Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design DIEGO INOCENCIO T. GILLESANIA Civil Engineer BSCE, EVSU (LIT) - Magna Cum Laude Sth Place, PICE National Students’ Quiz, 1989 Awardee, Most Outstanding Student, 1989 3rd Place, CE Board November 1989 Review Director & Reviewer (all Subjects) Gillesania Engineering Review Center Author of Various Engineering Bookslified . Reinforced Concrete Design Copyright © 2013 , pai Inocencio Tapang Gillesania All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transferred, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the author. ISBN 971-8614-48-8 Published by: Diego Inocencio Tapang Gillesania Printed by: Cebu DGPrint, Inc. Cover design by the author,Table of Contents 1! Chapter 01 - Introduction Details of Reinforcement. Standard Hooks Bend Diameter: Placing of Reinforcement. Spacing Limits of Reinforcement Bundled Bars... Concrete Protection of Reifforcement.. Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement Loads... Arrangement of Live Load. Required Strength (load factors) Strength Reduction Factors. NSCP 2010. Notations... Strength and Serviceability Requirement: Required Strength...... Design Strength econ Chapter 02 - Analysis and Design of Beams Notations and Symbols Assumptions in Strength Design in Flexure Rectangular Beam Reinforced for Tension C Nominal Moment Capacity. Ultimate Moment Capacity (Design Strength) Coefficient of Resistance. Balanced Design. Underreinforced Design. Overreinforced Design... Balanced c and Balanced Steel Ratio. Maximum Steel Reinforcement Steps in the Design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam for Flexure. Steps in Finding the Required Tension Steel Area A, of a Beam with known Moment M, and other Beam Properties Steps in Finding M, of a Beam with Known Tension Steel Area A, and other Beam Properties Minimum Thickness of Flexural Reinforcementit Table of Contents EE, Beam Deflection. NSCP Coefficients for Continuous Beams and Slabs. 2010 NSCP..... Design Assumptions. General Principles and Requirements. Distance between Lateral Supports of Flexural Member: Minimum Reinforcement of Flexural Members. 36 Steps in the Design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam for Flexure ... 36 Steps in Finding the Required Tension Steel Area As of a Beam with known Moment M, and other Beam Properties Steps in Finding Mp of a Beam with known Tension Steel Area A; and other Beam Propertie: .39 ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS ...cnssseeesensnsnsnnne Design Problem: nes Analysis of Rectangular Beams w Analysis of Rectangular Beams where St does not Yield (fs < f,) Analysis and Design of Singly Reinforced Non-Rectangular Beams.. Beam Deflection Problems... One Way Slab..... ss Maximum Spacing of Reinforcemen Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement Steps in the Design of One-Way Slabs (Flexure. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS... Solved Problems Using 2010 NSCP. re Steel Yields (fs aon al eSTable of Contents il Chapter 03 - Analysis and Design of T-Beams and Doubly Reinforced Beams, Code Requirements on T-Beam Flanges Steps in Finding the Tension Steel Area As of Singly Reinforced T-Beams with given My and other Beam Properties... Steps in Finding §M, of Singly Reinforced T-Beams with Given A.and other Beam Properti ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS... Solved Using 2001 NSCP. Solved Using 2010 NSCP Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Beams.. Steps to Determine A, and A’, of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam, given M, and other Beam Properties... Steps in Finding M, of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam with Given A, A’, and other Beam Properties... Deep Beams... - ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS Design Problems Investigation (analysis) Problems Solved Problems using 2010 NSCP SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS Chapter 04 - Shear and Torsion Types of Shear Failure Basic Code Requirement: Lightweight Concrete and Modification Factor 4 Shear Strength Provided by Concrete, V. for Nonprestressing Members Simplified Calculation Detailed Calculation... ‘Types of Shear Reinforcemen Shear Strength Provided by Reinforcement Design Yield Strength of Stirrup: ’Iv Table of Contents Spacing Limits of Shear Reinforcement Minimum Shear Reinforcement. Critical Section for Beam Shea Steps in Vertical Stirrup Desig) ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS... DESIGN FOR TORSION. Threshold Torsio: Calculation of Factored Torsional Moment Torsional Moment from Slabs.. Critical Section for Torsion Torisional Moment Strength. Design for Torsion... Additional Longitudinal Reinforcement Details of Torsional Reinforcement Minimum Torsion Reinforcemen' Spacing of Torsion Reinforcement. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS BRACKETS AND CORBEL:! Shear Design of Corbe Shear-Friction Design Method. Nominal Shear Strength of Shear-Friction Reinforcement. 258 Flexure Design of Corbel ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM: SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS Chapter 04 - COLUMMS sesssessseeeseseess Classification of Columns P-delta Moment. Type of Columns... Axial Load Capacity of Columns Tied Column. on , Limits of Reinforcement. Sizes and Spacing of Main Bars Spiral Column... Limits of Reinforcement.. Sizes and Spacing of Spiral: Economical Column Design...Table of Contents Vv Composite Columns Structural Steel Encased Concrete Core... Spiral Reinforcement Around Structural Steel Core. Tied Reinforcement Around Steel Cor Special Moment Frame Members Subjected to Bending and Axial Load. Minimum Flexural Strength of Columns. Longitudinal Reinforcement Transverse Reinforcement Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement Area of Transverse Reinforcement... Axial Load and Bending. Plastic Centroid...... Analysis of Eccentrically Loaded Columns. Eccentrically Loaded Column with Two Rows of Reinforcement 283 284 284 298 335 Balanced Loading Condition Column Interaction Diagrams .. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS +339 - 400 339 341 342 342 343 344 Chapter 05 - Footings. Types of Footings. Permissible Soil Pressures Minimum Requirements for Foundation. Loads and Reactions in Footing... Critical Sections in Footings. Critical Sections For Moment Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement. Shear in Footings... Shear in Footings on Pile Minimum Depth of Footing... Critical Sections for Development of Reinforcement in Footings Load Transfer from Columns to Footings Dowel:VI Table of Contents ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS Design of Square Footin; Design of Rectangular Footing. Footing on Pile Cap.. Footing Subject to Axial load and Moment Miscellaneous Problems & Selected Board Problem SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS Multiple Choice QuestionS....sssssssssssssssssseseseeesseseree M1 - M37 Concrete Terminology......... sesnsauaaesasenaessecersesceceeeeeeseenes TL - T86Chapter 1 - Introduction : 1 Chapter 1 Introduction CONCRETE Conerete is a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other ageregates. ‘The aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock) are held together in a rocklike mass with a paste of cement and water. REINFORCED CONCRETE As with most rocklike mass, concrete has a very high compressive strength but havea very low tensile strength. As a structural member, concrete can be made to carry tensile es (as in beam in flexure). In this regard, it is necessary to provide steel bars to provide the tensile strength lacking in concrete. The composite member is J reinforced concrete. AGGREGATES Aogregates used in concrete may be fine aggregates (usually sand) and coarse agaregates (usually gravel or crushed stone). Fine aggregates are those that pass through a No. 4 sieve (about 6 mm in size). Materials retained are coarse aggregates. T's nominal maximum sizes of coarse aggregate are specified in Section 403.4 of SCP. Tose are as follows: 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms, 1 /3 th depth of slabs, or 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts. These limitations may not be applied if, in the judgment of the Engineer, workability and methods of consolidation are such that concrete can be placed without honeycomb or voids. WATER According to Section 403.5, water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials, or other substances that may be deleterious to concrete or reinforcement. Mixing water for prestressed concrete of for concrete that will contain aluminum embedments, including that portion of mixing water contributed in the form of free moisture on aggregates, shall5 Chapter 1 -Introductio Lee tr inp ‘Bette pepe ste bred o concrete mbes wang tes seo eee eres rc oh men yc ee SE agin ee wee ee eh malas pee a MopuLus oF ELasTiCrTY Unie steel and other materia, concrete has no dite modulus of eis. ey valet dependeat on the characteristics of coment and aygttes ect Concrete an regis According t NSP (Seton 408.6), modulus of elasticity F for concrete fr values of secherween 1500 and 2500 g/m? maybe taken a= — fqt-t S.=wet8 0.043 Vi", (in MPa) ] whee fs the 28-day compressive strength of conctee in MPa, cis th uit wight on concrete in kg/m. For normal weight concrete, E-= 4700" Miva slatictyE for nonprestresed reinforcement may be taken as 00,000 DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT STANDARD HOOKS Standard hooks refers to one ofthe following 1 Loder bend pls 4h extension but not less than 60 nm ate endo 2 o-degree bend pls 124 extension a fre end of bar 3 Forstrrupsand te hooks: nd smaler 90-degree bend pi 6s entension at ) 20 and 25 mm diameter bar, 0-degre end, plus 12d extension 3 fee 2nd bar M-degree bend plus 124 ©) 2S.mm diameter br and smaller, 135+ us Bom tunes ler, 135-degree bend pli tex conan dlrs amounts of cori fon. Now potable (now drnhahley wa Chapter 1- Introduction 3 MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS (TION 407.3) ameter of bend measure nthe sd of he a ther than for traps and es ‘oes 1 thrvuph 15m shal note les than the ves Table Inside ameter of end for sips a ssl nt less han 4 for 16m bar anismaller For bartarge than 16mm diameter of bend sabe nacordance with Fate Inside ameter a bend in welded wie briefs deformed) for straps and ex thal nthe ess than for defor wie ler than D6 aed 24 fr all ther wines ade wth nse meter ole tha Bd sala be less han 4 om mars ‘elle intersection, “Table 1.1: Minium Diameters Bend arse Mini Diameter 10m 25 ay 28m, 32m a0 36 me a PLACING REINFORCEMENT (407) enloneent prestesing tendons, and ducts shall be zcuratly placed and Duty supe Blo eames i placed and shall Be seated agaist ouhcment ibn clerances pert vis other pele by the Engines, reinforcement pesresing tendons and ostossing etal placed thin be wing rans Solerance for depth b8 mitmm concrete cove a earl members walls tnucanptim embers shal be slows Iifetvedepth,¢Toleranceona Tolerance an mis e200 stom 10mm 2200.08 12mm 1mm tcp emer ear stance ome benim ‘gph tre ec a fe mmm cre see Ase newer tere. rerun often and ent trefrcmen lb Tan ctf member where lence sal be 312aceininromRT Ss coca 77, ns maton Cech ms pay Scene Soe era a tl {woe ees ars nthe upper pers should he placed rey sve het Se atm per wth lear dice Been ayers nat ess han 25m. ape eed. of bed reinforced. compression members, dear distance ‘Bnitudina tars shal be noe ess han 1S noe 4 tn wale and sabe other thin concrete ost constuction, pinty- tex ‘pce shall espace no father apart than ive tes the al orl thine nor 450 mm, sunouzo as nape faa refrigerant 0 3 it hl be totum ny oe tne Buns bars shal Se encsed wate med siren 52 mm hl tbe une nee Dende angel Sine rninated wit thea of esl mers shud ots ih at et 44. sage See pang ios snd ea {over fest mers ar bed ons loa dale hea treated asa single bar ofa diameter derived fromthe eguivlet os! n-, 8s &2 3 = Figure 1.1 Bundied-bar arrangement wus for Diameter ofsnge bar equivalent to bundled bars according ta NSCP to ‘spacing imitation and concrete cove. ey ( Ne 3-25mm Equivalent diameter, D $59 gD: Chapter 1 - Introduction ‘ONCNETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT (SECTION 407841) {castin-place Conerete(wonprestressed). The le Stele rodeo renorcerer as Tene aint TB) | corte spose car wea = inde Pht Conditians} The J] anon evoigh 6mm bas © Ta Pa a pe SoC TNE NT HT Sts mall et: . “sma aes ss ; se hsrat ele‘Thee stirrups epirals: Sihelte, foiled plate members 20 um Dar and larger 16 nvm bar, WIHT oF DAL wire, andl einaller en 5 ‘The folowing mimimum concrete cover shall be provided fur pre .ieaced gee) honprestressed reinforcement, ducts and end Mttings Pa) _] Concrete ct againet and permanently exposed to earth ‘Concrete exposed to earth or weather ‘Wall panels, slabs, joists Other mer hers Toncrete not exposed fo weather or in contact w/ ground ‘Slabs, walls, joist Beams, columns: Primary reinforcement 40 T ox stirrups, spirals 23 Sells, fC Sed plate members: 16 mm bar, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 19 | dy, but Not (ther seinforcement bacesor For bu: "~? bars, the minimum concrete cover shall be equai to the - yanwal st deameter of the bund's, but need not be greater than 50 mmm. ex. of < quent 20d p> -” ty exposed to earth, the minimum cover sh! be “5 ma SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT (20 10 NSCP) Cretnkage and temperature reiniurcement is required at right angles to the poop reiadorcement to minimize cracking and to te the structure together tio emaure ~ acting #¢ astumed in the design The provisions of this section are | fog Fre structural stabs only: they are not intended for soil supported slabs on grate Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses formal hy f vara reinforcement shall be provided in structural slabs where the flenural reintorrent * extends in one direction optyChapter 1 - Introduction 7 a Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with either af the following: * a) Where shrinkage and temperature movements are significantly restrained, the requirements of 408.3.4 and 409.3.3 shalll be considered b) Deformed reinforcement conforming to 403.6.3 used for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with the following: Area of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall provide at least the following ratios of reinforcement area to gross concrete area, but not less than 0.0014: (a) Slabs where Grade 280 or 350 deformed bars are used 0.0020 (b)_ Slabs where Grade 420 deformed bats or welded wire reinforcement are used. srenses 0.0018 (c)_ Slabs where reinforcement with yield stress exceeding 420 MPa measured at a yield strain of 0.35 percent is used 0.0018 x 415 / fy Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than five times the slab thickness, nor farther apart than 450 mm. LOADS ‘The most important and most critical task of an engineer is the determination of the loads that can be applied to a structure during its life, and the worst possible combination of these loads that might occur simultaneously. Loads on a structure DEAD LOAD Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position. This consists mainly of the weight of the structure and other permanent attachments to the frame. LIVE LOAD Live loads are loads that may change in magnitude and position, Live loads that move under their own power are called moving loads. Other live loads are those caused by wind, rain, earthquakes, soils, and temperature changes. Wind and earthquake loads are called lateral loads.8 ‘ Chapter 1 - Introduction anne ARRANGEMENT OF LIVE LOAD d Live loads may be applied only to the floor or roof under consideration, and the far ends of columns built integrally with the structure may be considered fixed. It ig permitted by the code to assume the following arrangement of live loads: (a) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on two adjacent spans, and (b) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on alternate spans. REQUIRED STRENGTH (FACTORED LOAD), U Required strength U to resist dead load (D) and live load (L) shall be at least equal to: Eq.1-2 U=14D+ 1.7L If resistance to structural effects of a specified wind load W are included in design, the following combination of D, L, and W shall be investigated to determine the greatest required strength U where load combinations shall include both full value and zero value of L to determine the more severe condition, and Eq.1-4 U=0.9D+13W } but for any combination of D, Land W, required strength U shall not be less than Eq. 1 +2. If resistance to specified earthquake loads or forces E are included in design, the following combinations of D, L and E shall be investigated to determine the greatest required strength U: Eq.1-5 U=11D+13L+11EChapter 1 - Introduction ¢ 9 EE where load combinations shall include both full value and zero value of L to determine the more severe condition, and U=0.9D + 1.1E but for any combination of D, ind E, required strength U shall not be less than Eq. 1 = Itresistance to earth pressure H is included in design, required strength U shall be at least equal to = 14D + 1.7L + 17H except where D or L reduces the effect of H, 0.9D shall bi stituted for 1.4D and zero value of L shall be used to determine the greatest required strength U. for any combination of D, L and H, required strength U shall not be less than If resistance to loaclings due to weight and pressure of fluids with well defined densities and controllable maximum heights F is included in design, such loading shall have a factor of 1.4 and to be added to all loading combinations that include live load. If resistance to impact effects is taken into account in design, such effects shall bé inchided with live load L. Where structural effects T of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage, expansion of shrinkage-compensating concrete or temperature change may be significant in design, required strength U shall be at least equal to “Us 1.75(14D+ 147+ 1.7L) but required strength U shall not be less than [ bq.1-9 U=14(D+T) estimations’ of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage, expansion of shrinkage- compensating concrete or temperature change shall be based on a realisti assessment of such effects occurring in service.10 Chapter 1 - Introduction ee STRENGTH REDUCTION FACT ‘ORS, 9 (PHI) The design strength provided by a concrete member, its connections to other members, and its cross sections, in term of flexure, axial load, shear, and torsion shall be taken as the nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor 4 having the following values: (a) Flexure without axial load. (b) Axial tension, and axial tension with flexure... (c) Axial compression and axial compression with flexure: (1) Spiral reinforcement....... (2) Tie reinforcement & other reinforced members.. (d) Shear and torsion........ {e) Bearing on concrete (f} Post-tensioned anchorage zones......chapter 1 - Introduction 11 SS SES © ACI-318-05 (NSCP C101-10 - 2010) Notations: vis Ay by v d E fe h He 9 Pw gross area of concrete section, mme, For a hollow section, Ay is the area of the concrete only and does not include the area of the void(s) area of shear reinforcement spacing s, mn? web width, or diameter of circular seetion, mm dead loads, or related internal moments and forces distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal tension reinforcement, mm load effects of earthquake, or related internal moments and fort specitied yield strength fy of transverse reinforcement, MPa loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with well-defined densities and controllable maximum heights, or related internal moments and fort overall thickness or height of member, mm loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil, or other materials, or ed internal moments and fore live loads, or related internal moments and forces roof live load, or related internal moments and forces factored moment at section, N-mm factored axial force normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with Vu or Ty; to be taken as positive for compression and negative for tension, N ed internal moments and forces ative effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage, differential settlement, and shrinkage-compensating concrete . required strength to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces, nominal shear strength provided by concrete, N nominal shear strength, N " yminal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement, N factored shear force at section, N wind load, or related internal moments and forces net tensile strain in extreme layer of longitudinal tension steel at nominal strength, excluding strains due to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage, and rain load, or re! cumu temperature strength reduction factor ratio of A, to bedChapter 1 - Introductio 4 op erences ——— A= 7 CHAPTER @ — STRENGTH AND: SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS a1 — General @ALA Stractures and st strengths at all sections at \ factored loads and forces Ut suc cructural members shall be designed to have design east equal ty the required strengths eateulated for the | dy combinations as are stipulated in this code. ; eo QAD Members also shall meet all other requirements of this code to ensure adtequate performance al service load levels. QLS Design of structures and structural members using the load factor combinations and strength reduction factors of Appendix C shall be permitted. Use of joad factor combinations from this chapter in conjunction with strength reduction factors of Appendix C shall not be perm: ited @2 Required strength i QA Required strength U shall be at least equal to the effects of factored loads in Eq (22) Chrough (&7). The effect of one or more loads not acting simultaneously shall be investigated. U=14.D+F) (9-1) U=1.2(D + F+T) + 1.6(L +H) + 0.5(L or R) (%2) U=1.2D + 1.6(L- or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W) (9-3) ¢ =1.2D+ L6W+ LOL + 0.S(Lror R) O# UsL2D+10E+ 1.0L (5) U=0.9D + 1L6W+ L6H (9-6) U=0.9D+ LOE + 1.64 @-7 except as follows: (a) The load factor on the live load L in Eq. (9-3) to (9-5) shall be permitted to be reduced to 0.5 except for garages, areas occupied as places of public assembly, and all areas where Lis greater than 4.8 N/m*. (b) Where wind load W has not been reduced by a directionality factor, it shall be permitted to use 1.3W in place of L6W in Eq, (9-4) and (9-6). (c) Where E, the load effects of earthquake, is based on service-level seismic forces, 1 4E shall be used in place of LOE in Eq, (9-5) and (9-7)Chapter 1 - Introduction 13 SRE Se (a) The Toad factor on H, loads due to weight and pressure of soll, water in soil, for other materials, shall be set equal to zero in Eq, (9-6) and (9-7) if the structural action due to H counteracts that due to W or E, Where lateral earth pressure provides resistance to structural actions trom other forces, it shall not be included in H but shall be included in the design resistance, 9.2.2 If resistance to impact offects is taken into account in design, such effects shall be included with L, 9.2.3 Bstimations of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage, expansion of shrinkage-compensating concrete, or temperature change shall be based on a realistic assessment of such effects occurring in service. 9.24 Ita structure is in a flood zone, or is subjected to forces trom atmospheric ice Joads, the flood or ice loads and the appropriate load combinations of SEL/ASCE 7 shall be used 9.2.5 For post-tensioned anchorage zone design, a toad factor of 1.2 shall be applied to the mayinwm prestressing steel jacking force, 9.3 Design strength 9.3.1 Design strength provided by a member, its connections to other members, and its cross sections, in terms of flexure, axial load, shear, and torsion, shall be taken ) calculated in accordance with requirements and assumptions as the nominal streng of this code, multiplied Ly the strength reduction factors 0 in 9.3.2, 9.3.4, and 9.3.5, 9.3.2 Strength reduction factor @ shall be as given in 9.3.2.1 through 9.3.2.7: 9.3.2.1 Tension controlled sections as detined in 10.3.4 wage O90) (See also 93.2.7) 9. .2.2 Compression-controtied sections, as defined in 10.3.3 (a) Members with spiral reinforcoment conforming to 10.9.3 sos (b) Other reinforced members .. 0.70 65 For sections in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength, fy is between the limits for compression-controlled and tension-controlled sections, @ shall be permitted to be linearly increased trom that for compression- controlled sections to 0.90 as & increases trom the compression-controlled strain Limit to 0.005.Chapter 1 - Introductio, 1 =0.70 + 0.2(€r — Ec tim) / (0.005 - Ec iit) j =0.70+ 0.2(fs - fy)/(1,000 - fy) 0.90 0.70 }------- 065 = 0.65 + 0.25(€r - Ec timit) / (0.005 - €¢ tint) = 0.65 + 0.25(f. - f)/(1,000 - f,) er < ——< — >< = Compression Transition Tension controlled controlled Ec limit 0.005 Ec imi = fy / 200,000 Figure 1.2 Strength reduction factor (E = 200,000 MPa) Alternatively, when Appendix B is used, for members in which fy does not exceed 415 MPa, with symmetric reinforcement, and with (d - d’ )/h not less than 0.70, @ shall be permitted to be increased linearly to 0.90 as Pn decreases from 0.10f'c Ag to zero. For other reinforced members, 6 shall be permitted to be increased linearly to 0.90 as 9s decreases from 0.10 fc Ag or OPb, whichever is smaller, to zero. 9.3.2.3 — Shear and torsion. 9.3.2.4 — Bearing on concrete (except for Post-tensioned anchorage zones and strut-and-tie modelsChapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams 15 Chapter 2 Analysis and Design of Beams NOTATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED a =depth of equivalent stress block, mm. As = area of tension reinforcement, mm? Ax =area of skin reinforcement per unit height in one side face, mm?/m b= width of compression face of member, mm ¢ =distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, mm d_ =distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, mm distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression reinforcement, mm d= thickne bar or wire, mm Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa 000 MPa of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of Es = modulus of elasticity of steel = = = specified compressive stress of concrete, MPa fs = calculated stress in reinforcement at service loads, MPa specifiedl yield strength of steel, MPa h = overall thickness of member, mm = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement Ise = moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of member cross- section Mn = nominal moment, N-mm Mu = factored moment at section, N-mm. fi = factor defined in Section 410.4 in Page 16 €c_= strain in concrete (maximum = 0.003) train in steel below yield point = fs/Es £y = strain in steel at yield point = fy/Es = ratio of tension reinforcement = As/bd16 > Chapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams ASSUMPTIONS IN STRENGTH DESIGN IN FLEXURE (CODE SECTION 410.4) N Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis, Except for deep flexural members with overall depth to clear span ratio, h/L > 2/5 for continuous spans and h/L > 4/5 aaa Spans, a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be considered (See Sec Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber, cc shall be assumed equal to 0,003 For f; below fy, f, shall be taken as Ex x es. For &s > €y, fs = fy. Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural calculations. Relationship between compressive stress distribution and concrete strain may be assumed rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other form that results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests. For rectangular distribution of stress: (a) Concrete stress of 0.85f. shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross-section anda straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at a distance of a = fic from the fiber of maximum compressive strain. (b) Distance c from fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis shall be measured in the direction perpendicular to N.A. (c) Factor fi shall be taken as 0.85 for fe < 30 MPa and fi shall be reduced continuously at a rate of 0.05 for each 7 MPa of strength in excess of 30 MPa, but (3: shall not be taken less than 0.65. ie. (i) For f $30 MPa, fi = 0.85 (ii) For f< > 30 MPa, fh = 0.85 - 2% (f'e- 30) but shall not be less than 0.65,Chapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams 17 = RECTANGULAR BEAM REINFORCED FOR TENSION ONLY (SINGLY REINFORCED) b 085 f. 0.003 ee C=085fab a é THA . We Stress Diagram Strain Diagram Figure 2.1: Stress and strain diagram for singly reinforced rectangular beam. | E4.2-1 se] [ZFu = 0) CaT 0.85 feab = Asfy Eq.2-2 Multiplying Eq. 2 - 2 by d/d: ‘The term & is called the ratio of steel reinforcement and is denoted as p18 Chapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams eg te) 2 A, Eq.2-3 Pa a4 ee and pt,d Eg.2-4 aasr f Let a= 2 Fe Eq.2-5 a2 aie ad 0.85 ‘4. Nominal Moment Capacity: From the stress diagram in Figure 2.1: Mn = Cx (d-a/2) In= 0.85 feab (d- % a) Ma= 0.85 fe 24 o(a-3.25) 085 \°" 2085 Eq.2-6 Mn = feb d? (1 - 0.59) Ultimate Moment Capacity (Design Strength): Mu = Mn (where = 0.90 for flexure) Eq. 2-7 Mu= OFewb a (1- 0.590) Coefficient of Resistance Eq.2-8 Ro= Few (1-0.590) — Eq.2-9 Mu=@RabdzChapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams 19 pe euunnNeeene nl , ‘ ‘ vf, Solving for « in Eq, 2 - 8 and replacing it with oe yields the following formula for the steel ratio p: ie 2-10 | (Pe BALANCED DESIGN Balanced design refers to a design so proportioned that the maximum stresses in concrete (with strain of 0.003) and steel (with strain of fy/Es) are reached simultaneously once the ultimate load is reached, causing them to fail simultaneously. UNDERREINFORCED DESIGN Underreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than what is required for balanced condition. If the ultimate load is approached, the steel will begin to yield although the compression concrete is still understressed. If the load is further increased; the stee! will continue to elongate, resulting in appreciable deflections and large visible cracks in the tensile concrete. Failure under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of the structure to decrease the load. OVERREINFORCED DESIGN Overreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is required for balanced condition. If the beam is overreinforced, the steel will not yield before failure. As the load is increased, deflections are not noticeable although the compression concrete is highly stressed, and failure occurs suddenly without warning to the user of the structure. Overreinforced as well as balanced design must be avoided in concrete because of its brittle property, that is why the Code limits the tensile steel percentage (Pmax = 0.75px) to efisure underreinforced beam with ductile type of failure to give occupants warning before failure occurs.20 Chapter 2 Analysis and Design of Beams BALANCED c AND BALANCED STEEL RATIO pv: Jeancously, In this condi, In balanced condition, the concrete and steel yield simul f 0.003 and the strain iy the strain in concrete reached its maximum usable value of 0. steel is f,/Es, where Es = 200,000 MPa. TNA Bonn ng ‘C505 hE. "0.003 + fy/E. Strain Diagram Figure 2.2 - Balanced condition By ratio and proportion in the triangle shown in Figure 2.2 c¢_ 0.003 ee Note: E, = 200,000 d 0.003+6 7E, th N03: 0.003 + 200,000 Eq.2-11 cy = —600d_ 600 +f, Buta = fic; a cectChapter 2 ~ Analysis and Design of Beams 21 Se ay _ pid 600 0.85f.B, ~ 600+F, Eg, 2-12 0.851", 8, 600 F,(600+f,) | Note: Eq. 2 - 12 is for singly reinforced rectangular sections only. Eq. 2 - 11 is applicable to any shape. MAXIMUM STEEL REINFORCEMENT Section 410.4.3: For flexural members and for members subject to combined flexure and compressive axial load when the design axial load strength $Pq is less than the smaller of 0.10. As cr Ps, the ratio of reinforcement p provided shall not exceed 0.75 of the rato p> that would produce balance strain condition for the section under flexure without axial load. For members with compression reinforcement, the portion of p» equalized by compression reinforcement need not be reduced by the 0.75 factor. Eg.2-13 and (£q.2-14 ‘This limitation is to ensure that the steel reinforcement will yield first to ensure ductile failure. MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS 4106.1 At every section of a flexural member where tensile reinforcement is required by analysis, the area As provided shall not be less than that given by: Eq.2-15 Asmin = ea OF Prin = 14b,d Eq.2-16 and not less than OF Prnin =2- Analysis and Design of Beams 22 Chapter i . 2 - 15, otherwis This means that if fc > 31.36 MPa, Pmin 1S governed by Eq. 2 - ‘ Wise it jg governed by Eq. 2 - 16. e T-section’ with flange in tension, the area As in, i inat 3 410.6.2 For statically determ! See a given etek br shall be equal to or greater than the smal ve = ‘bwd Eq.2-17 a As min F d or Eq. 2 - 15 except that bw is replaced by either 2bw or the width of the flange, whichever is smaller. 410.6.3 The requirements of Sections 410.6.1 and 410.6.2 need not be applied if at every section the area of the tensile reinforcement is at least one-third greater than that required by analysis 410.6.4. For structural slabs and footings of uniform thickness, the minimum area of tensile reinforcement in the direction of span shall be the same as that required by Section 407.13 (Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement). Maximum spacing of this reinforcement shall not exceed three times the thickness and 450 mm. The provision for minimum amount i of reinforcement applies hich for architectural and other reasons are Pe to‘ bealns,/W much larger in cross-section thi ired b oe a : s an required by Sa With a very small amount of tensile reinforcement, the loment strength as a reinforced concrete section becomes less than that of the corresponding plaii i e corr plain concrete section i Failure in such a case can be quite sudden. cette eeChapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams 23 STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM FOR FLEXURE : Note: Assumptions made in steps Il, V, and VIII are the author's recommendation. L Determine the values of loads, DL, LL, and other loads I Approximate the weight of beam (DL) as follows: Small beams: 2 kN/m Medium-sized beams: 3.5 kN/m Large-sized beams: 7 kN/m or Weight of beam in kN/m = 24 KN/m3 x beam area in m2 + Ill, Compute the factored load on different load combinations Example: Factored Load = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL IV. Compute the ctored moment to be carried by the beam, Mu V. Try a value of steel 10 — from 0.Sp» to 0.69», but must not be less than Pmin. This value of p will provide enough allowance in the actual value of p due to rounding-up of the number of bars to ed so that it will not e he maximum p of 0.75 £.<30 MPa (P< ~ 30) for P. > 30 MPa f'-> 31.36 MPa, otherwise Pmin = + VL. Compute the value of w, «= © VII. Solve for bd? Mc = 6 fe wb d2 (1 - 0.59) baz VU. Try a ratio d/b (from d = 1.5b to d = 2b), and solve for d. (round-off this , value to reasonable dimension) Check also the minimum thickness of beam required by the Code as given in Table 2.1 in Page 26. After solving for d, substitute its value to Step VII, and solve forb.Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption Mad, Step II. IX. " Solve for the required steel area and number of bars. As=pbd Number of bars (diameter = D) +D2x number of bars = As STEPS IN FINDING THE REQUIRED TENSION STEEL AREA As O! WITH KNOWN MOMENT Mu AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES: Given: b, d, Pc, fy, and Mu: 1. Solve for pmax and @Mn max Pmax = 0.75 po 0.856, (600) _ £,(600+6) Pmax = 0.75, o=pf,/f, OMn max = Ofc vb dé (1 - 0.59) Tf Mu < @Ma max des Sinyly Reinforced (Step H) TEMu > @Mu max design: as Doubly Reinforced (Step Il) IL Solve for p: Mu = Rn bd? Bae i aera f- f, As = pbd = II. Compression reinforcement is necessary. (See Chapter 3) F A BEAM « oa 24 Chapter 2 - Analysis and Design Of Bean,bere: Chapter 2 - Analysis and Desigh of Beams 25 —_ = STEPS IN FINDING $M, OF A BEAM WITH KNOWN TENSION STEEL AREA ‘AsAND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES: Given: b, d, As Pe, fy: A 1 Solveforp: p= As eg Il Checkif steel yields by computing p» pu = 0:854',B, (600) £,(600+6,) If p py, steel does not yield, proceed to step IV. Note: If p < Pmin, the given As is not adequate for the beam dimension. II. ps pv = phy/Fe Mn = 6 F< bd? (1- 0.59 w) IV. p> po 100,000 Solve for f; from the strain diagram: (Note: Es = 200,000 MPa)26 Chapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams : =C ” ae Ae 0.85 Pea buta=fic n.600 2-5 = 0.85 fe (Br ¢) b c 600 As (4-0), = 0.85 Br feb c? Solve c by quadratic formula and solve for fs and a; f= 6005*;a=fre Mn = 6T(d-a/2) = OAs fs (d- a/2) or Mn = 6 C(d - a/2) = 0.85 fe ab (d- a/2) MINIMUM THICKNESS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS ‘According to Section 409.6.2.1 of NSCP, minimum thickness stipulated in Table 21 shall apply for one-way construction not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections, unless computation of deflection indicates a lesser thickness can be used without adverse effects. Table 2.1 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NON-PRESTRESSED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY SLABS UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE COMPUTED * Minimum thickness, h Simply Oneend | Bothends supported _| continuous | continuous Cantilever Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other Member construction likely to be damaged by large deflections Solid one-way slabs Beams or ribbed one-way slabs * Span length L is in millimeters Values given shall be used directly for members with normal density conerete (We * 2300 kg/m’) and grade 415 reinforcement. For other conditions, the values shall be modified as follows: (a) For structural lightweight concrete having unit weights in the range 1500-2000 kg/m the values shall be multiplied by (1.65-0.0005 w,) but not less than 1.09, where W. the unit mass in kg/m! (b)_ Forf, other than 415 MPa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + f,/700).chapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams 27 BEAM DEFLECTION (SECTION 409.6.2) Sect. 409.6.2.2 Where deflections are to be computed, deflections that occur immediately on application of load shall be computed by usual methods or formulas for elastic deflections, considering effects of cracking and reinforcement on member stiffnes Sect. 409.6.2.3 Unless stiffness values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis, immediate deflection shall be computed with the modulus of elasticity Ec for concrete and with the effective moment of inertia as follows, but not greater than I, f, = modulus of rapture of concrete, MPa, for normal weight concrete, fr = 0.7 Jf M, = maximum moment deflection is computed. 1, = moment of inertic ion about centroidal axis, neglecting reinf nt ler = moment of inert! ed section transformed to concrete yr= distance {ro i af gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to ‘ber in tension. When lightweight aggrey s used, one of the following modifications shall apply: (a) When specified and concrete is proportioned in accordance with Sec. 405.3, fr shall be modified by substituting 1.8 fe for vi but the value of 1.8 fer shall not exceed (b) When fe is not specified, f; shall be multiplied by 0.75 for “all lightweight” concrete, and 0.85 for “sand-lightweight” concrete. Linear interpolation is permitted if partial sand replacements used. Sect. 409.6.2.4: For continuous members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as the average of values obtained from Eq, 2 - 19 for the critical positive and negative moment sections, For prismatic members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as the value obtained from Eq. 2 - 19 at midspan for simple and continuous spans, and at the support for cantilevers. Sect. 409.6.2.5: Unless values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis, additional long-term deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of flexuraltermined by multiplying i members (normal weight or lis, tweig™t concrete) shall be di the immediate deflection caused by the sustained toad considered, by the factor fg. 2-20 where p’ shall be the value of reinforc prestressed compression | reinforcement at midspao for simple and continuous spans, an at support for cantilevers. It is permitted to assume the time-dependent factor §for sustained loads to be equal to 5 years or more 20 12 months 14 6 months. 12 tau 3 months soe O | Deflection computed in accor dance with this section shall not exceed limits stipulated ij in Table 2.2 1 ions Table 2.2; Maximum Permissible Computed Deflect oe Frat roofs nat supporting oF attached 10 onstructural elements likely to be damage eflections hed to ly to be damage Immediate deflection due to live load LL \iate deflection due to Floors not supporting or at ; e load LU. nonstructural elements like by lange deflections ting OF total defleetion Roof or floor construction sup) attached to nonstructural elements not likely to be damage by large deflections ait | oft time deflection due | ii elements (sum Roof or floor construction supporting oF toads and the attached to nonstructural elements not likely to be damage by large deflections y Limit not intended to safeguard against ponding, Ponding should be checked by suitable calculations of deflections, including added deflections due to ponded water and considering long-term effects of all sustained loads, camber, construction tolerances, and reliability of provisions for drainage. ** Limit may be exceeded if ade: S| ! quate measures are taken t ted, or attached elements. a prevent ame eae “8 Longeti : | een shall be determined in accordance with Sec. 409.62.5 0 Sec. .2 but may be reduced by amount of deflection calculated to occurCha pter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams 29 a NSC! Secti attachment of nonstructural elements. This amount shall be determined on basis of accepted engineering data relating to time-deflection characteristics of members similar to those being considered, But not greater than tolerance provided for nonstructural elements. Limit may be exceeded if camber is provided so that total deflection minus camber does not exceed limit. , P COEFFICIENTS FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS . jon 408.4 of NSCP states that in lieu of frame analysis, the following approximate moment and shears are permitted for design of continuous beams and one-way slabs (slabs reinforced to resist flexural stresses in only one direction), provided: (a) There are two or more spans, (b) Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two adjacent spans not greater than the shorter by more than 20 percent, (€) Loads are uniformly distributed, (d) Unit live does not exceed three times unit dead load, and (e) Members are prismatic. Positive moment End spans Discontinuous end unrestrained .. : Wu bn? / 11 Discontinuous end integral with support. Wu Ln? / 14 Interior spans Wa Ln? / 16 Negative moment at exterior face of first interior support Two spans wan? / 9 More than two span wa Ln? /10 Negative moment at other faces of interior supports .. Wa bn? / 11 Negative moment at face of all supports for Slabs with spans not exceeding 3 m; and beams where ratio of sum of column stiffness to beam stiffness exceeds eight at each end of the span... Wu Ln? / 12 Negative moment at interior face of exterior support for members built integrally with supports Where support is a spandrel beam.. Wun? / 24 When support is a column -WuLn? / 16 Shear in end members at face of first interior support. Shear at face of all other supports. 1.15 wabn/ 2 . Wun / 230 Chapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beam, Where Ln = clear span for positive moment or shear and average of adjacent Cleay spans for negative moment. it) t nd La Laswu “ 1iSwL/2 Sheer wlina wi we Looe a oF Moment in w L'/10 whi L=(l,4+l/2 Figure 2. 3: Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with spans and discontinuous end integral with support Column L Colur umn \ aE re | Spandrel " 4 is 4 \ Beam , : Fl i} tu2 le 1.tSw LV2 . Shear wind wise ag aS toe WL WLIO -WLe/1T whl whe wees Lsth+b2 L=(b+Ly2 Figure 2.4: Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with more than two spans and discontinuous end integral with supportChapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams 31 a Ls t Re T.1Sw Lo/2 V1SWLn/2 whit wlz/16 whit Za = fos ae ans Moment ewh2/O -whe/tt -whe/11 -why/10 = (Li + L/2 Ln = (Lo + bs)/2 w sl Shear Figure 2.5 Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with more than two spans and discontinuous end unrestrained32 Chapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Bea, Le eT ae Ca on) ae ee ACI-318-05 (NSCP C101-10 - 2010) 102 Desizn assumptions (410.3) 1 2.1 Streng:". design of members for flexure and axial loads shall by Weis © based 4 given in 10.22 through 10.2.7, and on satisfaction of aDPlicade com dittons of e~:"ibri:m and compatibility of strains. le 10.2.2 Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly proportig, to the distance from the neutral axis, except that, for deep beams as defined in 10; analysis that considers a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be usef “cernatively, it shall be permitted to use a strut-aud-tie model. See 10.7, 11.8, and Appendix A. 10.2.3. Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shal] be assumed equal to 0.003 10.2.4 Str°s in reinforcement below fy shall be taken as E, times steel strain, For Strains greater than that corresponding to f;, stress in reinforcement shall be considered independent of strain and equal to f,, 10.2.5 Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural calculations of reinforced concrete, except when mee eting requirements of 18,4. 10.2.6 The relationship between concrete compressive str Concrete strain shall be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoid other shape that results in Prediction of strength in substantial results of comprehensive tests. distribution and parabolic, or any, 10.2.7 Requirements of 10.2.6 are agreement | 4 satisfied by an equivalent re: angina’ concrete Stress distribution defined by the following: 4 10.2.7.1 Concrete stress of 0.85f- shall be assumed uniformly distril an equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross section an tine located Parallel to the neutral axis ata distance a = compressive strain. buted ove da strai Bic from the fiber of maximu 10.2.7.2 Distance from the fiber of maxim ‘measured in a directioy : ‘um strain to the neutral axis, c, shall be) n perpendicular to the neutral axis. 102.73 Fort between 17 and 28 MPa, 8; shall be taki 5. For Pe abo 28 MPa, Bi shall be reduced linearly at a rate of pr each 7 Mes ot excess of 28 MPa, but B: shall n 0.05 for each 7 MPa of strength in jot be taken less than 0.65, ]Chapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams F 33 SEE 10.3 — General principles and requirements (410.4) 10.3.1 Design of cros flexure and axial loads, sumptions in 10,2. ‘ections subject to flexure or axial loads, or to combined all be based on stress and strain compatibility using 10.3.2 Balanced strain conditions exist at a cross section when tension reinforcement reaches the strain corresponding to fy just as concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain of 0.003. 10.3.3 Sections are compression-controlled if the net ter tension steel, ex, is equal to or less than the compression-controlled strain limit when. the concrete in compression hes its assumed strain limit of 0.003. The compression-controlled strain limit is the net tensile strain in the reinforcement at balanced strain conditions. For Grade 415 reinforcement, and for all prestressed reinforcement, it shall be permitted to set the compression-controlled strain limit equal to 0.002. sile strain in the extreme 10.3.4 Sections are tension-controlled if the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel, &, is equal to or greater than 0.005 when the concrete in compression reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003. Sections with et between the compression- controlled strain limit and 0 005 constitute a transition region between compression- controlled and tensior t 1 sections. Derivation: for F= 200 GPa = ams The beam is tension-controlled roy when € = 0.005 (or f, = 1000 MPa) 0.003 0.008 0.005 Eq.2-21 c= 2a 3 a=Bic=Pi -d Bic Bs For rectangular beam: Mm = Ce(d-a/2) — where =0.90 Min = 0.90 x 0.85 Feab (d -a/2)34 Chapter 2 - Analysis and Design of 3 OM in = 0.90 0.85 fe fi od xb d- Mon = 22 fi: fe bd? (1 - Eq.2-22 10.3.5 For nonprestressed flexural members and nonprestressed 1 factored axial compressive load less than 0.10 & Ay steel strai shall not be less than 0.004. 10.3.5.1 Use of compression reinforcement shall be with additional tension reinforcement to increase the str Derivation: for E = 200 GPa Maximum steel area and Moma. when beam is € = 0.004 or f, = & « E =800 MPa 0.004 Strain diagram for mininum steel strain « tion: me eid se ascurfy=0.85f ta , 1000=f, 10.3.6 Design axial strength @P. of compression members shall not be taken greater than OPh, max, computed by Eq. (10-1) or (10-2). 10.3.6.1 For nonprestressed members with spiral reinforcement conforming to 7.104 or composite members conforming to 10.16: Pn, max = 0.850 [0.85 Pe (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast] (10-1) 10.3.6.2 For nonprestressed members with tie reinforcement conforming to 7.10.5: OPnmax = 0.806 [0.85 Pe (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast} (10-2) 10.3.6.3 For prestressed members, design axial strength, Ps, shall not be taken greater than 0.85 (for members with spiral reinforcement) or 0.80 (for members with tie reinforcement) of the design axial strength at zero eccentricity, OPo. 10.3.7. Members subject to compressive axial load shall be designed for the maximum moment that can accompany the axial load. The factored axial force Pu at given eccentricity shall not exceed that given in 10.3.6. The maximum factored moment My shall be magnified for slenderness effects in accordance with 10.10. 10.4 - Distance between lateral supports of flexural members 10.4.1 Spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times b, the least width of compression flange or face.36 Chapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Bean, 10.4.2 Effects of lateral eccentricity of load shall be taken into act COUunt fh determining spacing of lateral supports. ly 10.5 - Minimum reinforcement of flexural members : 5 | member where tensile reinforce, 10.5.1 At every section of a flexural Cement j required by sinljas except as provided in 10.5.2, 10.5.3, and 10.5.4, As Provideg © shall not be less than that given by ifs bd OF Pmin = (10.3) and not less than Asmin = (10-3a) 10.5.2 — For statically determinate members with a flange in tension, As min shall not be less than the value given by Eq. (10-3), except that bw is replaced by either 25, or the width of the flange, whichever is smaller. STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM FOR FLEXURE: Note: The assumptions made in steps II, V, and VIII are the his experience. author's recommendation based on I. Determine the values of loads, DL, LL, and other loads I Approximate the weight of beam (DL) as follows. Small beams: 2 kN/m Medium-sized beams: 3.5 kN/m Large-sized beams: 7 kN/m or Weight of beam in kN/m = 24,kN/m: x beam area in m? Ill. Compute the factored load on different load combinations Example: Factored Load = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL IV. Compute the factored moment to be Tesisted by the beam, Mu V. Try avalue of steel ratio p from 0.7 pmax to 0 Pmin. This value of p will provide e1 due to rounding-off of the number of bar: .8Pmax, but must not be less thanChapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams 37 —— 0.85f'.B, 600 f,(600+£,) Bi = 0.85 for fe< 28 MPa Pb 0.85f".B, 6 " A if fc > 31.36 MPa, otherwise Pmin = 4 VL. Compute the value of w, w= a VII. Solve for the reduction factor 0: Solve for c: Note: For singly reinforced rectangular beam, p is directly proportional to c. c= (assumed factor) * Cmax where Cmax = 7 d The assumed factor may range from 0.7 to 0.8 as suggested in step V. d f= 600 c If f, > 1000 MPa, tension-controlled, = 0.90 If fs < 1000 MPa, transition, ® = 0.65 + 0.25 —— 1000-f, VIL. Solve for bd?: Mu =6Pewb d? (1 - 0.59 ) bd? = VIL. Try a ratio d/b (from d = 1.5b to d= 2b), and solve for d. (round-off this value to reasonable dimension) Check also the minimum thickness of beam required by the Code as given in Table 2.1 in Page 26. 7 After solving for d, substitute its value to Step VII, and solve for b. Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption made in Step Il. :38 Chapter 2 - Analysis and Design ott 4 Solve for the required steel area and number of bars, ‘As = pbd Number of bars (diameter = D) £D2x number of bars = As STEPS IN FINDING THE REQUIRED TENSION STEEL AREA As OF A py WITH KNOWN REQUIRED MOMENT Mu AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES, Given: b, d, Fe, fy, and Mu: L Solve for pmax and Mn max 3 0.85f" B, tee Gt Mama = 24 Bx Pebd? (1~ Bi) jee ties s0'n5 200% 1000 -f, Mo max Mu <9) design as Singly Reinforced (Step I!) If Muy > @Mo max design as Doubly Reinforced (Ste f IL Determine if the section is tension-controlled or transition From Eq. 2-22: Mu = £26: fc bd? (1- Bi) IfMu <@ Mu then tension controlled, @ = 0.90, proceed to Step Ill IfMu > 9 Mun then transition region, proceed to step IV TIL Mu=@Rabd? Rn= el ;__2R, [amChapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams : 39 = Iv. Solve for cand Ac: w= Cc (d-a/2) 6 1004 a $= 0.65 + 0.25 where fs = 600 = a=Bie C= 0.85 feab=0.85 FeBicb r ) ( [eoot=e|_5, | Mu= | 0.65+0.25- £1 (0.85 fe Bic b)(d - Bic/2) | 1000-f, Pr . ff, > 31.36 MPa, otherwise pain = a V. Compression rv it is necessary. (See Chapter 3) STEPS IN FINDING M, GF A BEAM WITH KNOWN TENSION STEEL AREA AsAND OTHER BEAM PROPERTI Given: b, d, As, fe, fy 1. Solve for p: = ‘olveforp: p= > A, d Check ifssteel yields by computing p> , - 0.854", B, (600) £, (600+f,) If p< ps, steel yields, proceed to step III If p > », steel does not yield, proceed to step IV. Note: If p < pmin, the given As is not adequate for the beam dimension.”40 Chapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams a a 4 iff. > 31.36 MPa, otherwise Pmin = re y Pmin = IL p 1000 MPa, tension-controlled, 9 = 0.90 If f < 1000 MPa, transition, ) = 0.65 + 0.25 1000-£, Mn = $0.85 Peab (d-a/2) WV. p> po: , compression-controlled ORet = 0.65 ] af C= 0.85 fab es | f, = 600 4=£ m i c ao d-an T=C p As fe= 0.85 feab fac buta=Bic A, 6002-© = 0.85 F<(Bi c)b c c= 1g seogS=S.5 c a=Bic= o=0.65 Mn = 9T(d -.a/2) = 6 As fs (d -a/2) or Ma = 6 C(d- a/2) = 0.85 fc ab (d -a/2)Chapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams 4 en ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS DESIGN PROBLEMS PROBLEM 2.1 forced concr cctangular beam 300 min wide has an effective depth of | A } 469 pay nd ts reinforced for tension only. Assuming fc = 21 MPa and fy = 345 Mi’a, determine the balance steel area in s sq min SOLUTION f,600 » fir = 0.85 since f < 30 MPa f (60041) _ 0.85(21)(0.85)(600) " 345(600+ 345) ps = 0.02792 Acs = pebd Asu = 0.02792(300)(460) Asb = 3,853 mm? PROBLEM 2.2 ti ea if the factored mom ! (a) 620K nt Ma is (a) 20 KN- SOLUTION Solve for imax and Mu max: _ 0.85F", fs, 600 1, = 0£85(27.6)(0.85)(600) ~ £,(600+6,) 276(600 + 276) pv = 0.0495 P «= 0.75 pm = 0.75(0.0495) «0.0371 _ 0.08711(276) 276 Omar = 0.371 , Oman * (rman42 Chapter 2- Analysis and Design of Bean, 27.6(0371)[1 - 0.59(0371)) Rome =e w(t - 0.59 0) Ran POL MPa Mamax= 8.001(300)(490)* Mo man = Remax b €? Mo 279 105 Nom Mamae = 576.279 KN-mm Memar= 6 Ma mer My mar = 0.90 x 576.279 Mumar= 518.65 KN-m a) My=20kN-m< Mama (singly reinforced) My = Rob d? 20 « 106 = 0.90 Rx (300)(490)? Rx = 0.309 MPa o.25f RR p= 1 eis f 08st 0.85(27.6) [2(0.309) p= 1- j1 9 = 0.00113 31.36 MPa, oth Pun = = iff > 31.36 MPa otherwise » 14 Pan = = = 0.005072 Av=pbd es 0008 ‘ 7230p 9 = 746 mi we b) Mu=140kN-m< i ae ae Ma max (singly reinforced) Ju= Rob d? 140 « 10° = 0.90 R, (300)(490)2 Ra = 2.16 MP; ” _ 0.85F". Pe] O.85f", dase |Chapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams 43 00822 > Pmin 0.00822(300)(490) As = 1,209 mm? Acs=pbd ©) Mu=485KN-m pmin As=pbd \s = 0.03384(300)(490) As = 4,975 mm? d) Mu =620 kN-m > Mi ina The beam will be dou einforced. See Chapter 3. PROBLEM 2.3 (CE MAY 2012) A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth « mm. The beam is simply supported over a span of 5 m. Steel s ngth fy MPa and concrete strength f; = 28 MPa. Concrete cover is 70 centroid of the steel area. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m: weight of the beam, the beam carries a superimposed dead live load of 14 KN/m. Use the strength design method. a) Determine the maximum factored moment on the bear } If the n ultimate moment ¢a | oat ane 520 mt SOLUTION Given: b=300mm fc=28 MPa d= 480-70 =410mm Bi = 0.85 , fy=415 MPa Pmin = 1.4/fy = 0.00337dp = 20mm diameter, Bar ‘Av = 23.5(0.3 * 0.48) = 3.384 kN/m Weight of beam, Wo = Ye m factored moment on the beam. Factored load, Wu = 1.4(3.384 + 18) + 1.7(14) Factored load, Wu = 53.738 kN/m a) Maximu! Maximum factored moment: w M. 53.738(5)* eer ,o 8 8 Mu = 167.93 kN-m b) Mu =280 kN-m Solve for Momax to determine whether compression steel is needed 0.85f',f,600 —,_ 0.85(28)(0.85)(600) pe ne aad £,(600+f,) » = 415(600+ 415) pn = 0.02081 Pmax = 0.75 pr Pmax = 1.02161 f max = Poe'y Onax = 0.03203 . Rn max = Pe Ohnax(1 - 0.59 Ohnay) = 7.274 Mu max = 0 Ra max b d? = 330.14 kKN-m Required Mu=280KN-m Pmin axe bd As= 0.01755 (300)(410, As= 2159 mm2 N10) As= Fido? N 2159 = 2(20)2 N N= 6.9 say 7 barsChapter 2 - Analysis and Design of Beams 45 c) Pu=240 KN at midspan wa = 3.384 KN/m (weight of beam) rae BL , U4w LE 8 = 314.805 kN-m pmin 45 | V 0.85(28) | As=pbd As = 0.02031(300)(410) A, = 2498 mm? N 2498 = £(20)2N N= 7.95 say 8 bars PROBLEM 2.4 (C A reinf tension bars o depth of 60 mm bi tension steel area if the be MAY 1993) " n and an effective depth to sion reinforcement if needed will be placed at a w the top, If fe = 30 MPaand fy = 414 MPa, determine the nis to resist an ultimate moment of 650 kN-m, SOLUTION Solve for Pnax and My max! _ 0.85F", f, 600 #,(600+f,) 0.85 since fc < 30 MPa = 2:85(30)(085)(600) » 4146004414) po= 0.031 Pmax= 0.759 Pmax= 0.75(0.031) Pmax = 0.02323