠ »y¶
wßæ Xì @ ã—Ægì‚t

Ð( ì k ZžŽ ) wZŠ ñO Å|c
¦ Cßq ™ÏÒú6f Å|c
ZgzZì @
Ú k^¸g » pz~ Ú k^Ë
gŠŽzCZg0
Xì ‚ ZÆÄp³q
ZgzZì @ â ðgzZ CAgÔ YZzg¸g »wßægzZwZŠXì @
ƒ* ™hZz

] ÒÂ

( zŠg Q )] q˜Z‹ ¸Ôic


be̈Z !]
iò ¸{gÇÔŠ !
y! WxsZÔY 1985 Ô jœïiÚÑZ1Z B ]q ˜Z ~Ws ¤ X1
zgçzŠg Q ¹F Ô ‹ŠÔY 1986 Û
£Z+-Zæ B ] q ˜Z! Š Z}• X2
ÅXç,G -Ê7ÔgƒÑÔY 1990 ~gâ/Zõ B ²˜Z! Š ZÉ X3
c& DÔŠ !
î Ã, WxsZÔY 1993 w)gâ Z B ] q˜Z! Š Z X4
>zŠg QÔ ‹ŠÔY 1995 Û ‚ŸzÅ] q˜Z! Š Z
vZP B }• X5
;gE-Ò»¯gÍÔzŠg Q%ÔgƒÑÔY 2005 Ý°ZзÔy{£Z¢ B ] q ˜Z! Š ZÉ X6
E
]
h æL¾¡Òg ZŠ ZÔ ‹ŠÔY 2005 Ã~Wz! Š Zh
+-Zg¼Wz6B ] c ]  X7
YEX
òŠ » Z‚‚Ô ‹ŠÔY 2004 è Š Z ëL 54•
Tyu CÎu B zŠg Q[ Û X8
( ~ m be̈Z
ôZ )] q ˜Z‹¸Ôic !h
1. Dictionary of World Literary Terms / Joseph T. Shipley

1943/1970/London, George Allen & Unwin


449
2. A Glossary of Literary Terms / M.H. Arams (1981, 4th Edition , 1941)CBS

Publishing, Japan

3. A Dictionary of Literary Term / Martin Gray (1994) / 1984, London, Long

Man York Press.

4. A Dictionary of Modern Critical Terms / Roger Fowler 1973 London,

Rutledge & KeganPaul.

5. Literary Terms and Criticism / John Pock and Martin Coyle, 1989,

London, Macmillan.

6. Key Concepts in Literary Theory / Julian Wolfreys., Ruth Robbins and

Kenneth Womack, 2006,Edinburgh University Press.

7. Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory / J. A. Cuddon,

1991 (1977) London, PenguinBooks.

8. Dictionary of Literary Terms / Sharad Rajimwale, Dehli, K.S. Paperbacks,

Year N.M

9. A Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms / Chris Baldick 2004, Oxford,

Oxford University Press.

–~Š ã
]Z ~ ~ m
ôZ !t
1. Barthes, Roland ,Elements ofSemiology, London, 1967

2. Barthes, Roland. Image-Music-Text. Trans. Stephen Heath. New York,

1994.

3. Barthes, Roland, Mythologies, London, 1972

4. Barthes, Roland. The Pleasure of the Text. Trans. Richard Miller. New

York, 1975.

5. Barthes, Roland, Writing Degree Zero, London, 1967

6. Culler, Jonathan. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction, OUP, 2000.

7. Culler, Jonathan. Structuralist Poetics, London, 1975

8. Derrida, Jacques. Of Grammatology. Trans. Gayatri C. Spivak. Baltimore:


450
Johns Hopkins, 1976.

9. Derrida, Jacques, Speech and Phenomena, Evanston, 111., 1973

10. Eagleton, Terry. After Theory, New York, 2003.

11. Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Minneapolis: U of

Minnesota P, 1983.

12. Foucault, Michel , Discipline and Punish, London, 1977

13. Foucault, Michel, Madness and Civilization, London, 1967

14. Foucault, Michel , The Archaeology ofKnowledge, London, 1972

15. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. Volume 1. An Introduction.

Trans. Robert Hurley. Harmondsworth, UK, 1981.

16. Foucault, Michel. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human

Sciences. New York, 1973.

17. Jameson, Frederic. Postmodernism: Or the Cultural Logic of Late

Capitalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999.

18. Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits: A Selection. London: Routledge, 2001.

19. Lemon Lee T. and Reis, Marion J. Eds. Russian Formalist Criticism: Four

Essays. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1965.

20. Lodge, David, with Nigel Wood. Modern Criticism and Theory: A Reader.

2nd Ed. London: Longman, 1988.

21. Makaryk, Irena R., ed. Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory:

Approaches, Scholars, Terms. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1993.

22. Murfin, Ross and Ray, Supryia M. The Bedford Glossary of Critical and

Literary Terms. Boston: Bedford/St.Martin's, 2003.

23. Robey , David (ed.), Structuralism: An Introduction, Oxford, 1973

24. Saussure Ferdinand de. Course in General Linguistics, London, 1978

25. Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon, 1978.

You might also like