Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Module 4
Philippine Arts and the Asian Arts
GEC 106
Art Appreciation
ARNEL G. PEREZ, MS
Instructor
TARDINESS is failure to be in class at the start by the teacher. A student is given a grace period of fifteen (15) minutes for a
one hour and a half class and a grace period of thirty minutes (30) for a three-hour class.
SUBMISSION OF REQUIREMENTS
• All academic requirements must be submitted on or before the due date. Nonetheless, due to pandemic the students
is given a grace period of two (2) weeks to complete all the necessary requirements before the end of the cycle.
Likewise, another 3 days is given to student to complete his/her requirements at the end of the cycle. However, student
who fails to comply to complete his/her requirements on the grace period, will obtain incomplete grade (INC). Note, for
the completion of INC grade/ change of grade refers to Student Manual.
STUDENT
Module 1 and 2 Module 3 and 4 Module 5 and 6
PERFORMANCE
Digital paper works: Reflection Digital paper works: Reflection Digital paper works: Reflection
paper/ Reaction Paper/ Essay/ paper/ Reaction Paper/ Essay/ paper/ Reaction Paper/ Essay/
Worksheet (Minimum of two) Worksheet (Minimum of two) Worksheet (Minimum of two)
INPUT (60%)
Quiz for every module in Quiz for every module in Quiz for every module in
Edmodo (if possible) or Take Edmodo (if possible) or Take Edmodo (if possible) or Take
home exam via messenger home exam via messenger home exam via messenger
FINAL OUTPUT
Comprehensive Final Exam (Module 1 to 5) or My Journey in Art Appreciation or both
(40%)
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MODULE 4
LEARNING OUTCOMES: By the end of this module, the students will be able to do the following:
§ Critique the arts in the Philippines particularly the Indigenous, Christian, and Muslim arts;
§ Compare the Philippine arts with the Western and European arts; and
§ Critique the arts of the Chinese, Japanese, and Indians
TOPIC OUTLINE:
Philippine Arts and the Asian Arts
1. Philippine Arts: Indigenous; Muslims; Christian Arts; and the Well-known Filipino Artist
2. Glimpse on the Asian Arts: Chinese; Japanese; Indian; and others
¨ Manunggul Jar is one of the known indigenous arts in the Palawan. It is likewise
considered as one of the national treasures of the Philippines. This 2800 years old jar
was founded by Dr. Robert b. Fox and Miguel Santiago in 1962
¨ This Tapayan (jar) is a secondary burial jar found in Tabon cave, one of the
Manunggul caves in Palawan. It is used by ancient people of Palawan in burying their
deaths around 890-710 B.C. It features a vessel carrying two human figures in sitting
position with one behind steering the boat and the other waiting to reach the afterlife.
¨ The Bulul or bul-ul is a carved Anito figure of the Ifugao who represents their
ancestral spirit and granary god. It is carved wooden figure from narra tree
and it used to guard the rice crop from rats, thieves, and spoilage by the
Ifugao people of the northern province.
¨ According to Ocampo (2016), the bulul was created by a deity known as
Humidhid who lives in Daiya.
¨ “Humidhid was disturbed by the crying of a narra tree that wanted to be
carved into bulul. He cut the tree and made several bulul that he brought into
his house. When these bulul became too demanding of food and wine, he
threw them into the river where they floated downstream to Lagud and were
forgotten. Many years later, Humidhid’s daughter, Bugan, followed her lime
container that fell into the river and reached Lagud where it was returned to
her by a bulul. They fell in love, got married and had children. One of the
children of Bugan and the bulul went upstream to visit Humidhid, who realized
that the bulul had become human (or rather half-human). He advised his
grandchildren to carve bulul whenever they travelled to earth for protection.
So it came to be that one of Humidhid’s grandchildren carved bulul out of a
narra tree, and it later demanded too much food and drink. Humidhid
appeared to his grandchild in a vision and advised that the bulul be given a
separate house. Thus were bulul placed in granaries” (Ocampo, 2016).
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¨ The Hagabi is a kind of wooden
bench of the Ifugao that
symbolizes a social status.
¨ The Hagabi is usually owned by
the Kadanagyan (people who
belong to higher class in the
society)
¨ The bench (hagabi) serves as
symbol of power, prestige,
wealth, and social status among
the tribes of the Ifugaos.
¨ The Torogan (left picture) is the traditional house of the Maranao royalties. It is known shelter of the sultan
who lives with his wives, children and servant. The house is likewise used for community gatherings and
affairs. It is also known as the house of power.
¨ In Maranao, there are three types of traditional shelters which are the Torogan (home reserved for nobilities),
Mala-a-walay (the big house), picture at the center, and the Lawig (the small house).
¨ The Torogans are elevated from the ground using tukod or hard tree trunks of huge girth. At the center is the
tapuwilin post surrounded by twenty-five others at the base. Each support stands on careful assemblage of
huge stones half-buried on the ground which likewise serve as shock absorbers making the house sturdy in
times of earthquake or strong winds.
¨ Under the wooden beams, a multi-purpose ground space is allotted, called it dorung. The second floor is
considered as the main house and it is called the poro, an open space partitioned only with cloths and
chests.
¨ Toragan’s walls are made of gisuk and tartek (wall studs) which hold the walling planks (dingending). The
carved center beam inside the house called the tinal-a-walay which support the main post of the roof.
¨ The paitaw (door) and rowasan (sliding windows) are carved with okir designs (right side picture). For
ceilings, they used appliqued cloths, and the atup (roofs) are made of cogon which is supported by the
rampatan (beams) and adorned by a diogal on the top.
¨ The most distinct part of the torogan is known as panolong (carved end-beams with serpent design (niyaga)
which fill the front while the sides use the pako okir (fern patterns).
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¨ The Tingguians’ bamboo crafts and the art dyeing are some of the prides of Abra. The Tingguians, also called
Isneg are the indigenous highland people of Abra who are known for their bamboo crafts and natural dye
makers. The various bamboo crafts of Abra lead to position itself to be the Bamboo Capital of the Philippines.
¨ Claiming as the Bamboo Capital of the Philippines, Abra celebrates its annual Abrenian Kawayan Festival on
the 6th to 9th day of March.
¨ The early Christian arts or religious arts in the Philippines are found
Christian Arts in the Philippines on the old churches built by the Spaniards from the 17th to 19th
centuries. These religious images are carved wooden saints
(santos) made by the unknown artists.
¨ The retablo (altar piece, left picture) is one of the religious arts
found on the different churches in the Philippines which reflect the
intricacies and detailed designs during the baroque period.
¨ Among the identified Baroque Churches in the Philippines are the
following: Santo Tomas de Villanueva in Miag-ao, Iloilo; San
Agustin Church in Paoay, Ilocos Norte; San Agustin Church in
Intramuros, Manila; Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion in Santa Maria,
Ilocos Sur; Nuetra Senora de Gracia Church in Guadalupe Viejo,
Makati; Our Lady of Remedies Parish Church in Malate, Manila;
Parish Church of San Ildefonso in Tanay, Rizal; and Parish Church
of Santiago apostol in Betis, Pampanga (see pictures below).
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The Muslim or Islamic art in the Philippines is characterized by design of
Muslim Arts in the Philippines flowers, plant forms, and geometric designs. It is used in calligraphy,
architectural painting, clothing, and other forms of fine arts. In the 13th century,
Traders and Missionaries introduce the religion Islam in the Philippines and the Islamic art integrates with the ethnic culture
which paves the way the Filipino Muslim arts. Islamic arts are predominantly found in Muslim ethnic groups where every
group offers their own distinct flavor of Islamic art. This distinct arts are commonly seen in their homes, clothing and places
of worship of Filipino Muslims (Santos, 2011).
Islamic architectures are seen from the different Mosques
(picture on the right side) found in the Philippines. These Mosques
have a common features that are similar with its Southeast Asian
neighbor. The early Mosques are made of light materials such as
wood, bamboo, and cogon grass but these materials did not last
long. Hence, today’s mosques are now structurally patterned after
the design of its Middle eastern counterparts. The traditional art
form known as Okkir is the only distinct characteristic of the Filipino
Muslim art found inside the mosques. The okkir (picture on the left
side) is believed to be of Hindi and Chinese influences. Like the
Torogan’s house of the Maranao, the Mosques also use geometric
and floral artwork called okkir and the most popular motif is the use
of an imagery of a dragon or serpent (Santos, 2011).
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¨ Guillermo Tolentino (1890-1976) – known
Filipino visual artist, contemporary of Amorsolo
who accidentally became known artist when his
work “Filipinos Ilustres” (picture on the left side)
was transferred to lithographic stone by Jorge
Pineda who printed 1,500 copies and sold at 80
cents per copy which then spread in every
Filipino homes (Mojares, 2010).
¨ As cited by Mojares, 2010, Tolentino’s first
artwork, “Filipinos Ilustres” (Grupo de Filipinas
Ilustres) became the best-known gallery of
Filipino heroes which depicted the thirteen men
arranged in some order of precedence: Jose
Burgos, Antonio Luna, Jose Rizal, Andres
Bonifacio, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Apolinario
Mabini (seated left to the right); and Clemente
Jose Zulueta, Jose Ma. Basa, Pedro Paterno,
Juan Luna, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Miguel
Malvar, and Antonio Ma. Regidor (standing
behind).
¨ In 1973, he was conferred the title of National
Artist and among of his known sculptures were
the following: the iconic UP Oblation; Bonifacio
Monument in Caloocan City; Pres. Manuel L.
Quezon at Quezon Memorial Circle; and the
life-size bust of Dr. Jose P. Rizal in UP and
University of the East campuses (Philippine
Daily Inquirer, 2020)
Nota Bene. For the information of the other well-known Filipino visual artist click this link:
https://daydreaminginparadise.com/a-list-of-philippine-national-artists-for-visual-arts/
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Traditional Chinese Arts and Crafts are seen from Bronze Vessels, Folk Toys, Embroidery, Calligraphy, Music,
Opera, Painting, Cloisonne, Jade, Kites, Lacquer Ware, Paper-Cuttings, Porcelain, Pottery, Seals, and Silk which are
the vivid reflection of their culture likewise the embodiment of both the local people. The following are excerpted from
Travel China Guide retrieved from https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/arts/bronze-vessel.htm :
¨ Bronze Vessels (5,000 years ago) led the ancestors of modern China from the Stone Age into a new era, the Bronze Age.
The bronzes produced being delicately decorated with a diverse range of designs and motifs and were widely used in many
aspects of life, such as musical instruments, ceremonial offerings and weapons of war being of great significance in the
history of China.
¨ China Calligraphy - a highly stylized form of writing - has been developed by many eminent calligraphers of many different
dynasties. Referred to as the 'four treasures of study' (writing brush, ink stick, xuan paper, and ink slab) are regarded as the
indispensable tools when writing.
¨ Chinese Cloisonne is an enamel artwork with the primary color being blue. It is renowned for its use of high-quality material,
complex manufacturing process and its use of bright and vivid colors.
¨ Chinese Jade has a history of four thousand years. Jade symbolizes merit, grace and dignity and occupies a special position
in people's consciousness. It is used both to decorate rooms, and as jewelry by people hoping for a blessing.
¨ Chinese Embroidery originated in the Shang Dynasty (16th - 11th century BC), and now has four major traditional styles: Su,
Shu, Xiang, and Yue. It is also an accomplished skill for the ethnic minority groups such as the Bai, Bouyei and Miao.
¨ Chinese Kites being delicately made of paper and bamboo have numerous shapes such as swallow, centipede, butterfly etc.
Regarded as an artistic marvel, the kite makers' skill in both painting and in the design of the kites' flexible flying movement
are well renowned.
¨ Chinese Lanterns are to some extent the symbol of the country's extensive festival culture. With long history and interesting
traditions, lanterns now have abundant variations, decorating many festive occasions.
¨ Chinese Painting is divided into three genres - figures, landscapes, and birds-and-flowers and each type has its distinctive
characteristics. In addition, difficult skills are required to the painters.
¨ Chinese Porcelain derived from the Shang Dynasty (16th - 11th century BC). It is characterized with fine texture, bright
colors, and distinctive shapes and styles. Jingdezhen, located in Jiangxi Province is the Porcelain Capital of the world and
attracts countless people from near and far to appreciate, and buy the choicest Jingdezhen Porcelain around.
¨ Chinese Pottery has a history of over 8,000 years and known as the oldest artwork of human beings. The accomplishments in
pottery works can be seen from Terra Cotta Warriors, in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, and the Tricolor Glazed pottery of the Tang
Dynasty (618 - 907) and so on.
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ORIGAMI: Exploring the Art of Paper Folding
Directions. For this activity watch on YouTube the following videos about ORIGAMI:
§ 6 Easy Step to Make Origami paper. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFxJxlTctJ0
§ Origami: The Japanese Art of Paper Folding.
Worksheet 7 https://www.nippon.com/en/features/jg00114/ or watch any videos about the art of origami
and create your own preferred ORIGAMI. Paste the picture of your origami on the space
provided and see the criteria for your guidance.
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Hidalgo vs Luna: Deepening My Art Critiquing
Directions. Critique the winning art works of Juan Luna’s “Spolarium” and Felix R.
Worksheet 8
Hidalgo’s “Christian Virgins Exposed to Populace”. Limit your answer to 100 words and
use the criteria as your guidance in discussing your critique.
Description
Analysis
Interpretation
Evaluation
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RUBRIC for the Artwork Critiquing:
4 3 2 1
Criteria Rating
Excellence Very Good Good Poor
Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates
exemplary competent satisfactory which serious errors;
observation and observation and shows incomplete shows major
thorough understanding of understanding or misunderstanding
understanding of technical observation of
Description (25%)
technical application of media, and
application of media media and/or the inaccurate
and/or the representation of representation of
representation of visual elements visual elements
visual elements
Overall Performance
Grade Equivalent: Equivalence of Weighted Ratings: 4 = 100%; 3.0 to 3.9 = 91 to 99%; 2.0 – 2.9 = 80 to 89%; 1 to 1.9 = 70 to 79%
Note. This rubric is adapted from the Art Criticism Rubric retrieved from
https://airacademy.asd20.org/Teachers/Jon_OLonergan/AAHS%20VIS%20ART%20DOCS/VISUAL%20ARTS%20RUBRICS/ART%20CRITICISM%20RUBRIC.pdf
REFERENCES:
Textbook
Tabotabo, Claudio V. (2010). Art Appreciation: Introduction to the Humanities (Revised Edition). Manila. Mindshapers
Co., Inc.
Marcos, Lucivilla L. (2006). Introduction to the Humanities Visual and Performing Arts. Manila. Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Zulueta, Francisco (2003). The Humanities (Revised Edition). Mandaluyong City. National Book Store inc.
Sanchez, Custodiosa A., Abad, Paz F., & Jao, Loreto V. (2002). Introduction to the Humanities (Revised Edition). Q.C.
Rex Printing Company Inc.
WEBSITE RESOURCES:
13 Indigenous Artist who have kept Filipino Creativity Alive at
http://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2017/10/10/indigenous-artists-national-living-treasures.html
Abra, The Philippines: The Tingguians, Bamboos, and the Art of Dyeing at https://wesaidgotravel.com/abra-philippines-
tingguians-bamboos-art-dyeing/
Adan, M. (2020 March 23).The Story behind Ginebra San Miguel’s Famous Bottle Label. HubPages.
https://discover.hubpages.com/art/The-Story-Behind-Ginebra-San-Miguels-Famous-Bottle-Label
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Asian Art. Oxford Art Online. https://www.oxfordartonline.com/page/asian-
art#:~:text=It%20is%20known%20for%20its,in%20East%20Asian%20art%E2%80%94calligraphy.
Asian Art. The Met. https://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/curatorial-departments/asian-art
Asian arts. http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/ancient-art/asian.htm
Baradas, D.B. (1994). Philippine indigenous aesthetics. Philippine Studies, Vol.42 (3).
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Baroque Churches of the Philippines: The Religious Grandeur Preserved Through Times.
https://www.zenrooms.com/blog/post/baroque-churches-of-the-
philippines/#:~:text=The%20San%20Agustin%20Church%2C%20built,World%20Heritage%20Site%20in%20Manila
Inocian, R.B., Cuestas, NJ.P., Carin, JK., L., & Canoy, JD. E., (2019). Unveiling the indigenous art and craft of bakat and
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Japanese Deluxe Tours (2020 January 3). Japanese Arts and Crafts.
https://japandeluxetours.com/experiences/japanese-culture-arts-crafts
List of Philippine National Artist for Visual Arts at https://daydreaminginparadise.com/a-list-of-philippine-national-artists-
for-visual-arts/
Martinez, E. (n.d.). Fernando C. Amorsolo Art Foundation. http://www.fernandocamorsolo.com/biography.html
Mojares, R.. (2010). Guillermo Tolentino's "Grupo de Filipinos Ilustres" and the Making of a National Pantheon. Philippine
Studies, 58(1/2), 169-184. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42632052
Morais, L. (2019). Traditional Japanese Arts and Crafts. Historical and Political Trajectories from the Meiji Period until
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cal_Trajectories_from_the_Meiji_Period_until_Today
National Commission for Culture and the Arts (2021 March 12). Fernando Amorsolo. http://gwhs-
stg02.i.gov.ph/~s2govnccaph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/national-artists-of-the-philippines/fernando-
amorsolo/
Ocampo, A.R. (2016 February 17). ‘Bulul’ and Filipino Identity. Inquirer.Net. https://opinion.inquirer.net/92955/bulul-and-
filipino-identity
Philippine Art Gallery. Felix R. Hidalgo. https://www.philippineartgallery.com/felix-hidalgo.html
Philippine Art Gallery. Juan Luna. https://www.philippineartgallery.com/juan-luna.html
Philippine Indigenous Arts at https://prezi.com/_hzwpuejkhlb/philippine-indigenous-arts/
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Philippine Daily Inquirer (2020 July 24). Did You Know. Inquirer.Net. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1311117/did-you-know-
746
Potpot (2019 August 9). Torogan: The Maranao Royal Houses of Lanao. Travel Trilogy.
http://www.traveltrilogy.com/2019/08/torogan-traditional-maranao-royal-house.html
Santos, J.P. (2011 March 11) Islamic Art in the Philippines. Artes de las Filipinas.
http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/115/islamic-art-in-the-
philippines#:~:text=Islamic%20art%20place%20emphasis%20on,for%20the%20teachings%20of%20Islam.&text=Isl
amic%20art%20is%20characterized%20by,other%20forms%20of%20fine%20art.
The Parisian Life Painting of Juan Luna. http://www.mariaronabeltran.com/2011/08/juan-luna-and-his-parisian-life.html
Top 5 Indigenous Pinoy Arts and Crafts at https://our7107islands.com/top-5-indigenous-pinoy-arts-and-crafts/
Travel China Guide. Chines Arts and Crafts.
https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/arts/#:~:text=Of%20all%20the%20Chinese%20arts,Pottery%2C%20Seals%
2C%20and%20Silk
Vigneau, Katherine (2014). Philippine Indigenous Arts at https://prezi.com/_hzwpuejkhlb/philippine-indigenous-arts/
in using the textual information, imageries, and other references used in its production. This
module is only for the exclusive use of a bona fide student of Mabalacat City College.
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, and/or
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