RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY JELO’S

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★ this is the memory of the computer

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
★ the main memory in a computer.
- much faster to read from and write to
than other kinds of storage
- is the hardware in a computing device
where the operating system (OS),
application programs and data in
current use are kept so they can be
quickly reached by the device's
processor
- the primary storage that is directly
accessible to the CPU. The CPU
continuously reads instructions stored
there and executes them. Any data
actively operated on is also stored
there in uniform manner.
- volatile memory
MEMORY VOLATILITY
that is directly accessible to the CPU
- ex. SDR and DDR memory modules
(RAMs)
2. Secondary Storage
- pertains to magnetic disks or hard disk
drives and solid state drives.
- the CPU does not directly access it.
The computer usually uses its
input/output channels (such as IDE,
SATA, or SCSI connection) to access
the hard disk and transfers desired
data using intermediate area in
primary storage.
3. Tertiary Storage
★ referred to as removable storage.
- typically it involves a robotic
mechanism which will mount (insert)
and dismount on a USB port.
- are Flash drives that are commonly
used nowadays.

4. Offline Storage
VOLATILE NON VOLATILE ★ often referred to as disconnected
storage
It requires constant It will retain the
- a device that is not under the control of
power to maintain stored information
the stored even if it is not the CPU
information. The constantly supplied - ex. diskettes, compact disks, digital
fastest memory with electric power. versatile disks and Blu-ray disks.
technologies of It is suitable for
today are volatile long-term storage of 5. Cloud Storage
ones. information.
★ defined as "the storage of data online
in the cloud”
- a user's data is stored in and
STORAGE HIERARCHY
accessible from multiple distributed
and connected resources that
1. Primary Memory comprise a cloud
★ these are the fastest memories

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MEMORY TYPES
1. Fast Page Mode Random Access
Memory (FPM RAM)
- 30-pin SIMM was the first generation
of the SIMM memory family.
- typically found in older Intel 286 and
386 desktop computer systems.
- they come in both 8 bit and 9 bit
(parity) configurations, with memory
ranges of 256 KB to 8 megabytes.
2. Extended Data Out Random Access
Memory (EDO RAM)
- 72-pin SIMM was the second
generation of the SIMM family.
- came out in 1995 as a new type of
memory available for Pentium based
systems.
- a modified form of FPM RAM which is
commonly referred to as “Hyper Page
Mode”.
- refers to fact that the data output
drivers on the memory module are not
switched off when the memory
controller removes the column address
to begin the next cycle, unlike FPM
RAM.
3. Synchronous Dynamic Random
Access Memory (SDRAM)
- 168-pin DIMM is what is found in some
old desktop computers.
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- beginning in 1996 most Intel based
chipsets began to support SDRAM
which made it a popular choice for new
systems in 2001.
- capable of running at 133MHz which is
about three times faster than FPM
RAM and twice as fast as EDO RAM.
4. Double Data Rate (DDR-SDRAM)
- the newest of the memory types
- available in the 184-pin DIMM form
factor
- has become mainstream in the
graphics card market and has become
the memory standard.
The difference between SDRAM and DDR
SDRAM:
- is that instead of doubling the clock
rate it transfers data twice per clock
cycle which effectively doubles the
data rate
a. Double Data Rate 2 Random Access
Memory
- just like the original DDR
- has modified signaling which enables
higher speeds to be achieved with
more immunity to signal noise and
cross-talk between signals.
b. Double Data Rate 3 Random Access
Memory
- DDR3 standard allows for chip
capacities of up to 8 GB, thus enabling
a memory module size on DIMMs of up
to 16 gigabytes (using 16 chips).
- available in the 240-pin DIMM form
factor like DDR2. Each are keyed (or
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notched) differently so they can't even

fit in the wrong kind of socket.

DDR MEMORY COMPARISON

d. Double Data Rate 5 Random Access

Memory
- the next-generation standard for RAM.
- the new specification promises to bring
chips that have much higher
performance than the existing DDR4
c. Double Data Rate 4 Random Access
modules, as well as lower power
Memory
consumption.
- supplied in 288-pin dual in-line
- where DDR4 maxes out at 16GB per
memory modules (DIMMs).
stick, DDR5 will be able to
- DDR4 standard allows for DIMMs of up
accommodate 32GB in the same
to 64 GB in capacity, composing of
space.
16GB per DIMM.

5. RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random

Access Memory)
- 184-pin RIMM is used on motherboards
using the latest Intel i820/i840
chipsets and is referred to as Rambus
- gives smarter access to the RAM
meaning that units can prefetch data
and free some CPU work.

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RDRAM DISADVANTAGES
DDR1 – SODIMM (144-pins)

1. all memory slots (RIMM) must be filled

with RDRAM.
2. if you already installed the maximum
RDRAM your motherboard can
support, you need to use an special
type of RDRAM, known as Continuity
RIMM (C-RIMM) with 0 bytes of DDR2 – SODIMM (200-pins)
capacity or else the computer won’t
boot.

6. Continuity RIMM (C-RIMM)

- an inexpensive pass through module
- allows for a continuous signal for
computers with RIMM memory.
DDR3 – SODIMM (204-pins)
- used to occupy an empty slot when
RIMM modules are used, because all
slots must be filled.

7. SODIMM (Small Outline DIMM) RAMs

- commonly used in laptops and netbook
PCs and are smaller than normal
DIMMs. DDR4 – SODIMM (260-pins)
- most types of SODIMMs can be
recognized at a glance by the
distinctive notches used to "key" them
for different applications:

SDRAM – SODIMM (100-pins)

GUIDELINESS IN CHOOSING RAM

1. RAM Type (Generation)

- determine which of the four types of
RAM your system uses: DDR, DDR2,
DDR3 or DDR4 SDRAM.

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2. RAM Size (Capacity)

- typically, “the bigger the storage
capacity, the better”, so it’s ideal to go
as high as your system or motherboard
supports.

3. RAM Speed (Frequency)

- memory speed is frequently denoted
by "PC-" followed by a number that
denotes the peak transfer rate and
bandwidth of that type of memory
- ex. PC-2400's peak transfer rate is
around 2,400 megabytes per second
(MB/s).
- the peak transfer rate basically
denotes the best performance possible
for that memory. "PC2" and "PC3" Hi Sophia the first
simply refer to DDR2 and DDR3
memory, respectively

4. RAM Timings (CAS Latency)

- it is the time that it takes from the
moment the memory controller sends
a request, to the moment when the
information stored on the chips is
available at the pins of the controller

FORMULAS

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY