INSTR F311

Electronic Instruments and

Instrumentation Technology
Lecture-18: Sinusoidal Waveform generators (Oscillators)
13-Oct-2022

Dr. Sri Ram Shankar Rajadurai

Assistant Professor, EEE, Chamber: D-116
BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus
srir@goa.bits-pilani.ac.in
+91-832-2580874
Introduction to Signal Generators
Low-frequency (LF) sine-wave generators
(Eg.) Wien bridge oscillator, Crystal oscillator

Radio-frequency (RF) sine-wave generators

(Eg.) Colpitt’s oscillator

Function generator

Non-sinusoidal generators
- Bistable Multivibrator (Schmitt Trigger)
- Astable Multivibrator (Square wave generator, Triangular wave generator)
- Monostable Multivibrator (Pulse waveform generator)

Sweep Frequency generator

13-Oct-22 EIIT: Sinusoidal Waveform generators 2
Audio frequency signal generator

Oscillator Attenuator Output

Coarse Fine
Amplitude
frequency frequency
control
control control

Oscillator is a self-sustaining sinusoidal waveform generator

(Eg.) RC feedback oscillator – Wien bridge oscillator, RC Phase shift oscillator

13-Oct-22 EIIT: Sinusoidal Waveform generators 3

Oscillator theory
Gain
To have sustained oscillations at the output:

Loop Magnitude |Aβ| ≥ 1

Phase ∠(A β) = 2πn
where n=1,2,3,…
Feedback factor

In case A is a pure DC gain, ∠(A)=0, ∠(β)= 2πn

13-Oct-22 EIIT: Sinusoidal Waveform generators 4

 Wien bridge Oscillator
Amplification gain
(Non-inverting amplifier) Feedback factor

V_o : Output

CB RB
RA CA
Component values:
RA = RB = R
Condition for Frequency of
CA = C B = C
sustained oscillations
oscillations

13-Oct-22 EIIT: Sinusoidal Waveform generators 5

Attenuator

13-Oct-22 EIIT: Sinusoidal Waveform generators 6

 Problem on Attenuator design

When the switch S is closed:

Bypass R2.
State the resistor values R1, R2 and R3, so that the
output range is either 0-0.1 V or 0-1V for an input
sine wave of 5V amplitude.

When the switch S is open:

Include R2.

13-Oct-22 EIIT: Sinusoidal Waveform generators 7

Problem on Wien bridge oscillator

C = 300 nF.
Calculate the minimum and maximum frequencies that can be generated with a variable resistance R: 500 Ω to 5 kΩ

[Answers: f_min = 106.1 Hz, f_max = 1061 Hz ]

13-Oct-22 EIIT: Sinusoidal Waveform generators 8