Animal Taxonomy ● The second word of the name is species.
(Specific identifier/Specific
3 fields of biology:
● Taxonomy
- Naming, sorting (based on their characteristics), and classifying
organisms into groups (based on their similarities/common/shared
characteristics).
- Considered as a tool within systematics.
[Papangalanan > I-sosort based on their characteristics > I-ggroup na]
● Phylogeny
- History of the evolutionary descent of extant (i.e., presently living)
or extinct (i.e., no longer living) taxa from ancestral forms.
- It’s all about evolutionary history/relationships of different groups
of organisms.
● Systematics
- Look into both sorting/identifying organisms and determining their
evolutionary relationship.
- Uses evolutionary relationship as basis for natural taxon.
- The Largest field; Under here are the combination of Taxonomy
and Phylogeny here.
- Consider as queen of sciences before.
- Genetics are now the queen of science and physics is the king of
science.
[ May mga characteristics na exclusive lang for specific organisms at
mga characteristics na kapareho at mayroon din sa ibang groups kaya
mayroon Hierarchy-Seven Levels. ]
Modern System a Nested Hierarchy-Seven Levels of Organizations
Modern System:
• Each kingdom (plant and animal) was divided into a phylum*
(division for plants)
• Each phylum is divided into smaller groups called class.
• Each class was divided into orders.
• Each order was divided into family (families).
• Each family was divided into genus (plural-genera).
• Each genus was divided into a species (scientific name).
o Remember: King Phillip Came Over For Grandma’s Soup.
[ In Animal Kingdom, Domain is the most inclusive one. Pinakamataas.
• 3 Domain: Domain Bacteria, Archaea, Eucharia (i.e., humans, rats,
amoeba, etc.)
o After Eucharia, d’yan na papasok ‘yung kingdom. Ang kasama na lang
natin dito since we are under eucarhia ay mga animals o tinatawag na
animalia. Kaya mas inclusive ang domain compare here.
o Phylum: Humans belong to the Phylum Chordata (mga animals na may
notochord).
o Class: Humans are belong to Class Mammalia (mammals na lang mga
kasama.)
o Order: Humans are under order primates (example: mga baboon,
orangutan, etc.)
o Family: Humans are under Hominidae (Mga hominid species:
chimpanzee, orangutan)
o Genus: Humans are under Genus Homo (Homohabilis, Homo erectus,
Homo Sapiens (natitirang genus na lang in the world.), etc)
o Species: Homo sapiens ang ating species.
Binomial Nomenclature [Scientific Name of Human: Homo sapiens]
● Names were based on Latin or Ancient Greek words - scientists
everywhere understood these languages.
o Latin and Greek words are used because they are considered
dead languages. Meaning, hindi napapalitan o hindi
nagbabago ang kanilang meaning.
● The first word of the scientific name (species name) is the name of
the genus to which the organism belongs.
o The first word is considered as genus. Example: Homo
sapiens; meaning we belong to Genus Homo.
o The genus name refers to the relatively small group of
organisms to which a particular type of organisms belongs.
Epithet)
o The species name is usually a latin description of some important
characteristics of the organisms.
o These are the exclusive na word dun sa species. Example: Sapiens;
exclusive lang sya for humans.
Binomial Nomenclature: Rules for Writing Scientific Names
● When we use the Latin name for an organism, we always capitalize
the Genus (First part) but not the species identifier (second part).
● We also print the name in Italics or Underline them.
For Example:
o Acer rubrum (scientific name) - red maple tree (common
name) or Acer rubrum.
▪ Acer is the Latin name for Maple (genus)
▪ rubrum is the Latin word for Red (species)
o Or the name can be abbreviated as: A. rubrum
- Ginagamit lang ang abbreviation kapag ilang beses
nabanggit o mababangit ang scientific name sa isang papel.
Example: Sa essay, nabanggit mo na yung scientific name sa
1st paragraph, sa second and so on paragraph, abbreviation
na lang isususlat mo.
▪ Paano kapag may dalawang bacteria, magkaiba ang
kanilang genus, pero nagsisimula sa parehong letter?
- Hindi na pwedeng mag-apply ng abbreviation.
● Humans are names: Homo sapiens
o Homo because of our large brain and upright posture.
o Sapiens because of our intelligence and ability to speak.
Kapag sinulat using a computer: Italicized
Kapag sinulat using the hand: Not italicized but underlined.
Magkahiwalay; Example: Homo sapiens
Constructing phylogenies
- Gumagamit ng phylogenetic tree sa pagppresent ng evolutionary
history ng mga organisms. Sa pamamagitan nito, bukod sa
evolutionary histroy, naipapakita rin ang relationship nya mula sa
iba pang organisms.
- Mas bumababa sa Phylogenetic Tree, mas lumalayo ang
relationship.
Bakit kailangan nating malaman ang evolutionary history ng mga
organisms? Because it is part of the criteria para ma-isama sya sa
tamang grupo nya.
Homology vs. Homoplasy
Paano nalalaman ng mga scientist kung magkakamag-anak ba ang
organisms o magkapareho ng ancestors? Using Homology or
Homoplasy
.
Homology: These are the structures that are different in function. That
may be different in function but they came from the same ancestors.
Homoplasy/Analogy: Pareho sila ng function pero galing sa
magkaibang ancestors.