● The single fertilized egg is now 10,000 larger than size at

Prenatal Development conception.

- Week 5:
3 Stages of Prenatal Development:
● Nabibigyan magdevelop ang eyes, nose, kidney, lungs,
- These three are different from 3 trimesters of pregnancy.
then nagccontinue lang ng formation ang heart, valves,
1. Germinal [ 0-2 weeks ]
brain, nervous tissue, and digestive track.
- This is after conception.
- The first and shortest stage of the human lifespan.
- Week 6:
- This begins with the fallopian tube, when the ovum is fertilized by a
● Nabibigyan magdevelop ang kamay, paa, then
sperm cell to form a zygote. This continues as the zygote undergoes
continuation of the development of the brain, heart, and
several initial cell divisions to form a solid ball of cells called a morula
circulation system.
[Consist of 3-4 days]. This continues as morula undergoes additional
changes to become a hollow ball of a cell called blastocyst [Consist of
- Week 7:
5-7 days]. When the blastocyst implants in endometrium of the
● Nabibigyan magdevelop ang hair follicles, nipples, eyelids,
uterus [Consist of 8-9 days. After implantation occurs, the blastocyst
sex organs, first formartion of urine sa kidney, and forst
is called embryo. The embryo will soon obtain nutrients from the
evidence of brain waves.
mother’s blood via a temporary organ called placenta.
- The germinal stage of pregnancy starts at the time of conception,
- Week 8:
when the sperm and the egg combine to the form of zygote.
● The facial features of the baby are more distinct, then the
2. Embryonic [ 3-8 weeks/2-8 weeks/5-10 weeks ]
internal organs are well developed too, and also the brain
- The baby begins a period of dramatic change known as the embryonic
can now send a signal to muscles to move. The heart
stage.
development and external sex organ begin to form.
- During this stage, the baby is called an embryo.
- Numerous changes occur during embryonic stage:
- At the end of 8th weeks:
● The zygote becomes an embryo.
● Embryo is 1 ⅛ inches in length.
● The cell differentiation intensifies.
● Eyes, nose, lips, tongue, ears, and teeth are forming.
○ After the implantation, the cell continues to rapidly
● The embryo is moving, although the mother can not feel
divide and clusters of cells begin to take on different
the movement yet.
functions which is called the differentiation.
● Heart is functioning.
○ This is the process of gastrulation that leads to the
- Starts after the implantation then lasts after 8 weeks after the
formation of 3 distinct layers (Germ Layers):
conception.
■ Ectoderm [Outer layer]
- Formation of skin, nails, hair,
● Organogenesis
brains, nervous tissues, cell, nose,
- The process of organ formation during the first two months of pre-
mouth, and other tissue.
natal period.
■ Mesoderm [Middle Layer]
- These three layers form [Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm], the
- Developing the muscle, bone,
support system for the embryo develop rapidly which are: placenta,
heart, tissue, lungs, reproductive
umbilical cord, amnion.
organs, lymphatic tissue, and other
tissue.
- At the end of the embryonic stage, all essential external
■ Endoderm [Inner Layer]
and internal organs have been formed. The embryo is now
- Developing the lining of lungs,
referred to as a fetus.
bladder, digestive track, tongue,
tonsil, and other organs.
- Two major directions of growth during embryonic stage:
o Each layer differentiates to different tissues and
● Cephalocaudal Development
structures.
- The development from head to toe.
o The process of differentiation ay nagttake place over
● Proximodistal Development
the period of weeks simultaneously.
- The development from midline outward.
• Life support systems for the embryo develop.
| Arms and legs grow faster than the hands and feet.
• Organ appears.
- Week 3:
- Most critical period of baby’s development.
● Binibigyan magdevelop ‘yung brain, heart, blood
- The embryo’s developmental processes create the foundation ____.
cell, circulatory system, spinal cord, and the
During this stage, potentially the emerging environmental exposure or
digestive system.
genetic flows are likely to have a damage impact on prenatal development.
Perhaps they cause the embryo’s death or miscarriage. Birth abnormalities
are probably present in embryos if they survive and continue to grow, and
develop into fetuses.
- Week 4:
- Embryonic stage defects that affect the brain and intellectual
● The development of bones, facial structures,
development:
presence of arms, leg, then nagccontinue na
magdevelop and heart, brain, and nervous tissue.
● Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
- Also known as “fetal alcohol syndrome”, brought on by a pregnant
- At the end of 4th weeks:
person’s alcohol intake.
● Embryo is ¼ inch in length.
- The most commonly used substance that results in birth
● The heart, digestive system, backbone, and spinal
abnormalities is alcohol. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder results from
cord begin to form.
the embryo being exposed to alcohol in the mother's blood. This can
● Placenta (sometimes called “afterbirth”) begins
lead to cognitive problems, developmental delays, behavioral issues,
developing.
and unique facial appearance in neonates.
 The following issues have been associated with alcohol spectrum
disorder:
○ Developmental Delay
○ Irritability
○ Hyperactivity
○ Poor coordination
○ Abnormalities of facial features.
• Microcephaly
- Their head is significantly smaller than normal.
- It happens when the brain of the baby doesn't develop accordingly.
The following issues have been associated with Microcephaly:
○ Seizures
○ Developmental delay, such as problems with speech or
other developmental milestone (like sitting, standing, and
walking)
○ Intellectual disability (decreased ability to learn and
function in daily life)
○ Problems with movement and balance.
○ Feeding problems, such as difficulty swallowing.
○ Hearing loss
○ Vision problems
• German Measles
- The pregnant women who have rubella virus expose their unborn
children as well, which could have severe implications.
- Infected childbearing can end in miscarriage, or the baby will be born
with abnormalities such as cataracts, deafness, heart defects, and
mental retardation.
● Iodine Deficiency
- The severe iodine deficiency that occurs during pregnancy is known
to cause cretinism and mental impairment.
- Cretinism and mental retardation are known to be caused by severe
iodine deficiency during pregnancy. There is currently limited
information on the cognitive deficiencies of children whose mothers
experienced iodine deficiency during pregnancy.
Types of Cretinism
○ Neurological Cretinism
| Symptoms are mental retardation, deaf mutism, squint,
spastic diplegia, and disorders of stance and gait.
○ Hypothyroid Cretinism or Myxoedematous
| It is less common and characterised by mental retardation
(although less severe than in neurological cretinism), dwarfism,
and hypothyroidism with associated physical symptoms (e.g.,
coarse and dry skin, husky voice, delayed sexual maturation).
● Chromosome Abnormalities
- Due to the extra copy of chromosomes they are born with at birth,
people with down syndrome experience altered cognitive and
physical development.
- Due to the extra chromosome that down syndrome patients are born
with, their cognitive and physical appearance develop abnormally.
- Down syndrome is frequently characterized by learning and
behavioral issues like:
● Delays in speech and language development.
● Attention problems.
● Sleep difficulties.
● Stubbornness and tantrums.
● Delays in cognition.
● Delayed toilet training.
3. Fetal [ 9 weeks - 38 weeks]
- The fetus will continue to develop organs, including the brain and
spinal cord.
- Fetuses will start to develop facial features.
- Fetal heartbeat may now be audible.
- Week 9 to 12.
o The arm, hand, fingers, finger’s feet, and toes are now fully formed.
o Nagkakaroon na rin mga movement such as open and close ng fist
and mouth.
o By the end of the 3rd month [end of 1st trimester], mas mababa na
raw ang possibility ng miscarriages, and all the organs and limbs are
present and continue to develop in order to become functional.
- Week 13 - 16
o The reproductive organs and genitals are now fully developed.
o Malalaman na sa ultrasound kung male or female ba ‘yung baby.
- Week 16 - 26
o The brain and sensory nerves develop.
o The eyes and ears continue to develop.
o The fetus’s bones have already been developing, but they now start
to ossify, beginning with the clavicles and bones in the legs.
o Alveoli form in the lungs.
o Considerable muscle development occurs.
o The intestines develop sufficiently that small amounts of sugars can
be absorbed from the amniotic fluid that is swallowed.
● Week 16
- The patterning of the baby’s hair has begun but not visible yet.
- Their legs are more developed.
- Their hair is more uptight.
- Their ears are close to their final position.
● Week 17
- The baby can move their joints and their skeleton.
- Soft cartilage is now harding to the bone.
- Umbilical cord is getting stronger and thicker.
● Week 18
- The baby is flexing their hands and legs.
- The pregnant mommy is able to feel those movements.
● Week 19
- Baby’s senses such as smell, vision, touch, and hearing are
developing.
- The baby is able to hear their mom’s voice.
● Week 20
- The baby can swallow now, and its digestive system is producing
meconium.
| Meconium is the baby’s first poop.
● Week 21
- Baby's movements have gone from flutters to full-on kicks and jabs
against the walls of womb.
● Week 22
- The baby now looks almost like a miniature newborn.
- Features such as lips and eyebrows are more distinct, but the
pigment of the color of their eyes is not present yet.
● Week 23
- Baby’s ears are getting better at picking up sounds. After birth, they
might recognize some noises outside the womb and they are hearing
inside now.
● Week 24
- Baby cuts a pretty long and lean figure, but chubbier times are
coming. Their skin is still thin and translucent, but that will begin to
change soon too.

● Week 25
- Baby's wrinkled skin is starting to fill out with baby fat, making them
look more like a newborn. Their hair is beginning to come in, and it
has color and texture
● Week 26
- Baby is now inhaling and exhaling amniotic fluid which help them to
develop their lungs. These breathing movements are good practice
for that first breath of air at birth
● Week 27
- This is the last week of second trimester. The baby sleeps and wakes
on a regular schedule, and their brain is very active. Their lungs aren't
fully formed, but they could function outside the womb with medical
help.
● Week 28
- Baby’s eyesight is developing which may enable them to sense light
filtering and front he outside.
- They can blink and their eyelashes are grown in.
- Week 27 to 38
- During weeks 27 to 38 after fertilization, the bones of the fetus
complete their development. The fetus also grows rapidly
during these final weeks, and its body fat increases
substantially. Its formerly wrinkled skin starts to plump out as
layers of subcutaneous fat are deposited.
○ The fetus’s head hair grows thicker and coarser while the
lanugo is shed. The waxy vernix covering the fetus becomes
thicker at first, but most of it will disappear by birth.
○ In preparation for breathing after birth, the fetus will
repeatedly mimic breathing by moving the diaphragm. By about
week 32, the lungs are likely to be fully developed so the fetus
can breathe on its own, should it be born this early.
○ The fetus can not only hear and feel touch, but its eyes can now
detect light. In fact, the pupils can constrict and dilate in
response to light.
○ During this phase, the fetus sleeps much of the time. Its brain,
however, is continuously active.
—----------------------------
Prenatal
Religion: Life begins in conception
● Sperm Cell - Naturally Alkaline
● Vagina - Acidic
- They're opposite compounds. That's why it's a miracle of life kapag
nakasurvive ang isang spermcell.
Consideration:
- Since ang sperm cell ay alkaline at ang vagina ay acidic, sobrang
miracle kasi nakasurvive sya na kung saan karamihan maraming
namamatay na sperm cell.
Sperm Count - Maraming nailabas na sperm, ay hindi ibig sabihin ay
madali nang mabuntis ang isang babae.
Sperm mobility - Ano ‘yung kilos nu’ng sperm cell? [Dapat pataas ang
swim para makasurvive sya from the acidic environment.]
Speed - Gaano kabilis? Dapat mabilis syang makaalis from the acidic
environment.
Science: It’s all about heartbeats [D'yan dinideclare ng science kung ang isang
tao ay may buhay na o wala ng buhay.]
Psychology Rule:
Don't impose you belief to your client unless if its necessary. Your client are still
the one who will decide for their lives.
● Mitosis & Miosis - Cell division and Cell multiplication.
● Fetal - Dito pa lang magsisimula ang trimester.
Process of menstruation:
Kapag ang isang babae ay nag-ovulate, ano mangyayari?
Nag-ovulate means nagmature ang kanyang eggcell tapos lumabas
sya to wait for the spermcell to fertilize. So kapag hindi sya nafertilize,
ang mangyayari ay bababa sya as menstruation.
Take note: Hindi buong egg cell ang lumalabas, kundi 'yung mga
pagkapal sa wall ng uterus. May nangyayari kasing pagkapal sa wall
ng uterus kapag nag-ovulate. 'Yung pagkapal na 'yun ay mas lalo pang
kakapal kapag bumalik ang egg cell na fertilize by sperm cell pero
kapag hindi, bababa sya as menstruation. Sinasabi na kakapal 'yung
nasa wall because of the pregnancy hormones. Dahil alam ng
katawan na meron syang dapat protektahan. This is important
especially in cases of misscairages, ang lining kasi sa uterus ng mga
nakakaranas ng misscairages ay manipis, so kapag manipis, walang
pagkakapitan 'yung eggcell incase na may nangyari like madulas or
etc. Kaya rin yung mga nag-aetopic pregnancy, hindi sa uterus
nadevelop, namamatay dahil walang protection.
2 Major Direction of Growth during Embryonic Stage:
● Cephalocaudal [Kaya kapag nakikita natin, ulo ang unang
nadedevelop sa baby because growth begins cephalocaudal. |
Cephalo - Head (Brain development) |
- Kaaya kapag ang babae nagbubuntis, binibigyan ng folic acid,
'yung especially recommended for the development of the
brain development.
- 'Yung mga bata na mayaman sa folic acid nung sila'y
pinagbubuntis, 'yun yung usually mga walang nagiging
problema sa brain development.
- Recommended ng mga doctor 'yung folic acid like bagong kasal
then gusto nyo na magkaanak agad para by the time ready na
'yung female reproductive system for carrying a baby then
throughout the pregnancy hanggang 3rd month kailangan
maraming folic acid para hindi magkaproblema sa brain
development nung bata. Tapos unti-unti, nagmumukhang tao
na kasi 'yung extremities nya [ Kamay, Paa, etc ] 'yun yung mga
susunod na madedevelop and we called that Proximodistal
Development.
- Humandevelopment starts with Cephalocaudal Development.
Kapag ang isang mother ay nag-aalcohol o nagssmoke mayroon syang nagiging
epekto dun sa development nung fetus.
German Measles - Possible na kapag ang isang mother ay nagkaroon ng sakit like
tigdas, malaki ‘yung possibility na magkaroon ng disorder yung bata kapag
lumabas. Example: ‘Yung mother nagkatatigdas habang nagbubuntis, ‘yung anak
nya nagkaroon ng cochlea deficiency disorder o ‘yung sira ‘yung part of the inner
brain so ‘yung anak nya hindi nakakarinig Detected sa newborn screening].
Kaya it is important na even yung body ng mother ay dapat protected.
Chromosomal Abnormalities
No. of Chromosome of Human: 46
1….. 22…23 [23rd lang nakakaiba-iba, nadedetermine if the human is female or
male]
x—---------xx = Female
x—--------xy = Male [Kaya dati special ang tingin sa mga lalaki because of the one
and only “y”
- Ang chromosomal abnormalities ay kapag may sumobra o kumulang
na 46 na chromosomes ay meron ng disorder.
Example: Down Syndrome [Trisomy 21]
- Kasi dapat sa normal ang no. 21 chromosomes ay xx lang pero
dahil nagkatatlo, kaya tinawag na “trisomy 21”, may tatlo sa no.
21 na chromosomes.
Another Example: Klinefelter Syndrome, Supermalees [xyy sa 23rd]
/47 XYY syndrome, XYY Karyotype, or Jacob's syndrome/Gonadal
Dysgenesis, turner syndrome.