CHAPTER 3

PROBLEM 3.1 Inductive Reasoning

SOLVING 3.2 Deductive Reasoning

3.3 Problem Solving with
AND Patterns

REASONING 3.4 Polya's Problem-Solving

Strategy
Presented by: Lindagan, Diyyanah
Garcia, Helena Jade
Tenajeros, Janica
Bacatan, Clysel

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Apply inductive and deductive reasoning to solve problems;

Solve problems involving patterns and recreational problems

following Polya's strategy; and

Organize one's methods and approaches for proving and solving

problems
 WHAT IS
MATHEMATICAL
REASONING?
In mathematics, reasoning involves
drawing logical conclusions based on
evidence or stated assumptions.
Mathematical reasoning helps individuals
build mathematical critical thinking and
logical reasoning. Mathematical critical
thinking and logical reasoning are
important skills that are required to solve
math problems.
2 TYPES OF MATHEMATICAL
REASONING

Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
 INDUCTIVE
REASONING
The type of reasoning that uses specific
examples to reach a general conclusion
of something.
Uses patterns, trends, or observations.
The conclusion formed by using inductive
reasoning is called conjecture.
The conjecture may or may not be correct.
Aims to show that the conclusion is likely
true
 EXAMPLE:
Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of
the following lists.

a. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ?

b. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ?
 COUNTEREXAMPLE
Method of disproving a statement
Develop a critical attitude toward claims
Test the idea by trying examples
EXAMPLE:
 DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
The type of reasoning that uses general
procedures and principles to reach a
conclusion.
Starts out with a general statement, or
hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to
reach a specific, logical conclusion
Aims to provide certainty and it offers a
guarantee that a conclusion is true.
 EXAMPLE:

(1) All numbers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5.

(2) The numbers, "100" and "35" ends in "0" and "5".

Conclusion: The numbers "100" and "35" are divisible by 5.

 EXAMPLE:

(1) Quadrilateral is a polygon with 4 sides.

(2) Square have a 4 sides.

Conclusion: Therefore, square is a quadrilateral.

3.3 PROBLEM
SOLVING WITH
PATTERNS
WHAT IS A PATTERN?
A pattern constitutes a set of number or objects in which all
members are related with each other by a specific rule. Pattern is
also known as sequence.

WHAT IS A SEQUENCE?
A sequence is a succession of numbers in a specific order. The
numbers, separated by commas, are called the terms of the
sequence.
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8
How do we determine Fn, the nth term?
Observe that,

Therefore,
THE FIBONACCI NUMBERS
EXAMPLE:
Use the definition of Fibonacci numbers to find the eighth and
tenth Fibonacci numbers.
BINET'S FORMULA
Derived by Jacques Binet in 1543
EXAMPLE:
Use Binet's formula and a calculator to find the 20th and
50th Fibonacci number.
PASCAL'S TRIANGLE
Named after French mathematician Blaise Pascal
PATTERNS WITH TRIANGLE:
Diagonals (1s, counting numbers, triangular numbers,
tetrahedral numbers)
Symmetrical
Horizontal sums (powers of 2)
Exponents of 11
Squares
Fibonacci Sequence
Odds and Evens
Binomial Theorem
 TOWER OF HANOI
Invented by Edouard Lucas in 1883
It is a puzzle consisting of three pegs and a number of disks of distinct
diameters piled.

RULES OF THE GAME:

1. Only one disk can be moved at a time.
2. Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the stacks and
placing it on top of another stack. In other words, a disk can only be moved if
it is the uppermost disk on a stack.
3. No larger disk may be placed on top of a smaller disk.
TOWER OF HANOI
TOWER OF HANOI
NUMBER OF DISKS NUMBER OF MOVES
1 1
2 3 Formula:
3 7
4 15
5 31
6 63
7 127
 3.4 POLYA'S FOUR-STEP PROBLEM-
SOLVING STRATEGY
Named after the father of problem-solving among mathematicians, George Polya (1887-1985)

1. Understand the Problem

2. Devise a plan
3. Carry out the Plan
4. Review the Solution
 EXAMPLE:
One day you saw a video on YouTube and decided to share it to your friends.
At 1pm you shared a videos link to 5 unique people. Then at 2pm each of your
friends shared it to 5 unique people. Then at 3 pm each of their friends shared
it with 5 unique people. If this pattern kept happening, then how many unique
people received this link by 11pm?
 EXAMPLE:

There are 28 logs in the bottom layer of a pile of logs, 27 in the next layer,
and so on to the top which is one log. How many logs are there in the 15th
layer?