Name: Jea Sheinelle G.

Diaz
BS-Psychology 2E

Learning Activity 2:
Insights on the Developmental Theories
Reflect on the following developmental theories. Write your insights on the spaces provided (2-3 sentences
only).
Perspective 1: Psychosexual
The psychosexual development of Sigmund Freud focused on sexual energy, which was expressed through the 5 stages:
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Each stage needs to be satisfied, or else, the individual will be stuck or fixated. Fixation is
something that will be seen as the individual grows up, such as smoking, obsessiveness, and the like.

Perspective 2: Psychosocial
The psychosocial development of Erik Erikson has eight stages, covering the period from infancy to late adulthood. In
contrast to the psychosocial development of Sigmund Freud, which has the possibility of fixation on every stage, psychosocial
development has its own psychosocial crisis that must be overcome; otherwise, it will have a negative domino effect on the stages
that follow. In short, completing each stage successfully will lead to a healthy personality, while failing to do so might limit one's
capacity to go on to the following stages and result in an unhealthy personality.

Perspective 3: Cognitive
The cognitive development of Jean Piaget focused on how mental abilities develop as the individual grows up, which is
expressed through the 4 stages: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Furthermore, this
developmental theory is centered on the child's viewpoints and periods; on how they gradually acquire, build, and develop
knowledge through their surroundings. There are no

Perspective 4: Sociocultural
The socio-cultural development of Lev Vygotsky focused on how interaction with society, as well as cultural norms,
influences the psychological development of an individual. Through a zone of proximal development and scaffolding, it shows
that the support of adults and peers also plays a crucial role in an individual's development; for instance, the process of achieving
their goals with the help of other people. To put it simple, the knowledge of an individual from this development arises through
interaction with the world.

Perspective 5: Behavioral & Social Cognitive

There are four theorists behind this behavioural and social cognitive development: Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F.
Skinner, and Albert Bandura. In behavioural development, learning is gained, retained, and removed through conditioning,
reinforcement, and punishment; in social cognitive development, knowledge is gained through observation or by watching what
other people do. Compared to psychosocial, psychosexual, and cognitive development, behavioural and social cognitive
development have no specific stages to be followed.
Perspective 6: Contextual
Contextual development implies that even simple, to a certain extent, other people's relationships might be enough to
influence the other person's behavior. To put it simply, there are five environmental systems under Urie Bronfenbrenner's
ecological theory: the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem; where it explains
that everything within the child's environment has an impact on his or her development.

Perspective 7: Evolutionary/Sociobiological
There are 3 theorists behind this evolutionary and sociobiological developmental theory: Konrad Lorenz, John Bowlby,
and Mary Ainsworth. According to them, the connection is the main focus of their different theories. Though attachment is the
most often mentioned term, connection is the main root; through the connection to the first thing a person may have seen when
they were born, the connection with the important people in their lives results in several forms of attachment, where each of these
different attachments has an impact on how the person behaves in the future and interacts with others.

Perspective 8: Moral
The moral development of Lawrence Kohlberg focused on the standards of right and wrong within society. This
development consists of 3 levels, which have different factors for each individual's beliefs about right and wrong; each level consists
of 2 stages; and, according to Lawrence Kohlberg, you will determine what level or stage you're on based on your reasoning.