Electricity

Made by: shahan, 06/11/2022

intro
Electricity is a broad topic in the field of physics that was discovered
by Benjamin Franklin in the year 1752, he discovered it while
conducting an experiment by tying a metal key onto a string and
electricity from the storm clouds flowed through the wet needle and
received an electrical shock.

about electricity
When two objects run each other, they transfer electron from one
object to another. Gaining of electrons means the object becomes
negatively charged and losing electrons means the object becomes
positively charged. When a charged object is brought close to an
uncharged object, the uncharged object becomes charged, this is
called charging by induction. Resistance can be defined as the act to
oppose the flow of current. A suitable device that opposes this flow of
current is called a resistor, however there are other types of resistors
that is suited for other purposes such as a variable resistor, a fuse, a
thermistor and an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor). Resistance
depends on length of wire and is directly proportional to the
length of a wire. If the length is increased then the resistance will
also increase. In a circuit, resistors can be put in two ways, in series
and in parallel. In series all resistors are connected in a single loop
and current will always be constant while in parallel, the resistors are
connected in different loops and in parallel, the potential is always
constant.

Ohm’s law states that if the physical condition of a wire remains

constant, then current is directly proportional to electric potential.

There are two types of current, Alternating current (A.C) and

Direct Current (D.C). In A.C, current flows in changing directions
while in D.C, current flows in one direction. A rectifier also known as
a diode is a device that can convert A.C to D.C., A diode doesn’t
follow ohm’s law but metals do.

Logic gates are digital circuits which controls input. In a digital

circuit there is always a logical relationship between input and output
and the signals can be classified in 2 types:

1. Analog signal
2. Digital signal
In an Analog signal there is a continuous variation in the amplitude of
a signal, while in digital signal it only has 2 variations, 0 and 1.

in a logic gate there are more than 2 inputs but only 1 output. There
are 5 logic gates:
1. OR gate
2. AND gate
3. NOT gate
4. NOR gate
5. NAND gate

Working

electric current:
l=q/t

electric current= charge/time

unit= Ampeare (A)

resistance:

R=e l/a

Resistance= resistivity x length/area

Unit= ohm

electric potential:

V=iR

potential= current x resistance

Unit= volts (V)
Total resistance:

series

TR=R1+R2+R3
Total resistance= resistance 1 + resistance 2 + resistance 3

parallel
 TR=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
Total resistance= 1/resistance 1 + 1/resistance 2 + 1/resistance 3
Unit= ohm
Electric power:

P=vi

Power= voltage x current

Unit= Watts (W)

Electrical energy:

e=pt

Energy= power x time

Unit= Joules (J)

Boolean equations:

OR gate

A+B=Y

AND gate

AxB=Y
NOT gate

Y=A-

NOR gate
combination of OR and NOT gate. 0=1 and 1=0
NAND gate

Combination of AND and NOT

Use of electricity

Electricity can be used for a lot of things. More specifically,

electricity can be used for lighting, heating, cooling,
and refrigeration and for operating
appliances, computers, electronics, machinery,
and public transportation systems lighting,
heating, cooling, and refrigeration and for
operating appliances, computers, electronics,
machinery, and public transportation systems.