DESIGN OF SUBSTRUCTURE

DESIGN DATA :
Design Criteria :
Superstructure span length, Ls = 30.0 m Roadway width, Rw = 7.32 m
Live Load, LL = MS 18 No. of Lanes, NL = 2
Diaphragm/Backwall : Approach Railing :
height, Bh = 2.645 m height, Rh = 0.90 m
length, Bl = 9.44 m length, Rl = 2.90 m
thickness, Bt = 0.80 m thickness, Rt = 0.30 m
Wingwall : Aproach Sidewalk,
length, Wh = 2.50 m length, Sl = 2.90 m
height, Wl = 2.65 m width, Sw = 1.11 m
thickness @ support, W ts = 0.65 m inner thickness, Sit = 0.25 m
thickness @ end, W te = 0.30 m outer thickness, Sot = 0.26 m
Pile spacing : sp = 1.25 m Girder spacing : Gs = 2.25 m
Capacity of R.C. Pile (450 x 450) : Pa = 700 kN
Material Properties :
Concrete Comp. Strength, fc' = 21 MPa Wearing Surface, Fws = 1.05 kPa
3
Steel Yield Strength, fy = 276 MPa Concrete weight, gc = 24 kN/m
3
Soil weight (compacted fill), gs = 19 kN/m
Dead Load Reaction : RDL = 4,170 kN
Live Load Reaction :
Truck Loading RT = 293.3 kN Lane Loading RL = 257.0 kN
Truck Load (Governs ! ! !) RLL = 586.5 kN

Abutment Dimension :

Member Width Depth Length Weight

1. App. Railing 0.300 m 0.900 m 2.90 m 37.58 kN
2. App. Sdwk. 1.110 m 0.255 m 2.90 m 39.40 kN
3. Notch 0.200 m 0.300 m 7.32 m 10.54 kN
4. Diaphragm 0.800 m 2.645 m 9.44 m 479.40 kN
5. Wingwall 0.475 m 2.645 m 2.50 m 150.77 kN

Soil Parameters

gs = Unit weight of soil = 19.0 kN/m³

Φ = Angle of friction of soil = 30°
δ = Angle of friction bet. soil/wall = 0°
ί = Backfill slope angle = 0°
β = Slope of soil face = 0°
α = Slope of wall = 90°
H = Height of soil face = 2.65 m
θ = arc tan ( Kh / 1 - Kv ) = 11.3°
A = Seismic acceleration coeff. = 0.40
KH = Hor. Acc. coefficient = A = 0.20 Hor. Acc. coefficient = A 1 Rigid Abutment
KV = Vertical Acc. coefficient = 0.00 Hor. Acc. coefficient = 0.5A 2 Free Standing Abut./SS
μ = Coefficient of Base Friction = 0.55 2 Abutment type
 Check horizontal acceleration coefficient (AASHTO C6.3.2 1-A) :
KH < ( 1 - KV ) tan ( φ -ί )
0.20 < 0.58 . . . . . O.K.! ! !
KH
Φ > ί + θ = ί + atan
1-KV
30° > 11° . . . . . O.K.! ! !

The earth pressures are calculated based on the following :

1) For the dynamic earth pressure due to earthquake, the psuedo-static Mononobe-Okabe formula is used, and
2) For the static earth pressures, the Coulomb equation for both the active and passive earth pressures are used.

SOIL PRESSURES :

Seismic Active Earth Pressure (Mononobe-Okabe Principle)

PAE = 1/2 gs H2 (KAE - KA) b PAE = 98.6 kN
δ2 = 0.5 * δ1 @ Seismic condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ+ δ2 ) sin ( Φ -θ - ί ) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 2.2
cos ( δ2 + β + θ ) cos ( ί - β )
cos² (Φ - θ - β)
KAE = KAE = 0.45
Ψ cosθ cos²β cos (δ2 + β + θ)

KAE has two components (seismic and static). The seismic component (K AE - KA) is
assumed to be a trapezoidal force (max. at the ground surface) acting at a height of 0.6H.

Static Active Earth Pressure

PA = 1/2 gs H2 KA b PA = 186.0 kN
δ1 = 22° @ Static condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B *
sin (Φ + δ1) sin (Φ - ί) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 2.7
cos (δ1 + β) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - β)
KA = KA = 0.30
Ψ cos2β cos (δ1+ β)
The KA component is the familiar triangular distribution acting at H/3.

Static Passive Earth Pressure

PP = 1/2 gs H² KP b PP = 1379 kN
sin (Φ - δ2) sin (Φ - θ + ί) 2
Ψ = 1 - Ψ = 0.44
cos (δ2 - β + θ) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - θ + β)
KP = KP = 2.2
Ψ cosθ os2β cos (δ2 - β + θ)

Forces on Abutment EQ1

EQ2

EQ3
99 kN EQ4
EQ5
186 kN
1.6 m

0.9 m
 Forces FV FH

DEAD LOAD (DL)

1. App. Railing 37.58 kN 7.52 kN
2. App. Sidewalk 39.40 kN 7.88 kN
3. Notch 10.54 kN 2.11 kN
4. Diaphragm 479.40 kN 95.88 kN
5. Wingwall 150.77 kN 30.15 kN
6. RDL 4169.61 kN 833.92 kN
EARTH PRESSURE
7. Active 185.99 kN
8. Seismic 98.60 kN
LIVE LOAD (LL)
9. RLL 293.26 kN 58.65 kN
TOTAL 5,023.4 kN 1,320.7 kN

Number of Piles
∑Fv Use NP = 8 pcs.
NP =
Pa

Design of Diaphragm due to Dead Load and Live Load :

From FEA Output :

Moment Dead Load ; Mdl = 177.36 kN-m Design Moment : MU = 337.3 kN-m
Moment Live Load : Mll = 49.14 kN-m
Shear Dead Load : Vdl = 365.69 kN-m Design Shear : VU = 631.7 kN
Shear Live Load : Vll = 72.00 kN-m

Reinforcement :
Bending reduction factor Φb = 0.9 Shear reduction factor Φs = 0.85
Rebar Diameter Diab = 32 mmØ Rebar Area Areab = 804 mm²
Concrete cover cc = 50 mm Effective depth dte = 2.58 m
Cracking moment
Modulus of rapture fr = 0.623 f c' fr = 2.8 MPa
LF .TF3
Moment of inertia Ig = Ig = 0.113 m
12
N.A. to tension fiber yt = Bh/2 yt = 1.32 m

fr . Ig
Cracking moment Mcr = Mcr = 242 kN-m
yt
1.2Mcr = 290.3 kN-m

0.85 fc' 2 (1.2Mcr)

Minimum steel ratio ρmin = 1 - 1 -
fy Φb b d2 (0.85 fc')
= 0.00022 β1 = 0.85
0.85 β1 fc' 600
Balanced steel ratio ρbal = ρbal = 0.0214
fy (600 + fy)
Maximum steel ratio ρmax = 0.75 ρbal ρmax = 0.0160
 Bottom reinforcement :
Mu
Coeff. of resistance Rub = Rub = 0.07 MPa
Φb b d2
0.85 fc' 2 Rub
Steel reinf. ratio ρ = 1 - 1 -
fy 0.85 fc'
= 0.0003
Required steel area AS = ρ b d AS = 527 mm²
As
Number of bars Nb = Nb = 2 pcs.
Ab

Use 2 pcs. - 32 mmØ Top/Bottom Bars ! ! !

Shear Checked :
Actual Shear Vu = 631.7 kN

Shear Strength provided by concrete

Vc = 0.17 . Φs fc' . Bh . dte Vc = 1356.4 kN

Remark . . . . . Shear Capacity, O.K. ! ! !

Longitudinal Skin Reinforcement

Minimum area Ask = d - 750 Ask = 1,895 mm²

Ask2 = 0.5 . As Ask2 = 264 mm²
Bar diameter Db = 32 mmØ Bar area Ab = 804 mm²
Ask
Number of bars Nb = Nb = 4 pcs.
Areab
spacing; s = 300 mm

Use 32 mmØ @ 300 mm @ Each side face - Tensile zone ! ! !

Side Reinforcement
Anchor bar diameter (AASHTO M169)
Dab = 32 mmØ
Tensile strength fy = 248 MPa
Shear strength fv = 1.33 0.4 fy fv = 132 MPa
Seismic shear cap. Fv = 0.25 p Dab2 fv Fv = 106.1 kN

Horizontal Shear (shear friction method)

No. of anchor bars Nab = 2 pcs.

Total shear cap. Vab = Nab Fv Vab = 212.2 kN
 Design Shear Vu = 631.7 kN
Nominal Shear Vn = Vu/Φs Vn = 743 kN

Area vs shear transfer

Acv = Dw Dh Acv = 2.12 m²

Limiting Shear Strength (AASHTO 8.16.6.4.5)

Vn = 0.2 fc' Acv Vn = 8760 kN
Vn = 5.52 Acv Vn = 11680 kN
Design shear force Vn = 743 kN
Coefficient of friction μ = 1.00

Area of shear friction reinforcement

Vn
Asf = Asf = 2,997 mm²
fy μ
No. of legs Nl = 1
Asf
No. of bars Nb = Nb = 4 pcs.
Ab

Use 32 mmØ @ 4 pcs. @ Each side face ! ! !

Design of Wingwall :

Active Earth Pressure PA = 1/2 gs H2 KA b PA = 186 kN

2
Seismic Earth Pressure PAE = 1/2 gs H (KA - KAE) b PAE = 99 kN

From STAAD Output :

Design Moment : MU = 49.29 kN-m As per STAAD ; b = 1.00 m

Reinforcement :

Rebar Diameter Diab = 32 mmØ Rebar Area Areab = 804 mm²

Concrete cover cc = 50 mm Effective depth dte = 0.58 m

Cracking moment
Modulus of rupture fr = 0.623 f c' fr = 2.83 MPa
b ts 3
Moment of inertia Ig = Ig = 0.023 m 
12
Distance from bottom yt = ts / 2 yt = 0.33 m
fr . Ig
Cracking moment Mcr = Mcr = 199.59 kN-m
yt

1.2Mcr = 239.51 kN-m

0.85 fc' 2 (1.2Mcr)

Minimum steel ratio ρmin = 1 - 1 -
fy φ b d2 (0.85 fc')

= 0.0029 β1 = 0.85

0.85 β1 fc' 600

Balanced steel ratio ρbal = ρbal = 0.0371
fy (600 + fy)
 Maximum steel ratio ρmax = 0.75 ρbal ρmax = 0.0278

Inner Face Reinforcement :

Mu
Coeff. of resistance Rut = Rut = 0.16 MPa
φ b d2
0.85 fc' 2 Rut
Steel reinf. ratio ρ = 1 - 1 -
fy 0.85 fc'
= 0.00289
Required steel area AS = ρbd AS = 1,689 mm²
Ab . b
Spacing of bars Sp = Sp = 475 mm
AS

Use 32 mmØ @ 140 mm Inner Face Bars ! ! !

Design of Pile Structural Capacity :

Design Parameter :
Concrete Comp. Strength, fc' = 28 MPa Number of Piles, NP = 8 pcs.
Modulus of Elasticity, EP = 4730 f'c EP = 25,029 MPa
Pile width, b = 450 mm Pile effective depth, de = 384.00 mm
Pile depth, d = 450 mm Moment of Inertia, IP = 0.0034 m
Calculated scour depth, SD = 0 mm Diaphragm depth, Bh = 2,645 mm
Diap. distance from NGL., Dd = 0 mm Shear Force, Vu = 1,321 kN
Coefficient of lateral subgrade reaction : Borehole № 1
depth from river bed, z = 2.50 m N-value at z-depth, N = 39

Coefficient of variation of lateral subgrade reaction :

f = 6,228 kN/m³ 18 ton/m³ @ N = 39
Reduction factor for pile spacing :
D = 450 m
R = 0.25 pile spacing, sp = 3 D
fz
coeff. of subgrd. reaction Kh = R Kh = 8,650.0 kN/m³
D
Characteristic Length :
5 EP IP
depth of fixity, T = T = 1.58 m
Kh
Approximate Point of Fixity of Pile :
Lc = 1.8 T Lc = 2.8 m
Total height from point of fixity to top of pile :
H = L c + DD + S D H = 2.8 m
Moment Demand : Mu = Vu . H /NP Mu = 460 kN-m
Axial Demand : Pu = ∑Fv / NP Pu = 614 kN

PILE SHEAR AND TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT fy = 276.0 MPa

Factored Design Shear Force, Vu = V PLASTIC Spiral Diameter, ds = 10 mmØ
Vu = 162 kN Shear Reinf. Area, Av = 78.0 mm²
Vu
va = va = 1 kPa
Φs . w . d
f'c
vc = vc = 882 kPa
6
vs = va - vc ≥ 345.0 KPa vs = 345 kPa
Av . fy
Spiral Spacing s = s = 100 mm
Spiral Spacing s = s = 100 mm
vs . d

Refer to PCA-COL output for design of R.C. Pile !!!

450 mm

450 mm
8 - 32 mmØ

R.C. Pile Dimension