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DC 16 Mark Question With Answers
DC 16 Mark Question With Answers
Question bank
The Channel decoder recovers the information bearing bits from the coded binary stream.
Error detection and possible correction is also performed by the channel decoder. The
important parameters of coder / decoder are: Method of coding, efficiency, error control
capabilities and complexity of the circuit.
MODULATOR: The Modulator converts the input bit stream into an electrical waveform
suitable for transmission over the communication channel. Modulator can be effectively
used to minimize the effects of channel noise, to match the frequency spectrum of
transmitted signal with channel characteristics, to provide the capability to multiplex
many signals.
DEMODULATOR: The extraction of the message from the information bearing
waveform produced by the modulation is accomplished by the demodulator. The output
of the demodulator is bit stream. The important parameter is the method of demodulation.
CHANNEL: The Channel provides the electrical connection between the source and
destination. The different channels are: Pair of wires, Coaxial cable, Optical fibre, Radio
channel, Satellite channel or combination of any of these. The communication channels
have only finite Bandwidth, non-ideal frequency response, the signal often suffers
amplitude and phase distortion as it travels over the channel. Also, the signal power
decreases due to the attenuation of the channel. The signal is corrupted by unwanted,
unpredictable electrical signals referred to as noise. The important parameters of the
channel are Signal to Noise power Ratio (SNR), usable bandwidth, amplitude and phase
response and the statistical properties of noise.
3. Digital circuits are more reliable and cheaper compared to analog circuits.
4. The Hardware implementation is more flexible than analog hardware because of the
use of microprocessors, VLSI chips etc.
6. Error detecting and Error correcting codes improve the system performance by
reducing the probability of error.
7. Combining digital signals using TDM is simpler than combining analog signals using
FDM. The different types of signals such as data, telephone, TV can be treated as
identical signals in transmission and switching in a digital communication system.
Five channels are considered in the digital communication, namely: telephone channels,
coaxial cables, optical fibers, microwave radio, and satellite channels. Telephone channel:
It is designed to provide voice grade communication. Also good for data communication
over long distances. The channel has a band-pass characteristic occupying the frequency
range 300Hz to 3400hz, a high SNR of about 30db, and approximately linear response.
For the transmission of voice signals the channel provides flat amplitude response. But
for the transmission of data and image transmissions, since the phase delay variations are
important an equalizer is used to maintain the flat amplitude response and a linear phase
response over the required frequency band. Transmission rates upto16.8 kilobits per
second have been achieved over the telephone lines.
Coaxial Cable: The coaxial cable consists of a single wire conductor centered inside an
outer conductor, which is insulated from each other by a dielectric. The main advantages
of the coaxial cable are wide bandwidth and low external interference. But closely spaced
repeaters are required. With repeaters spaced at 1km intervals the data rates of 274
megabits per second have been achieved.
Optical Fibers: An optical fiber consists of a very fine inner core made of silica glass,
surrounded by a concentric layer called cladding that is also made of glass. The refractive
index of the glass in the core is slightly higher than refractive index of the glass in the
cladding. Hence if a ray of light is launched into an optical fiber at the right oblique
acceptance angle, it is continually refracted into the core by the cladding. That means the
difference between the refractive indices of the core and cladding helps guide the
propagation of the ray of light inside the core of the fiber from one end to the other.
Compared to coaxial cables, optical fibers are smaller in size and they offer higher
transmission bandwidths and longer repeater separations.
Under normal atmospheric conditions, a microwave radio channel is very reliable and provides path for
high-speed digital transmission. But during meteorological variations, a severe degradation occurs in the
system performance. Satellite Channel: A Satellite channel consists of a satellite in geostationary orbit,
an uplink from ground station, and a down link to another ground station. Both link operate at
microwave frequencies, with uplink the uplink frequency higher than the down link frequency. In
general, Satellite can be viewed as repeater in the sky. It permits communication over long distances at
higher bandwidths and relatively low cost.
Bandwidth: Bandwidth is simply a measure of frequency range. The range of frequencies contained in
a composite signal is its bandwidth. The bandwidth is normally a difference between two numbers. For
example, if a composite signal contains frequencies between 1000 and 5000, its bandwidth is 5000 -
1000, or 4000. If a range of 2.40 GHz to 2.48 GHz is used by a device, then the bandwidth would be
0.08 GHz (or more commonly stated as 80MHz).It is easy to see that the bandwidth we define here is
closely related to the amount of data you can transmit within it - the more room in frequency space, the
more data you can fit in at a given moment. The term bandwidth is often used for something we should
rather call a data rate, as in “my Internet connection has 1 Mbps of bandwidth”, meaning it can transmit
data at 1 megabit per second.
16 marks.
1.State and prove Sampling theorem.
SAMPLING:
g( t ) (t nTs )
n
1 m
G( f ) (f )
Ts m Ts
f sG ( f mf s )
m
g (t ) fs G( f mf s ) (3.2)
m
or G ( f ) f sG ( f ) fs G( f mf s ) (3.5)
m
m 0
If G ( f ) 0 for f W and Ts 1
2W
n j nf
G (f) g( ) exp( ) (3.4)
n 2W W
n
To reconstruct g (t ) from g ( ) , we may have
2W
g (t ) G ( f ) exp( j 2 ft )df
W 1 n j nf
g( ) exp( ) exp( j 2 f t)df
W 2W n 2W W
n 1 W n
g( ) exp j 2 f (t ) df (3.8)
n 2W 2W W 2W
n sin( 2 Wt n )
g( )
n 2W 2 Wt n
n
g() sin c( 2Wt n ) , - t (3.9)
n 2W
(3.9) is an interpolat ion formula of g (t )
Quantization Noise:
Figure 3.11 Illustration of the quantization process
3P 2 R
( 2
)2 (3.33)
mmax
(SNR) o increases exponentia lly with increasing R (bandwidth ).
3.Explain PCM in detail.
5.Explain DPCM in detail.
6.Explain Delta modulation in detail.
7.Explain ADM in detail.
8.Compare all the digital modulation techniques.
9.Explain Linear prediction in detail.
Linear Prediction (to reduce the sampling rate):
3. Set of adders ( )
RX 0 , RX 1 ,, RX p
Substituti ng (3.64) into (3.63) yields
p p
2
J min X 2 wk RX k wk RX k
k 1 k 1
p
2
X wk RX k
k 1
2
X rXT w 0 2
X rXT R X1rX (3.67)
rXT R X1rX 0, J min is always less than 2
X
Linear adaptive prediction :
p
wˆ k n 1 wˆ k n xn k xn wˆ j n x n j
j 1
wˆ k n x n k e n , k 1,2,, p (3.72)
p
where e n x n wˆ j n x n j by (3.59) (3.60) (3.73)
j 1