1.7. FACTOR AFFECTING THRUST Gas turbine engines operates under different flight condition. The amount of thrust produced by the engine is affected by the following factors. Fe m, fat) C,-C] +A, (P.-P,) 1.7.1, EXIT SPEED OF GASES (c)) During high speed operations, the exhaust nozzle operates in a choked condition. This means that the gases flowing out of the engine have been accelerated to the speed of sound (M, = 1) and they cannot be a accelerated further. Thus, the exit jet velocity (C,) remains constant. 1.7.2. AIR SPEED (C,) At high flight speeds, the value of airspeed (C,) goes on increasing, but the exit jet velocity (oH) doesnot increases above certain limit. Thus the net thrust decreases at higher flight speeds. 1.7.3. MASS FLOW RATE OF AIR (mh, ) The mass flow rate of air (m,) entering the engine depends on temperature, pressure and density of air entering the engine. The density of air decreases with increase in pressure and temperature of air with respect to different altitudes. As the lensity decreases, the mass flow rate of air enters the engine decreases, which in urn decreases the thrust. .7.4, EFFECT OF ALTITUDE The ambient pressure and temperature of the air entering the engine varies with spect to altitude. Thus the thrust will change with respect to altitude.Propulsion -} A motion is cal}, 1.7.5, RAM EFFECT Baceta inlev/diffuser arising from forward | ea The compression of air in an! he air increases Which e fu the pressure 0} of ram effect {Jl increase duc to r, as ram effec. Bo” ugh the engine, Thus the thrust will ine am ir flow throug! increases the ai effect. ON . THRUST AUGUMENTATI ml increasing the thrust of a turbojet enging ion i of i Fi . Thrust augumentation 1s the process veies, The thrust of an turbojet enging temporarily due to its poor takeoff characte: i giety f . is given by, Fem (+N cl (Optimum thrust P, P,) : 4 C. Here the thrust F is increased by increasing them, ,f and C, where th. ~ mass flow rate of air Ke f ~ fuel air ratio => 3 ‘a C, - exit speed of gases 1.8.1, METHODS OF THRUST AUGUMENTATION There are three methods of thrust augumentation used in Turbojet engine, They are (i) Use of after burner (ii) Injection of water-alcohol mixture (iii) Bleed-bum cycle 1.8.1.1.Use of After Burner The after burner is a secondary burmer installed between the nozzle, where a considerable amount of fuel is burned to incre of the gases entering the nozzle as high as 2000°C. This in turn increase the exit je of the gases (C,) and hence Provides a increase in t hrust. The use of after turbine and exhaust ‘ase the temperaturePrinciples of Air Breathing Engi) _—s gines bumer overcomes the . material considerato combustion temperature limitations due to turbine blade increase of about “— in the combustion chamber of the turbojet engine. A thrust thrust augumentatio Percent is obtained by use of after bumer. This method of However, the fuel n is widely used for obtaining high thrust for short duration. i consumption increase rapi a i mbi idly. The take- off and climbing. ipidly. Therefore, it is used only for Igniter Bumer Turbine ‘Adjustable Compressor ater Nozzle erbumner Main Foci, aeeeeames Ay \gameholce Liquid Injection Pilot Burner Fig. 1.27. Turbojet with after burner Ss Fig. 1.28. T-S diagram of turbojet with after burnerME mer After bu F Engine speed (N) Fig. 1.29. Variation of thrust with speed 7 Alcohol Mixture 5 1.8.1.2. Injection of Water-Alc sor inlet through a series f is inj e compres: The mixture of water-alcohol is injected at th ; 1) The compressor of spray nozzles which increases the compressor delivery press| “f water-alechol delivery pressure (P,2) is increased by means of evaporation injecti water-alc mixture (cooling effect) in the compressor. Thus the injection of wal i ich i luces an mixture produces a high compressor delivery pressure which in turn prod ‘ohol increase in thrust. T Poo" 02, Pog 01 - 02" — Injection of water alcohol (ON) 01 - 02" — Injection of water alcohol (OFF) Ss Fig. 1.30. T-S diagram of compressorPrinciples of Air Breathing Engines re The fact ich it tors which increases thrust by water-alcohol mixture injection are as follows: Evaporation of the mixture increases the pressure (P,2) and mass flow (m,). ‘a “Additional mass flow through the engine. Possibility of burning of alcohol in the combustion chamber. The process Qt) > represents dry compression process without the injection of water-alcohol mixture. Now, when the water-alcohol mixture injection system is turned ON, produces the compression process shown by @>@r is clear that the injection of water-alcohol mixture increases the compressor delivery pressure. * 1.8.1.3, Bleed Burn Cycle Bleed burn cycle method of thrust augumentation works similar as after burner method. A small percentage of high pressure air from the compressor exit is bled to an auxiliary combustion chamber by bypassing the turbine. This high pressure air is burned with additional fuel in the auxillary combustion chamber which increases the temperature. The hot gases are then discharged from the nozzle to form an additional jet. This in turn increases the thrust. Water is injected into the combustion chamber to maintain the mass flow through the engine at same level. A shut-off valve is used to bring the engine to normal operation. This method is used only for take-offs due to high rate of liquid consumption. The augumented thrust ratio is higher for this method.