"BASIC FUNDAMENTALS SECA GINEERI Copyright 1998 . Venancio I. Besai lr. (BSCE, MSME, AS, F. (PICE) ‘Clvil Engineer GT Gand Place - August, 1969 99 "Alumni Association (2003-up to the present) Insti (PICE) Cebu ‘2009 t Philppine Ieee en tree ‘National Beard 2009 Structural, “4 Institute of t iy esena > (sce) (ASCE) ' Ameren Seay of Cl gine (ASCE) Ga Ae aE American Concrete Institute (ACI) (Membership No. 104553 PICE Delegation to the American Society of Cri CE) Engineers (ASCE) Convention an Conference, ‘Minnesota, USA (Oct. 1997) Head PICE Delegation to the 17th ive Cominit ‘of the Asian Civil: Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE, Kansas Cy, UBA (October 2609)" ECO (ASCE) Anal Conference, Chairman PICE International ‘Committee Delegation to the 18th Exceutive 1 Comeittee of he Aslan Ci i Council (ACECC) Meeting (Chairman PICE | iinemet Delegation to the Sth Civil, je Aslan Region (CECAR), Sydney, Australis Cugasto010) © oe (Chateman PICE Ir ‘Committee Delegation to the Jo of Civil Engineers (JSCB) ness daa Cn tat Jan (Sie — e Ta Vegas, USA (Ocha ai gf Ciel Engineers (ASCE) 2010) ISBN 971,'8510-52-4 “Available at: BESAVILLA Engineering Review Center cou DAVAO CAGAYAN DEORO MAMA 2h Foor, Phar * Ath Foor, 2nd Floor, ton Sand Bos St Cama St, Sempaloc, We kaa assis Tel No, (082) 222-3305 a Tol (02) 736-0908 AQUI GENERAL SANTOS : {een Chalot Big. RD. Rivera Bidg. {rtes Grotto Constar Lodge, ieesaereee Bagi Oly Geta Secs Wherry bese 50 Ses aor98 by esc esi A ibis Reset Nopat of tis pebcation ay __ Ceheprotncch och aa tenia sytem of ‘wasted any form by any means. lecwonc, rectum ‘cording. of oes ‘hot the por widen peission ofthe publisher ISBN 71 asi0-se4 ‘ABLE OF CON CHAPTER DESCRIPTION OF TOPICS 1 Soll Composition --- He Problems for Exercises - 2 Atterberg Limits :........ Problems for Exercise 3 Soll Classification (USDA Method) Soll Classification (AASHTO Method) - Soll Classification (USCS Method). Problems for Exercises. - 4 Soll Compaction --- Problems for Exercises. 5 Permeability. Problems for Exercises - 6 Brfoctive Stresses in Soll- Problems for Exercises - 7 Flow nets, Stresses in Soll Mass atid Stress Distribution in Soils Stresses In a Soll Mass ---- Stress Distribution in Soll- Problems for Exercises - 8 Compressibility of Soll - Problems for Exercises ~ 9 ‘Terzagh!’s Bearing Capacity. 10 1) PAGE NO. 1-47 48-50 51-75 76-80 81-85 86-96 97-116 417-124 125 - 157 158 - 162 - 163-216 217-221 -- 222-260 ~ 261-265 266 - 276 277 - 281 = 282-304 305 - 308 309 - 387 388 - 393 394 - 433 434-444 445 - 450 451 -462 463 - 466CHAPTER DESCRIPTION OF TOPICS PAGE NO, ct ' SHAPTER ONE 11 Shear Streagth of Sol 467 = 471 Direct Shear Test -.----- 2472-493 | ee Consolidated Dralned Trt-Axlal Tes(oD Test) 494 - 563 r, Consolidated Undralned Tr+Arial TestCU-Test)...... 564 59 Unconsolidated-Undrained Tost(UU Test)... 592-598 Unconfined Compression Test at Saturated lay... 599 - 697 Undralned Shear Strength -. + 608-613, Problems for Exercises. 614-617 + 618-696 697-700 701-711 712 - 761-B 762 - 764 = volume of soi sats oo 765 - 784 ‘Y= volume of waterin the voids -- 785 ~ 786 Vq=v0lime of ante voids 787 - 818 Ws volume of wis "Neglecting the werght of ar. (W = 0) Wie We (lal of 0 sample) = Letig= 1, iy The ratio of volume of water fo Wana core. : Ya The ra ofthe volume of voids ‘tho vole of sles. | 7 Tha lg ates | weigh of sods ina given volume ' » of sol, ostLE: ‘The weight of soil per uni volume” ‘or sometimes called the-moist. ae The weight per unit volume of soll, excluding water. PACH Wg + Wy Vv valet iy 1+) ‘yea (to) Wy ole og Me oa Wy =o Gs Yw 2H Wat Wy eye ye a y= Stat 0Gey ite 4 = Sault so) SEA +6 a Tote WACZe etme zg tS oa ’ tw ‘pw 1000 Vee (density of water) 13 | Dry Density maz nner Bouyant unit weight:Sx i 0, = relative density usualy in petcent or Densty index = in Stu vaid rato of fe sol max = Wid rab ofthe sol in the loosest conden min = void rato ofthe sod inthe densest condition GRAPTER ONE: OREO The olst unit weight of a ‘soll is 182kNim?, Given that G, = 2.69 and water ‘contents 8.6%. Determine: Dry unit weight Void ratio Porosity Degree of saturation ‘Solution: Dry unit weight: ow NT -_192 Yeey 770088 e000 e For a glveri soll; the following are known. 645.274 moet unk wight = 208 Kin td motte content ie 168%. Determine the dry unl weight. Determine the void ratio, Determine the porosity. Determine the degree of saturation, Determine the weight of water in kN to. ‘be added per cuble meter of soll for 8 100% degree of saturation eeee6 Solution: © Deyunit weight: 1 eT 208 Yoo "75168 ‘Y= 17.67 kN? \® Degree bf saturation: ‘S* 87.5% © Weight of water to be added: (at o¥y wa V0 =274+052)981 T +052 eat = 25.04 KN? Yeat Wt. of waler= 21.04-20.6 Wt. of wator = 0.44 KN ALC For a given soil sample it has a r. OF 274 molt content of 168% and ese ‘unit weight of 20.6 kNim?. © Compute the Porosity of the soil samp °° Compute the bouyant unit weight of thecal sami M ® Compute the weight of water in kn to be added per Cam So foe degree of saturation. * ‘Solution: Porosity of soll: “Yoist = 20.6 kNim? “Yast ito Yary’ = Yay = 17.67 kN?Bayetunt wt =150-Te «Bart =2106~ Bouyant unt wt = 11.23 kite? © Weight of water to be added par cum. of s0l for 90% degree of saturation: mae HS aon +090, rast from Ot) “Yreka = 20.70 KN? We of water edeed = 70,70- 208 We of water ected = 0.10 Nin? © Volt rae: aol Yet 110. Yay "F607 Yay” 1291 Nin root «5320081 tte o= 0.89 ‘Specie gravy: G,*3.83¢ Gq = 3.53 (0.59) Gy= 208 Saturated unit woight: Cer Yat tee 2.08 + 0.59) (9.81 Youn 140.58, Yea 1647 kN? ‘A cand wth Oy * 2.60 and vold rato “360 8 completely dry. thon becomes Nentted by a rising groundwater table. Compute the unit weight In kNm? under the folowing conditions: Ment cand i a etre Sanne sane completly Solution: Dogunk weight: 2 -286{0.81) Yor =" + 0.60 Yary = 96.31 KN? © Wotunitwoight (G+ Seb Toot" toe (288+ 0.4085] 981 Yo = 4 #060 ‘Ywot = 17.78 kN? © Saturated Unit weight: +0 Yat T8 . (288+ 060)981 Yet" 44060 wet = 1.99 Wi? ‘Aaaturated soll has a moleture content of ‘30% and « speci gravity 2.73, 3 Eeomermeny & Compute te meta unit ‘weight In tose sat 3.13 (1 #038) 126? The moist weight of 0.0057 m3 of & soll le 402.8 N.| The moisture content.and the specific. gravity of" soll’ solids. are determined Inthe laboratory to be 11% and 27 respectively. Calculate the Following: © Molt untt weight, ® Dry unit weight Vold ratio ® Porvalty © Degree of saturation Solution: © Molst unk weight:© Meture content The dry density of a sand with a porosity of 2 Motet unit weight 0.387 is 1600 kginr’. Determine the @ Dry unk weight folowing: = ° yee © Degree of saturation @ Spr. of soit - 2 erent ee . a. Sree a 155 cal (261 +0631). Naat $0831 ‘Yoat = 19.49 kN? The moist unit weight of a soll is 165kNim, if the water content ie 15% and ‘Sp.gr, of soll is 2.7, determine the. following: Dry unit weight Porosity Degree of saturation ‘Mass of water in kglm to be ‘ded to reach full saturation Solution: Dry unit weight: ® @ ° ® e Degree of stration: ge2h 3-820 a6 8=419% © Mass of water fo'be added to each ful satraton: (at ty rie “(27 +0.86) (081 Yet 1+ 088 ‘Yet = 1884 KN? Mass of water tobe added = 238.5 kgf? Pa For a. given sandy soll, emax = 0.75, nin = 046 and G, = 2.68. W the relative density ofthe soll D, = 78% and its water ‘content I 8%, determine the following: nat vold ao Moist unit weight of compaction in iim? & Dry unit wight in kN? ‘Solution: © Ih site yotd rato:sand are 0.48 and 0.90 respectivaly. ‘Specie gravity ofthe solids ofthe gand is i © Determine the void ratio ofthe sand 2 ® 1307289 © Determine tie void ratio ofthe sand at { rlative dematy of 40%. @ What isthe density of thie sand th a ‘uturated condtion. © Itthe sand is compacted to a relative denalty of 65%, what will be the ‘decrease in thickness of a4 f. thick ® Density. of sec In saturated condo: + Vout 6 265 + 0.764624 Yoat* 140.762 You = 1208 pot ‘gyn Moet 060 170162 1 356 haben aca ay oh on ge: 186 ein = 0.36 and Kt areas damaty of 80% = 0.008 eminec Determine ‘the value of Kat a reladve density of 50%. Solution: K14e Koss px tome nari (zLAnstr nesr9 = 0.0138 cme. i i if i 3 H G i i ett uy i pe } i i Yay 1756 AN? Void ate: Sat Yar" T 0s T6055 a= 038 Degen of saturation: oe tem as 055 S= 503% Vota acid by wat Dry weight of sl = 84 Dy wight of so = 48.57 W for = 4448.57 wt ofwater= 523 vo ope by wr = (ol exxpd= 0.0605 mfDry wt =5 0.088 Dy wt = 24.2258) vt cpio of 2 Vol occupied = 0.186 m? For a saturated soll, the following are flven: water content = 23%, Gy = 267 Determine the following: Saturated unit weight Dry unit welt Molt unit wight when the dogroe of saturation becomes 70% eee Solution: © Saturated unit weight: oath : jo08 Bsr 0* 0614 (G+ 0 ale 287 “o0vjons Yom T+ 0616 Yu 1296? © Dey unit wolght: 4 Yo "ihe * 2.67198) Yor T +06. Yery 16.29 kN? (Gen seerserss) a _— MAL ‘The porosity of a soll is 0.3§ and Gy = 2.69, Determine the following: © Molt wit weight whan degree of ‘saturation bocomes 1% (G+ Sohne” ie 287 +0705) 081 ve +0614 y= 1886? ‘The dry density of a soil Is 1750 kgim?, Specie gravity of soll is 2.68. Determine the following: © Moisture content when itis saturated, ©, Saturated unit weight. (© Effective unit weight of soll kNim3. Solution: Hote cont ¢ Pin ee e ® @ ° ‘Saturated unit weight Bouyant unit weight Moisture content when the moist unit ‘weight is 17.5 kNim? @ (269+ 0.54y089 1 #054 Yea = ‘Ysat = 20.58 kine? n' Unk Weight: YF Ysat-Yw ¥=2058-981 Y= 107 Nm? son es eal ‘weight Is 17.5 kNim?, sre BS “y= 0021 say 2.1%Gye 3.31 Y 165080) o Saturated unit weight: “tow Yat Tse (265 + 0.801981 Ysat = 14080, Yeat = 18.80 kNin? : For sandy sol, eax = 0.85, min = 0.49 and Gy=266, © Whatis the void ratio at 0, = 56% ‘What isthe moist unit weight of soit @ ‘when water content is 7, © Whatis the degree of saturation. Yay 18.11 ens Tot *16.11(1+ 007) Yi = 17.2 ie? © Degree of saturation: 50S Is EA ‘A sol sample has th olowdng proper: Porolty = 0.39 Sot oy 275 © Compute the void ratio of the soll Se. Compe the saturated unt weight of the soll sample Compute the effective unit weight of the soll sample. ® Bouyant unit wt. of soi: Bouyant unt wt. = 2010-981 Bouyant unit wt. = 10.29 kM? © mamta vee Se A tol sample as x hy unit wight ot BR 17.4 kNim?, a void ratio of 0.52 and water vow 27S OI08N Contant of 125%. Dating oat = 20.15 kN? © Spar. of sol § Bice eo © Effective unit weight of soit: ® Dry unit weight at ‘voids; ER. unit weight = 20.15 - 9.81 om ae Eft unit weight = 10.34 kN? ‘Solution: © Sp. gr. of soit: : ‘A soll sample taken from the ground has a =, Taare conan of 12% and degree of ona ae toners, 22. Delarmine the followings P : we ; ‘Saturated unit we. ‘Bouyant unit weightae (Set cemrcsmeny © Dry unit weight atzao a voids: Sete Too 2.65981 T+ 2650185) 19531? ‘The volume of the soll sample measured batore drying ' 110 cm?. The wet weight ‘of sol ia 207g andthe dried wet ofthe sol ‘sample Is 163 9. If the apr. of the soli 268, determine the following: © Vold ratio @ Degree of saturation © Dry unit weight at aro ar void, ° z FE & & Wy = 207-168, Wy = 44 cm y= “te i wet Vy = Hon? VeWtNy 110='Y, +6082 249.18 $2089 Degree of saturation = 89.3% © Dry unit wt 2tzr0 air voids: Sete 160 2689.81 "T+ 268027) ‘Ye= 15.25 bio? ae Pa lea ‘The field unit weight of the soll sample is 1960 kg/m’, and the unit weight ofthe soil particle is 2700 kgim?. If the pas = 0.69 and epig #04, © Compute the dry unit weight in kNim? Hf he water content 11% ® Compute the void ratio of the soll sample. © Compute the relative density of the sol sample, Solution : © Dry unit weight of sit ee pares 160 Par *Fr0TT Pay = 1785 8k? 178581981 Pex? 1000 Pay? #132 ki? "= 069-044 0,084 = 64% Cais ‘The field weight of soll sample is 1900 hgim? and the unit weight ofthe soll particle is 2600 kg/m, ® @ o Compute the dry unit weight ifthe moisture contents 11.5%. Compute the void rato, ‘Compute the degree of saturation. Solution: Dry unit weight: Tosi to 1900, Yer 005 } Yey= 1704 koh? Yoy yu 1704 (98 Yoy* 000 Yay? 1872 eM? 5,5 56.95% Aas A soll sample has a mass of 1830 g. taken from the field having a volume of 1x 103 m). Ithas a spgr. of 2.60 and a water content of 10%, Values of @ nar = and nig = 0.43. © Compute the dry unit weight, © Compute the void ratio. ~ © Compute the relative density, Solution: © Dyin weight Yost = 0 Yoon * 0.001 not = 1830 kgm?Total stress at the bottom: ‘sts = 19:92 (6) ‘toss = 119.52 KPa © Effective stross at the bottom: Mt stress = (19:92-0.81),6) EM, stress = 6066 kPa Pago The void ratio of a saturated soll is 0.58 and ts specie gravy is 2.70. D Compute the moisture content. © Compute the saturated unit weight. © Compute the dry unk weight ‘Solution: © Moistur'conne S206, 1 (058) =«0(2.70) =0215x 100 o=2% ® Saturated unit weight: (Gt ete Yat tea 270-4058) 981 19058 Bde The fold waight of soll sample Is 1900 kl? ‘and the vel weight of he sol price 2660 o ® o Camp the ey init wag I te inh crt 115% ie vou a, Conte be dogo of sation Solution: Dry uit weight Tait Mer 160 1900, Yor * T0118 Yay 1704 kg? = 170498 May 000 y= 16725? tae 67 288.080, o=astt Dope of strain: sees M5209 sone EQAWZeLe: ‘A sol sample has a mass of 1620 g. taken from the fld having a volume of 1 x 109 m2. thas a sp gr of 280 and a water content of 10%, Vole of Oar * 0.69 and Oy O44, © Comput the cry uit weight. 2 Comput the voi ra. © Compute the relative density. Solution: Dyn weight18B =—————. MWe: ‘Asatte cay layer has a tichness of 10m ‘witha war content of 51% and a spr of 2 ‘© Compute the saturated uit weight ofthe ony. @ Compute the lol stess atthe boom. © Compute the effective sess at the oti: ‘Solution: Stet wet cin 52% S122 ent cry) Tension Yat 138 You 16.87 kim? © Total stress af he bot, 2 1687 (10) = 16RTAPO *aGj= (1637 -981) 10 hPa [A dy sod ts mind wits 17% by mass with ‘water and compacted. Volume of wet sl is (0.001 m® and has @ mass of 1.6 kg. Ihe spectc gravy of sos 270. © Compute he ory unit weigh of so (© “Compute he voi rat. & Comput the degree of saturation. ‘Solution: © Dry unk waight: Pmt* 18a, Pat 9.¢01 m} Prat = 16004? 600 949 Yat = 5000 Yort = 15.70 KN? 15.70 976057 Yay? 1242 1M? © Vols ato: Gy¥0 Yor*T0 taag= 270008 tte ® Doge of stuation: SezaGy $037) =0.17 2.70) S=0473 73% ‘A dry ool is mized wth 30% by mass with ‘water and compacted. Volume of wet voll te 00144 m? and has a mase of25 bp. the specific gravity of nod Is 270. © Compute the dry density © Compute the vold ratio. @ Compute the degree of saturation. Solution: © Dry donsity: 06 (402) =030(@70) $=0754 S=784% Ea ‘A saturated soll sample has the following ata: Water content = 34% Volds ratio = 082 ©" sp @ Effective unit weight” Moist unit weight 3 © ire eri a1 Yen = 2098 sub £874 Ai? 3 Moist unie weight: ww! +0) 6 Yet TS -981(134271) soit Its dried weight ater ‘dying in an oven is 163 gr. The volume of the specimen before drying ts 120 cm’, Sp.gr of soll sample 6 262. é © Compute te moisture content of the 4 e @ "Compute the void rato | ® Compute the degree of saturation.” WAR EAC Ec “The poroaly ofthe tolls 0.38 and ts molt The sective unit wight f soit Foe 3 sty SN, tae * 8TE gg ® 82. ni weight 178 kN. The sp. ot ty 10.29 Mle? Ve ll ots wo a 82 ela tole 200. © Comps tha 5990 nw. Wit ew a oe wa © What is the molsture content of the @ Ede ster content eh the seh fo $05, i-m “ ’ mpi Sr oa tages tortor. 2 Wan he ty mat age '® Compute the degree of saturation, © Coma ths te analy oe sa. 3 Mucetesccareomonge & Compute the saturated unlt walght of ‘the soll, Soluton: © Spy. osote hecta wh at egg 22 1029 = yg-928 Yea= 2010 a? ree Se mj teee arg 28211¢ oN) 6-207 1054 = 219% © -Degre o saturation: Pa} 24 33216 S> 106% @ Saturated unt weight of the sol: rae na dt hae gman od aa ot Yt 2058? rate eet ofthe sae 020% ope Siete ‘Bulk density = 1.67(1 + 0.14) © Compute the in situ void ratio of the manly =3 ate 2 empath dy ut weigh © Compute the effective unk wt. of sol,2 Yay *"y +052 vay? 1740 Ni? (© Efiectve unite. of sol: (GY Yee? Tee 270-198) Yao? ts ‘Ya = 10.99 em? 38 | Problem: = ‘Atoll has a moisture content of 182% and ‘8 degree of saturation of 80%. Ifthe void ‘ati of sll is 0.607. © Compute the spgr. ofthe soll © Compute the moist unit weight ofthe ‘oll. @ Compute the saturated unit weight of (1826, 8" oor 6,287 void ratios of 0.75 and 0.45 respectively has a spar. of 268. i the density index is 78% and a micisture content of 8%. © What would be the in situ void ratio, @ Determine the degree of saturation of the soll. @ What wil be the moist unit ‘wt of compaction in the field? ‘Solution: © Insitu old ratio: pps ime v @max&min @ ° Ynost* T+ 6 1+ 0.0949.81)2.68) Yost 1 5238 oa 1889 AN! Dio [tien ‘A sample of soft saturated clay has a volume of 100 cu.cm. and weighs 175 gr. if the oven dry weights 120 gr. © Compute the water content of clay. Some the vod rao of th ly. Compa the spr ofthe clay. Solution: © Water content © Wee water= 175-129 Wt of waters 55 @ s=t27) o76t ’ $=4297% © Moist unit weight 1? taylt +0) ° y =Stte20) 291) 5 +019 Y 1+ 0.754 1 1691 ei)ue ——————— ‘sample equal to 1.02. Ifthe specific raviy ofthe eo sample fs 287 and the ‘water contant Is 14%. a © Compute the void rato of the soil ‘une. ° he dag of saturation. Comput te ut weigh eo arvele. 27981 WF + 2670.19) ye" 1807 Wi unit wight of sol at zro ar vols gate 1ST al a tr ‘conn of 12%. and» degree of saturation oF 59%. Compute the following: Specific gravity @ Weld rato Perealy Solution: © Specie gravity Untwe e200 seve: ate 2166.0 p= 2869 T6012) 194228642981 6, 6,282 n= 0302 ‘Asample of sand has a moisture content of 14% and a unit wt of 18.88 kNim?, Laboratory test on dried sample Indicated values of tin = 0.50 and ema ¥ 0.85 for (10) yey te (ho. eayzes) In Its nat soil has spgr. of 2.70, compute the following: © Moisture content ® Void ratio © Degree ofsituration Solution: © Moisture content: Dry w(t +) = Moist weight 180 (1 +c) = 180, 07020 =20% y= (1soananesy 2-059 2 Degree of saturation: 0G, 2S se s-Ba AL ‘The moist unit weight of soll is 17 kNIm? with a moisture content of 14%. If Its =27, compute the folowing: © Void ratio ® Porosity ® Degree of saturation Solution: © Void ratio: (1+) GW Yost? —Te9 1.142.719.83 tee A sample of saturated clay has a water ‘content of 56 percent. Assume Gy = 2.72. ‘Compute the following: © Void © Saute wt weigh & Porosity (n) ate Solution © Vos:t+ er+1s2) we Te et 10816 The weight of the soil before drying is 209 its dried weight after drying is 150 reese ying 120 cn}. Compute the following: D Water content 2 Void ratio Degree of saturation ‘tol sample has a weight o 20g. bere Tews placed onthe one Ate yo oe 20 min, it weighs only 100 gr. Specific gravity of sll sample a 26. Volume of el ‘pecimeat before drying a 66 cm, Compute the water content. ‘Comput the void ratio. ‘Compute the degree of saturation. * Solution: © Water content: Wy 120 100 Wy = 2097. Wy 100 M ate ow, © eee 220 °* 00 = 0.20 00% sane te erin aon tee at # vd al of rome Shears © inet vold rato, @ © the dry unit we ofthe sity sand ‘181635 kin? comput the specie The dry unit weight of a silty sand is 16.43 kNim?. thas a specific gravity of 2.65. The sty sand has a voldratl inthe loosest condition equal to 0.88 and a void ‘atlo of 0.36 inthe densest condition. © Comput th rave day of he sand. © Compute the of the a Compute the porosity ty © Compute the degree of saturation the water contents 16%,‘The volume of soll sample before drying is 108.cm? and the volume ofthe dried sol is. ‘Stem, Spr. of sols 27. Compute the lollowing: D Voldratio D Poroaty ‘D Degree of saturation if it has ‘molature content of 1.6%, Solution: D Vold rat: oa og ¥y= 196/61 W247 end a vor at o-0r AG t The mass of a dried soil sample is ‘Getermined to be 250 g. When immersed in water the soil particles displaces 95 cm?, and this Is then the volume of soll solids. Using this data determine the following if the soil sample has a water content of 12% © _Drybulk spor. @ dry density @ Degree of saturation if the void ratio is 042, Solution: © Dry but specie gravity: “red mass = 250 ol ofdied mass=95em? = Wg V5 Ds 250 = 95(1) (69) 6y=263 2691081) 10099 " 1000 ‘y= 25800 Nin? ‘Y= 288kNm? © Degree of saturation; of =t24(200) 042 83 71.65% apse) 2 ‘Adry sana is placed in a container having ‘avolume of 00089 em?, The dry weight of the sample Is 0.014-gr. Water Is carefully added to the container so as. not te disturbed the condition of the sand. When the container is fled, the combined weight of sol plus water is 0.0174 gr, © Find the void ratio of the soll in the Container. Find the porosity © Find the water content. © Find the sp.gr. ofthe soll particle. © Find the saturated unit welght of the sol (© Find the eftctive unit weght ofthe ® Find the dry unit weight of sol © Saturated unit wt: (G40) %4 eat 8 0 (255 + 0.62)9.84 Ya T+ 062 “Ysot = 19.20 kim? Wy = 0.0034 gr. Effective unit weight. Tetecve *1920-9.81, Toostve = 9.39 AN? D Dryuntweight vase 25510. : Ye" T.062 Ys * 15:44 kine? Vw = 0.0034 em? Wy=0.0034 ewAn undisturbed soll sample In saturated condition has a void ratio of 44 and spr. 0f2.68, Find the following: © Walse content © Saturated unit we © Dryunk weight Vee "272 (24) Vy 0.18088 s=10 = @G, (for saturated soil) 0810259) 00301 =301% @ Saturated unk weight: +4 tat 280 + 0.81) 0.81 Ya 1081 Yoat = 18.97 ki? © Deyunk weight wt oof re Feat 1421454? ‘Ady sand ia placed in container having 1 volume of 030 2, The dey walght of the ‘sample Is 31 1b, A volume of 0.051 of Water f carvhly added to the container 00 13 not to datrh the condition ofthe sand. We op. aan ls 2.72, datarioe the: 3 of saturation 3 thee i (ort comresrion } ' Laboratory test data on a sample of ‘A soll sample has a bulk unit weight of saturated soll show that the void ratio is 19.6 kWm?. at a water content of 10%. 7 (045 and the specific gravity of solids is Determine the following if it has a sp.gr. 265. For these conditions, determine the Gye 27 following: ‘5 © Void rato il sia @ Percentage air in voids (air voids) @ Saturated unit we. ® Degre of eturaton f © Dry unit weight ‘Solution: ‘Solution: © Void ratio: © Water content: x 22% +0 ° _ 196 (285) 6° T4010 a Ye 782kND we sag 27980 o= 0.488 @ Kolairin te volte: . Ai void rato =*-2 Ge ae 0486 -0.10(2 void ratio ee oti = 0.148 say 14.5% Yay Gute © Degree of saturation: a 522% Yary = 2.85081) @ ae 4027) Yeey = 97.93 die? $0496 S= 880% |For a compacted soll, specific gravity Gy #° 2.72, water content= 18%, 14% 090 Yaw © Comput the zaro air void unit waht © Compute the dry unit weight © Compute the degree of saturation. Solution: © Zaroair void unit weight Set 106, 2120981 ven" 0.182.79) Yay? 1191 Ni? Yen 90 (17.91) . ‘yg= 16.12 kN @ Degree of saturation: rae Ate = 065 227216) 0.66 61 | Problem: For a sandy soll, may © 0.72, ¢min * O46 andGy=266 moist. fon in the ‘nd water content of © Compute the saturated unk weight. © Compute the degree of saturation. © What ts | iG 268(981 Ste 5, | tev Teost2 Teweyy \Yy2 17.38 kN? (Gr . ‘Ymoit = Yay (1 +0) stag, ‘ot *1733(1 #009) ae Yat = 1289 ki? ow+oG, © Saturated unit weight O70 Ge. 1799 (Gate) 070+ 0G; mate = . ms sostraaey 841* 9625 040+ 06) watt 05172 Gay = 2556 070906) ‘rat 2067 kN? 145 +3625 0 G,= 1785+ 255606, © Degre f saturation: 1080 06,7335 ©6,=0313 (070.6, (081) = 1789(070+0313) 35-9288) G,=264 ‘sir nae, © Molsre content: 0 264)=0313 62 | Problem: 34 CUE ahi ad “A soll at 2 constant moisture content ‘howe the following when compacted Degree of Saturation Dry unit Walght om 1430 1% 7.489 4iin? ® Determine the moisture content of soll ® Determine void ratio of the 17.49 Keitim? soll,We2 VCs 9 ‘35.67 = Va (27) (9810) Ve= 000135 m? veVeow (000188 = 0.00135 + W ‘W= 0.00063 m3 ‘content of 15 per cent and a unit weight of $20 pel. Laboratory tests on dried ample indicated values of pin * 0.50 and ‘naz O45 for the densest and loosest states respectively. Compute the vold ratio. Compute the degree of saturation. Compute the density index Solution : © Void rato: 1+ W) Ge rw "tte 1+ 0.1542.65)625 eee ‘A granular soil (sand) was tested in the laboratory .and was found to hie maximum i inn od aon um and 0.38 respectively. The sp. 9°: ‘oll ls 2.65. Ifthe molsture content It 8% and. its moist unit 18.640? © Compute the relative deraity of ‘soll in the field. 35 —u 7. ™oa7.oqoqo Solution : © Dry unite 7% Whe 1884 1657+ 0.08 1a 17.1 kNlm?. (dry) opt. 082 Or og 038 0,=069% 2 e86% Pa ‘A granuiar.soll located in a borrow pit ls ‘ound to have an in place dry density of nin én eas a imum denalty and minimum densty are ‘determined a8 2100 kgim? and 1440 kgim? ‘reapectively. © Compute the relative density of the ‘olin the borrow pit. Compute the vold ratio ofthe soll in the natural condition ifthe maximum ‘and minimum densities indicate vold ‘tion 0.28 atthe max. denaty and 8.92 at minimum dent. © Compute the specie gravity ofthis 140" 2100 0, 0.764= 76.4% @ Void rato at natural condition: 6, (1000) = Sx(1000) 1085 = T5043 Gy=274 REAL ‘A cuble meter of sol in its natural state weighs 17.75 KN: after Being dred, It weighs 15.08 kN. ‘The spedie gravity of thesolis 270. © Compute the moisture content “Sempute the dr unit weight Compute the vol rao Solution : © Moises contnt teats ett ‘rs * 1 Ye 21775 KNm3 of watar = 17.75 16.08 tof wate = 267eee” ont = 17.7% _ Dry nt wight TRAN emotion tet nog the sand ‘Dry unk weight of sand = 16.36 kN? _ Weefundte mec sti3 Meshes ce ese A on eae We olmait sok om hole" 3258 _ Moleture content of most soll= 11.6% onthe ih fan te — ® Compute the t sol from aes ry weight © Compute the dry unit weight of compecionts hs of sand se ff be Bis a Dry walght of sol rom the fod; 0.0301 Vol of hole = 535 Vol. of hol = 0.00184 m? ry woh f sol rom fold = Wy Wy = Malt Werte 3258 +0116 Wa Wa= 2817 ‘ ‘ Waa The weight ofthe moist soil as excavated ‘rom a hole is 895 grams with a volume of 426 cm? After drying ts weight was only 19 grama. Of the dried soil only 400, rams was poured into a vessel in avery loose state, and its volume was ‘Subsequently determined to be, 276 cm?. ‘That same 409 gram dried soll was then vibrated and tamped to a volume of 212em4, © Comput te min. ry unit weigh & Compa mae ay oie > Sere he denay of Soliton: © Myint wight - = (4am) (1 Yee) 4p On) Gene) amex" wt dea sale Yann * dys noes ate 14" hy wi wight ol cpoat (oats) 7 ogi earners) ‘A sample of soll weighing 2.62 KM Is emoved from a test pit. 1.33 kN of water wil just fil the pit. A sample of the weighing 112.4 grams is dried inthe oven and its weight after drying is 103.6 grams. ‘Assume the specific gravity ofthe solids i 267. Max. attainable unit weight ofthe soll 1 18.47 kM? and minimum attainable unit weights 16.35 kin? © _ Determine the wet unit weight of soil. ® Determine the dry unit weight of soil. ® Determine the relative density of the sail sample, Solution: © Wetunit weight Vel ofa sample Vl of atta it iin pt ig of wate Veloso eft 213 Vol ofsoi= 5} ‘Vol, of soil = 0.136 m3 282 Wotunt wiht = 2 Wet un woight = 1.26 AM? © Dywt of sampler ie IRAE yy, on a8 . 0705% 1925 +0088 y= 91.75? @ Relative Densty- = (om - He | a (Gn or (iss) 1 \the3s - ther, 0-308 ALES ‘A hand carved sample of soft saturated clay has a volume of 100 cu.cm. and weighs 175 grams. Ifthe oven-dry weight fs tobe 120 grams. © Compute the volume of voids. D Compute the void rato. @ oSemssmrseran) SSS eee. © Void ratio: VeWe Vy 100 =55 + Vy Va245 ® Specific gravity of sol 25, 348 = 4586 12 y= 266 72 | Problem: a {in specific gravity test the folowing data were recorded. Maas of pycnomatr jar = 530 9 Mass of pycnometer jar when fll of clean water = 15809 Mase of pycnomste containing sl only = 910g ‘Mass of pycrometer jr containing vol and {topped wth water= 1840 9 Compute the specitic gravity of the ‘oll particles: @. Compute the dry unit weight tthe old ratio Is 0.40, Compute the degree of saturation if the moisture content 12%. ‘Solution: © Specie gravy: Spgs —— ass ol nase oF water deplaced by sol ‘mass ofsoi= 980-530 fase df sol= 4509, mas of water = 1560-530 mass of water = 1030 9 ‘mass ofwatr wih si'= 1840-980 (mass of watr wth sl = 860 9 ‘mass of water displaced by soi! = 1090-860 _mass of water displaced by soll= 170.g 450 So 370 Spgr = 265 ©, Dry unit weight: “Sale Yar Tse 2651981) Yay" 6040 y= 191M? © Degree of saturation: nS 5 21289 clo S=00% In a corecutier test a stee: cylnder ‘having a maus of 1472 g, an internal diam, of 162 mm aad a length of 125 mm was ‘Tammed into an in-situ soll mass. After ‘emaving land trimming the ends at ts mass was found to be 3482 9. The ‘molsture comient of the soll was later found tobe 18.4%, I the p.grof the aol ls 270, © Determine the buk deny. ® Determine the ary dena Detomive the degre of saturation I the void ratios 080, Solution: © Baik dors: Vol. ofcore cuter= 1021.41 cucm. * 9 ——————————————— mast sol Buik density =o of coe cuter 3482-1472 Buk dnsiy = opr Buk dnsiy = 1.57 glem? density: © reo 16. Buk Dry densi => water content mud Dry density =3 164 ry dosiy= 1.6 gem? © Degree of saturation: 22 ° 184270 S060 S=14% a A soll sample having a liquidity Index of 0.87, a plasticity Index of 16 and a plastic it of 12. The soll sample has a sp.gr. of 272 and avoid rato of 0.75, © Compute the water content of the soll © Compute the degree of saturation. sr vold ratio. Air void ratio= (1 -S_) Air void rato = 0421 -0.94) ‘Air void ratio = 0.026, EAE 3. Of 2.67 has a weight ‘state and a volume of 0.00935 m3. The soil has a dry unit weight 0f 16.47 kNim?, © Compute the water content, © Compute the porosity of the sol. ® Compute the degree of saturation Solution: © Water content: Ww Tools 178 Ymoist = 00935 Yet = 19037 Nim? Yet * 19037 kN? Yiait tro 19.037 Yay 1647 00.188 w= 15.9%Water eoatent: _ told eye 1804 to 20078 ony ree A val aamplo Naw a dey Unit weight of TTR and a Voll rato of 0,80, 2 ° ° Find the spgr of vol, Find the hydraulic gradient at condition. quckand . ‘Compute the effective unit weight, ‘Solution: ‘Sage of sot Sey Yate e081) WRT 050 Gan Hydraulic gradient at quicksand condition repel 201+ le on™ 1.150.8) Yer? 11.25 tN! e neetane +e as Ast vege woe i'n mm, EEE volume of 0.087 cust. M water cu The dry densty of a ‘compacta sand ont 1.04 and y= 248 comptntha Th, Senay of ‘compactg sand ‘atoning: snp "2" D Unit weight of soll fy) © Voldvatiag © o> © eto Dry unt lt rd © Water content of theater 2 Vold rats) . tine weigat dogo 2 ni © Unit weight W degree of saturation © Degres of aturto els em cot© Solution: Water conten Wy 800 Wy 228 Wye60 Me Wai content= 28) we(6 100 WaataX Vol ratio: W Me oy We? Vor Gs 60= ¥4(1)27) Vg222220u0m‘The natural water content of a saturated sample of clay le 40%. Hf pectic gravity (6, 24% compa the lowing: eee e Void eatio (0) ‘of 22.5% and Its known to have aap. 28. In order to determine the moist ofthe sol a portion of sll veighing 224g 's putin a 300 cm? container tt fies ‘with 382 em? of water to fil the container & Gump parehy ohn degree of saturation, © Porosity ofthe sot: Vol of sol sample. Yer 0-282 118? Yea =39* 1898 occ? Yat ou tes, 1882 Yon® ito “os Yr satin = 0878 fn SE = 1524Nim? 0678 Too" t+oe7e "0 © Degree of saturation. 22S, 225(28) sere 67s * Mee @ Bute seg. . aS (28: 0 6 9= 155 4s put in 500 cm? container. Ws filled th 382 cm? of water to fil the container. ©: Determine the moist unit weight of ‘oll @ Determine the dry unit weight of so. @ Determine the vod ratio. {= foal volume of sod sample Vp=500-382 Vp 118 cm? watt 24 oat = 2 50 Yom, = SEK IOOH LO.) (1896x1093,08 (1000) Yuet = 10.62 tt © Dry unit weight of lt es 18.62 Yer T0208 . y= 18.2 aN i meat 2.3 came ing 2 rome of 1A m hes 2 toed mann of 2608 bp Space rary of wok a 278. Se ea conta 7. © Compete en ry deaiy of sol. 2 Compete Se degree of season. © Compete te wolame of mai i foePa i 1 sol has dry density of 1600 kgim? and = rel enla of 0.63, o @ ° ‘Compute the specific gravity of the ‘oll, ‘Compute the saturated unit weight of ‘oll Compute the degree of saturation it ‘has a water content of 14%. ‘Solution: Specte gravy of sl 6 nie 5.11000 10 = S800 6-261 ‘Saturated wit night {G+ by Yat th0 281 + 053081 Veet 14083 Yeu ™ 180i Degree of saturation: so2h seen Pawo : ‘Aco having a sp.gr. of 2.74 has a moist ‘unit weight of 20.6 Film? and a moisture tent of 16.9%. ‘Compute the void ratio, “Compute the degree of saturation, Compute the weight of water in kN to be added per cu. meter of soil for 100% degree of saturation. e200 Solution: © Void rato: “ott *Yey 1 #0) 208 = Yay(t 0.168) Yay 1787 AN? s tay sro 228 o=0S2 © Weight of water tobe adda for 100% degre of stration: Gry Wt te = (214+ 0.524981 Yea 14082 You * 21.04 kim? ‘Wt of water to be added in kin Yat Yoaet =2104-20.60 = 044k ‘A saturated soll having a spr. of 2.867 has ‘a molature content of 29%. © Compute the saturated unit weight. @ Compute the dry unk weight: @ Compute the moist unit weight when degree of saturation becomes 70%. ‘Solution: Seaweed nt ght 1 5-88 soos 2280 e081 Get Yat te (287+ 061,981 Ya T9061 Ye 19.99 hol? @ Dry unt weight: 6 trina ars Yay? 1 +081 Yay = 16.27 kW? © Moist unit weight whan degres of ‘Saturation becomes 70%: Ymait* Yay (1 #1) toa * GED 140) 4 Paes ‘The total weight of soll when saturated 1526 g and the weight of the soll afterlL COMPOSITION ‘Alarge sot sample obained rom a borow pit has 2 wot mass of 26.50 bg. The inplace volume oocupie by the sample is 0.013 mi ‘A small portion of the sample is used to ‘ale the water content, the wet mass is 135 g and after crying inthe oven, the mass is 179 19) Doternine the so water content. 1) Determine the soll wet densly for ‘onctons a the borow pi. ©} Determine the soll dry density for candtons atthe borow pi EG e masa of 31g. and a dry mass of 275 kg. ‘Spectic gravy of sol solids is 2.74 8) Determine he vod rao, Determine the wale content, Determine the degree of saturation for {he inplace conden. ‘A dey sand is placed in a conjainer having a volume of 0.30 18. The dey welght of the ‘sample ls 31. wale carefully added tothe ‘coftalne 30 nolo disturbed the condton ofthe sand. When the container is fed, the ‘combined weigh of sol plus wari 38.2. ‘Compute the void rai in the container. ‘Compute the apecitc gravity ofthe sot partie Determine the dry unit woight PROBLEMS for EXERCISES ‘A.150 on? sample of wot sll has @ mats of 250 g when 100 percent saturated. When, ‘oven ied, the mass is 162. 2) Compute the voume of voids. 1) Compute the void rato. ©) Compute the spect gravity. AL Uncisturbed soi obtained from a teat pl (0.0283 m? in volume is found fo have a wet weigh of 0.459 KN. The dry weight ofthe sample is 0.376 KN. Ifthe specific gravity Bt the sol is 2.70 8) Compe the volume of the voids, 1) Compute the void rao. ©) Compute he efectv unit weight of auch 48 sol It were submerged below the ‘ound water tabi, ‘Anurdstubed sample lion Sardis ald th labotatry and found to ave ay mas of 583 hg lal volume of 0.00198 m? and 8 8) Compute te wid rato ot sh +) Compute the relatve donaty of the nditubed sample.) ©) Compute te cry deat in Mo AL ‘meth place dani is determined fo a sll at ‘a proposed constuction site to plan the fundaton design. the inplace density testis performed using rubber-baloon equipment ‘th he fling resus, asso sol sample obtained trom est hole = 145g. Value of test le = 0.0008 mi? 8) Forthe foundaton design tis necessary to compute the inplace unit weight In Nie 1) Compute the specie gravity ofthe soll it ‘thas a void ratio of 0.80 and a water ‘content of 25%, ©) Compute the degree of saturation. HAL ‘Aninpace density determination in-place uit SIP Kazi fe a no fron using a density apparatus. The lump sable a tom tot ale is found to ‘weigh 37.90 N,v volume ofthe test hoe is 0.00184 m2 ©) Compute the wet unt weigh ©) This sol is to have a water content of {5% Compute te ry unt woigh of he °) Compute the sp.gr. ofthe sol tit has a Void rao of0.423, * ‘A soll excavated from a borrow pt has an in place dry uit weight of 18.59 KNim?. Inthe laboratory, the values of dry maximum and iinimum unit weighs are 20.60 KNIm? and 14.13 hin? especialy 4) Compute the relative density of the soi sample. ) Compute the void ratio in the natural Condition feng, = 0.92 4 Cnn = 0.28, ©) Compute the specic gravy ofthe sol ‘Sand-cone equipments used to determine an in-place unt weight (Feld density test) on a compacted earth fil. The sand used in the ‘one is known to have a bulk density of 1573 Nim? Wet weight ot si sample dug from test hole 100g Dried weight of sol sample = 1827 g Weight of sand (sand cone) to fil the test hoe = 1636 9 8) Compute the water content. ©) Compute the ineplace dry unit weight of {ested soi ©) Compute the percentage of compaction Of the tosted soll if the laboratory Molstue-unti weight curve indicates a Ary unit weight of 18.09 kim? and an ‘optimum moisture content of 13%afose | a bl i2.7%) > el72% | 0.62 |i a | 88 cm} 2.68 b | 142 16.22 | 261 a [17.78 nvm] b | 2.61 | 81.56% 20.60 kN/m’} 17.91 kN/ms 2.60 bl 15% [97.08% TT Aas © Liquid limit test @ Plastic it test © Shrinkage limit test ‘moisture +” content increasing © Liquid timit test: ‘A Soli place in the grooving tool which consists pf'a brass cup and a hard rubber Cate. gtoove is cut al the cnter ofthe si pat using a standard grooving too. The fora distance of 12.7 mm (one half of an inch) The liquid limits defined as the moisture content required fo close a distance of 12.7 mm along th bottom ofthe groove after 25 blows, ® Plast imi test; ‘Aso sample is rolled into threads unt t becomes thinner and eventually beaks 2 mm. Its defined as the moisture content in percent al which the sol crumbles aren tolled Ito toads of 3.0 mm. His wet, breaks at @ smaller dameter, t's of breaks ata larger dameter,32 _SEENSene crs) . —— ° mt test: F {ts performed in the laboratory wth a porcelain dish approximately 45 mm i ‘ameter and about 12.7 mm high. The dish is completely filed with Wel soil. The mass ‘and volume ofthe wet soilis then recorded. The dish is then oven dried, then the mags and volume of the oven dried sols also recorded. ‘The soil shrinks during the drying process, so moisture Is gradually lost from it During the drying process it wil reached a stage al which more loss of moisture wil result in no further volume change. . Tha moisture content in percent at which the soi mass ceases fo change i known as the shrinkage limit Plasticity index = difference between quid limit and plastic limit. is @ measure ofthe range of moisture content thal encompasses the plastic state Pie LL-PL Liquidity index = a ratio which signif the relative consistency of a cohesive solin the natural state. o-PL TL ‘when Liquidity index = 0 means the soil is atthe plastic mit and when liquidity index = 1 ‘means itis at the iquid kit Shrinkage t= MD 9) LAH py 00 My mass of wet slin the chin grams ‘Mz= mass of dry soi in the dish in grams ‘Ma= mass ci dy soi the oh in grams = final vol. of dy soln the dish in ce Pw = density of water(1 gricm3) 3 mE: Presi Index haul lt plase it PLO LL PL = pasty index where: LAL= liquilty index ‘03 in sity moisture content of soil PL = plastic limit LL = liquid iit Characteristic of Soil: When Ll. <0 = brite soi When LI°< 1 - plastic When U1. > 4 = liquid RAR. SuLee: OAT BL CLL = consist ‘index CL tga int = mosture content Pl. plasticity index aii: (eae too G2) t= flow index (1 mire cant stn pra: Pa index nha ns Mg BL my 2 my Par (100) ‘SL= shrinkage limit My = mass of wet soil inthe dish ingrams Mz= mass of dry sol inthe dish in grams Vinita val. of wet sal inthe sh ince V2 inal vol of ry sin the dish ince w= density of water(t gr/cm3) PARE, M; spe Me Pw SR= shrinkage ratio ‘Mg = mass of dry soil in the dish in grams 7a vl of ey sin the cish ince Pw = density of waer(1 griem3)ER TWO. ATTERBERG LIMITS a eee Following are the results of & shrinkage Un test tna volume of sol in saturated state 246m? Final volume of soll in « dry state =159¢m? nal mass ina saturated sate = 4g Final mass ina dry state = 304 y Spgr.= 270 Detormine the folowing: © Shrinkage Hii ofthe soll © Saturated unk weight if @= 0.487 @ Dry unit weight Solution: © Shrinkage tit: y= 100 Ve | m2 ™ (44-30:1)100) pus sso.) ae a SL= 4618-269 | SL= 17.20% © Saturated uit weight | (at et | Yea Te (gro snasnyest 1a ee casT vet 21401 © Dryunitweight: Voy" F408 270981) Yay" +0487 “toy * 1206 KN? — ss (SERS ee) CEE: «= EERE ‘A soll sample wad determine in the Inboratory to have guid int of 44% and apna i of 21.1%. If the water content 130%, determine the following: © Plasticity index. @ Liquidity index D Whatis the characteristic of soil? a) liquid ) plastic 6) dense 4) trite said Solution: © Plastic index: PILL PL Pr=at-214 Since Li = 0.447 < tits plastle ‘A.soll has a liquid tit of 61 and a plastic limit of 30. A moleture content test performed on an undisturbed sample of this soll yielded the following results: Mass of soll + can before placing in oven 9.29 3f sol + can aftar removal from oven 1199 Massofean... 2089, © Compu elasticity index. Compute * > moxaic"* content. & Compute the liquidity inaex, ‘Solution: © Plasticity indox: PIELL-PL\aboratny tua eats fora name of lay all for the - w aed ‘purpowe of evaluating the potential for ene ‘odd ant = 68%, Plaats fit = 0% Particles amalier than 0.002 um. = 44% Compute the plasticity index. Indicate the activity classification for this clay. The rato the volum> change pote (fet tabla) a) vary hgh <) low >) meaium 8) noha Very high: LL>60 and PL 35 Very high 50-60 and Pl 25-35 Medium UL <50 and PL. < 25 Low ‘The following are results from the liquid and plastic limit test fra sol eens No, of Blows, Moisture Content w) 8 2 2 ‘The plastic limits 18.7% Compute the iqud limit using table Whats the plasticity index ofthe sol Whats the iqudity index if the water content is 24% ‘What the consistency index. a ea ee Moisture content \%) & 2 25 390 3730 10 - 7 Number of Blows, N Solution © Liquid ut = 39.4 e @ Plasticity index Pratt index = UL -PL 1=39.41-187 Pr 208% 8 Uquidity indo: o-PL 26-187 usoz0 EL ‘ma tiqud limit, using a cone pene ir loud lint using «cont penetrometer, the folowing reading. were recorded and tabulated Plastic Limi Test ns) 105 + ie 5.8 Sie ma]aoe uta 168-08 07021 1328 1080 o=02t © Determine te quid Sit of the sol. nae 5 tro © Determine the plastic index of the soll {© Whe natural water content of the sols 3%, determine the liquid Index. cant LIQUID LIMIT TEST es 11342580 ito or 0.2240 2100.2100.2100.20, $ (Oye = 021 Plastic it = 21% Plasto nox = LL - PL 282-21 = 3% PRE | ‘The following data reals ofthe Liquid Lim, and Plastic Lm teat 10 20 40 60 80 100 Penetration, d (mm) o cam From the given graph, the liquid limit is the moisture content at 20mm penetration. Thus the ‘reading trom the graph is 52% © Paty ote aor ‘(water content at plastic iit) ro 1266 a aea © Compute the qu int. © Compute the plas ink. © Compute thee inde, @ PLASTIC LIMIT TESTING, 7 z eat Sol one Hog ae Ti oy Sol Conaner 7224 pa iL of Conia on Tie Wotwaier 78 2210-2042=168 | 2042-1307=738 | 736(100)=2286% : 2 poo)2 aa oeee DY m-mmagevse | 2osa-sste=70r | $py(00)=2254% 1875-13: 69 erage er content = 28, 254 19 78-1326=582 | © ‘Average water content= 22.7% Plastic init = 22.7% 2210-1327 = 883 {© UQUIDITY INDEX FLOW CURVES FOR LIQUID LIMIT TEST T TW of et Sol» Conr Wf Sol + Conta stg 14354 Wf coi 78g 759 (100) = 44.29% ee ee 200447 2 ‘Average water content= 44.23% Avarage water content=Tere [Wea Waeig [Woy Sag [Wate Covent | Re obs] Compute the plastic ii. ‘Compute the plasticity index. ‘Compute the liquidity index. ‘Solution: Liquid i test: [ zx-teu22s | tou-romee7 | 2800-4170 » 5 Tat 2127-18752282 | 1875-1306=569 | 22 09) =4428 2 2512-2102 402 | 2210-1327=8889 402 oo 2 i553 (100) = 45.53, 8 Using te clagram shown, draw a verical ine intersecting the Curve irom the 25 n0. of blows and ‘raw a horizontal ne from the intersection of the cur and read the moisture content, the reading 18 he fq ima. FLOW CURVES FOR LIQUID LIM bs Yong] - | e g - 5 | § oe : 07 ae . Number of Blows, N ui int = 43% Comput the quid it. Use he abe shown, © Plast ini Ar 738 2012-2042=17 | 2042-130727.35 (100) = 23.13 21.86-20.19 = 1.65 20:19-13.18=7001 185 09 2 74 00)= 23:54 2313+ 2354 2 ‘Average water content = 23,335 say 23.34% Pras lit = 23.34% ‘Average water conten! = © Plastic index: PLeu-AL Pleas-213 Plea6 eee es From the resat ofthe fiquid limit and plastic limit test as given in the tabulated results, determing 6s tbe flowing © Platcy inde, PL Bowindex using the flow curve chart 3 Toogteess index PLASTIC UM TEST Ta Wel Contaner We of cantar Wot "Wet Sod Sarys0i Container ro mitg FT “a0 aol Fiseg 70189 aig ee | ee ee Tt | eet anainer a Or ae Bows ‘Wet Soa ry Sol Container NUMBER OF BLOWS 7 3 wag ig 274 Liu iit = 42.6% 2 7 ART 18789 iaz4 $ qos i875¢ in0ee acy nds = i t-te i—t-3 ie ing 58 Pesta Solution: Pls 1026 © Pasty Index: PLASTIC UMIT TEST 2 Pow ptt) ; onsite opin on the fow cure: Teste. Woby Sa Wrotwate War Coient «ogee eon 7) mentions | ae-menn | Omi 2 ass igreeror | zies-zor=105 | Mersey | pana euine 54 ve wate content= 23.34 Pastilimit= 3.38% wauio une Test Festa] We of Dy Sal] — Water Content Wo ows No Wate a ee ed ee a es ee eee “TST 202530 i PoE) NUMBER OF BLOWS 3 | 227. rerse2se | 1075-13002560] BAO aczey [a7 var Souerias oh aloes fe “ = 8 4 | er2-z20e402 | 2210-19202861] SAD caseax [oo a9 ae a 7 8o ———————— Oe moet alate 180-530 Solution: ras water = 10809 , © Frome hytromate analysis lo dternine Fass wate wih 0 1840-989 © Svc gray ofa pari aes fund tat pacat sss of water wih sl = 880 9 Licvaliagesed th sample consists of particles sabe russ of ate Spboed by sof Walter eduction = 6.43 cube contimate pby pea tel cape daierna = 1080-880 ‘Weight of wniar loss = 6.43(1) indicate the activty classification of the 45D we myeneageascans tees etuane pce ysl dy Weight of water oss = 5.43.9 olay Dae ie stges sear ETE seh Achy cssiteton of coy meas Percentage of weg loss (dr basis) Paty der = 60% - 25% AO” pcan oy acon Oy ig” 3 Topemess ae 235% Sas oe 2a Atty = 2-40 2S Sate 143 “6 rare ‘Soh weight (Wi) = 583 . 32 weight (We) = 55 Activity = 0.44 “ageez m= SE 285.88) = = ry oe Sos wight (1) #185 ‘sigma amt = rey" 19! Vol of water at shrinkage unt 3 Degree ct sanraton: y= 025058) EEL 5-8 Vp? 3875 cxem 289 Using the ciagram shown with 3 given soi s Votan o sli at shrinkage kit Using given so a specie volowes, (2 a ig the following properties: Liquid ee a S=0% V,= 957-3875 limit = 70% , Plasticity index = 20%, V4 5695 cuem, 622062, . Mase of pycnomene ar = 58 g Nass of pycoamene’ jr nes flo ean Sa of doy © Compute the shrinkage tint wster= 1385 g 7 ser ee yi@oAre) © Compute the dey unit weight of sol for Mass of pycnometer containing soil onby t (80. OFNt) {Void ratio of 0.60. =i g ears a ES=5e86 0x0 © Compute the molature content if the ‘Mass of sycnometer jar containing sod e & following Atterberg 2m unit 9. 3 0d topped wih water = 11 g liquid tint = 60%, plastic limit = 40%, * San ee ae fhrikage lim = 25%. The clay shins > passe nga: ‘Soletion: © Compas the specie gravy of the ‘Wom 45 cubic meters to 997 cable 7 ‘sol parbcies: Centimeters when the moisture content it Pau PL © Shrinkage limit: 2D Compute the dry unit weight the decreased from the liquid limit to the Pts 60-40 Equation of A line: , Damen shrinkage nt Pz 2 Bitae Compt the degree of saturation it ‘he moisture contents 12%. Whats the specific gr gui 73 (70205 2 Wats te platens nae a 5 ‘Solution: © What is the liquidity index if the us e-Pl © Specie gravity: ‘moisture contents 52% um Equation o Une: Soto mast © From a hydamele analyse ya82-40 caste ‘mass of water displaced | '¢ particle sizes, it is four 60-40 ne that 45 percent ofthe sample consis us 060 f7s08 70-8) ‘ass of sol = 980-530 of particles smalier than 0,002 mm. Prs558 sassof sat =450g From this information indleate the ‘ctivty classiftcation ofthe caya. iL Cag 35 Liquid li ia Vin ate hiv uct 8 Jo AB wintrt e bs Te sikage lt se ascsao the igi mt 983 approve pacha +, -282(08) Yay* F060 Yey 1806 fie! © Moisture content: Yast * Yay (1 # 0) 1975= 16.06(1 +) @=02097 oF 2% EE [A saturated 100 cm? clay sample has a ratural water content of 30%. It is found that the shrinkage limit occurs when the ‘water content is 19%. Ifthe sp.gr. of soll is 270. © Compute the shrinkage ratio. ® Compute the volume of sample when ‘the water content is 15%. @ Compute the mass of dry soll sample. ‘Solution: © Shinkag rato: _Mi=Ma_(Vi= Va se (OE) py 100 seo (4519) oy 10 o 2 Volume of sample when tho content is 15%: Substitute fo: sp= Me V2.ow Mz=1.78V2 py —» @ Substitute 0 @: Pw 190 0.196 Vp= 100 Ve 1.196 V2= 100 Vo = 83.61 cm? @ Mass of cry soll sample My=178 Ve Dw ‘Ma = 1.78 (83.61)(1) y= 148.4 grams MOA. A saturated soll has the following characteristics. Initial volume = 25 em3 Final volume = 16 em? Mass of wet soll= 45 q Mass of dry soll= 31 kg Determine the shrinkage into so Datemin the shikage a, ihe spgr esol eveA laboratory test was conducted to determine the shrinkage limit of a soil ‘sample. The following data were oblained. = Mas of ih costed wth plum ely My=1130g ‘Mass of dish coated with petrolet Ih phswet col y= 3850 Mass of dish coated with petrote pio pln overdo al Mp 20 Vol of wet sol pt (same as volume of ‘shrinkage dish) V= 15.26 cm? Vol. of oven-dried soll pat Vo= 12.83 cm?, Solution: Water content: My My “Mr My =9851-1190 My=2721 9 ~ Mp - Mr esaees- 90 m=21519 avo [4] MV, Me ay (1526. 1269)3] aS ot). 100 During the determination ofthe shrinkage limit of a sandy clay, the following laboratory data was obtaiied Wet weight of soils dish = 87.859 Dry weight of sol + dish = 76.1 9 Weight of dish = §2.70g Volumetric determination of soil pat: Weight of dish + mercury = 430.809 Weight of dish = 24462 9 Density of solid soil = 2650 kg/m? | " o ® ° © ® Compute the shrinkage limit of the scl, Compute the shrinkage ratio. ‘Acclay soll is found to have aliquid limit 0: 75%, a plastic limit of 45% and a shrinkag’ limit of 25%. if a sample of this soil ias = {total volume of 30 cm? at the liquid limit and a volume of 16.7 cm? at the shrinkage limit, determine the following. Compute the specific gravity of soll Solution: ‘Shrinkage limit of soll: (te 3) sxe (Hat) yt Wt of mercury = 430.80 244.62 of mercury = 186.189 © Mass of soll at the shrinkage limit. © Shrinkage ratio. & Specific gravity of solid. WevD 106.18 = Vary (13.61) Vey= 13.6903 891-5270 Siz Pinas LLnT5% Solution: © Mass of soil at shrinkage limit: MM oy UV 52 0 oy (100) Sivnkage it testis tine wih na wa conta Wo fait wate conten a tauren M-V2 Ta owt SL=Wo- 2M si 4 6 (100 (20-167 (1100 thyDuring the determination of the shrinkage limit of @ sandy clay, the following laboratory data was obtained. Wet weight of soll dish = 87.85 9 Dry weight of soll dish = 76.81 9 Weight of dish = $2709 Volumetric determination of soit pat, Weight of dish + mercury = 430.80 Weight of dish = 244.629 Calculate the shrinkage limit of the soll ifthe density f soll s 2650 kg/m? Compute the void ratio of the soll ‘sample assuming Ito be saturated. © Compute the dry density ofthe soil, a Nec, = 1000 kgm? (24 = 2550 kal? Px =2.85 glee wt of mercury = 430,80 - 244.62 wt of mercury = 186.18 9 = 050 @ oryeensty: Cy Payee ‘owe 26s 110% ay = 1766.7 kgm? During a shrinkage limit test ona sity clay, the volume of dry soll pat was found to be 10.76 cm? and its dry mass was 22.68 9. The shrinkage limit was 11.1 © Whatis the density of sol solids? ® What i the void ratio assuming the soll is fully saturated? ® Whatis the dry denaity ofthe soll? 3 oo ‘Solution: © Density o sol st: su=(e- 3) Pw (100) 114= Goan) con ‘A saturated sample of clay witha shrinkage limit of 22 has a natural water content of 35K, © What would its dry volume be as a Dercentage of Its original volume if pa=2.707 © What would be the void ratio of the ‘olin ts natural water content. © What is the dry density of the soll sample, ‘Solution: Percentage of Vary £0 Its original volume: sue eo a (100) Yas 32) (4100) m27) Ya 2 = Mit. 9 37 ozs Ma =959 ™Asano cys tnd wt abst Limit of 4. is placed careuly na ‘porcertain dish with a volume of ‘and weighs 3487-9. ARer oven the sol pat daplaced 216.8 of | © Determine the shokage limit ofthe | sollsample. © Determine the density ofthe soi @ Determine the dry density ofthe soilif thas avoid ratio of 0.72. 2264 1000264) Por 44072 y= 15348 gin? ‘A fall cone test was cartied out using cones of masses 80 grams and 240 grams. The folowing results were obtained. (Parameter {80 gram cone Penetration(mm) 59 81 17 2 ™ Watercontent 40 4555 6S Parameter * 240 gram cone Penetration (mm) 12 16 22 35 Watercontent =» 40-45 50 38 Note: PLELL-42 Ay, ‘by = The difference in terms of water Content between the liquid state lines of the 80 gram cone ahd the 249 gram cone. © Compute the iquid lit, ® Compute the liquidity index i the ‘natural water content is 36%. *® Consistency index. | The liquid limit is plotted by drawing @ horizontal line for” the intersection of the 80 gram cone slate ines andthe 20 mm. peneraton. ery © Liquidity index: PL=LL-42.dy y= 10% (hom te four) PL =59-42(10) Pua76 AVTERBFRG LIMITS Dea hasan AA saturated soil used to determine the shrinkage limit has an inital volume Vy = 202 em, final volume Vp = 143 om, sass of wel soll my = 34 g and mass of ry solm=249. 42) Determine te shrinkage mit. ) Determine the shrinkage rato. ©) Determine te sp. of sal ar the resus from the liquid and plastic iit test fo sal No.of bows N. Moisture contents 6 365 2 3B 2 770 Pras iit = 122% [Fy pow cca row guna ear test T SS tor 8) Compute we iui iit 1) Compete pasty index. ) Compl the fquidy indo Ifthe inst moisture contents 28.5% <4) Compute the consistency index. ss ae In a quid limit test, using a cone penetrometer, the folowing readings were recorded, cise Conient Cone Penetration oo a) | 221 44 a8 164 518 182 a2 at m8 23 ‘eer PLASTIC MIT TEST Wogtte ween coaner= 72.129 Woof ty sols conte’ = 22423 Wagitt anne 3078 NATURAL WATER CONTENT TEST ‘Weight of wel goll + container = 17.539. Wight of dy soll + container = 14.849 Wah ofooniner = 7849 ” aon ES ‘Comiputo tho gud iit ‘Compute the plac it ‘Compute the rat water content Compute te plastic Index Comput te quid indo. Compute the consistancy index. ERLE fFrom the table shows a summary of a quid ee 22. 8) Compete thts ent ©) Compute the plac tra ©) Compete rats! water corte 8) Compe te gasticy tae ©) Comite the bse der Given the tabulaled data for an Aerberg Let ‘Gil and plastic limit test. Test Uuauio Liar TEST & uouiO UM Tea aren Tz No oiows | 0. Weight of Wert + coisa] D070) T [Weight of Dry ol + corainer| 010g] Weigh of Cniainer iz rag 132 Tester Ts Roof blows Ze Weight of Weta eter 71 27g [5.1 eit of Or sot = container] 1625572609 | Weight of Container 13069h327701 8. PUSTICLMT | Tagg of Wet sis conaine| 721g] 71g iit of Ory soi + conan 20-4250. Wear ofConianer or se | |G NATURAL WATER CONTENT i | Test Number Tz + | | [RegtetWetsor conanel 173g T6979] i [Waght ofr st + conaner] Ta8eg] 14369] I [Wegptot contr Taig] T5] 2) Compute the tigi it. 1b) Compute the Pasi iit 6} Comput the natural water content. 1) Compute the plasty index ©) Compute the liquid index.serie ray Sic es 2 peor. ‘The goccomens i i Sec wi cee Pent is lle wih 2 owe mass of ory so os ater 0 Tat he voure 3 fe tae as Calor Unig tis metos on 3 cen sal Sarge. te lier ca mare re Mass osc = 2585 Monae corte sl = 112% Mass d pycremeter pas water = 27.125 Then mass fs ad eater wos icles 80 tathe rdure 6 Fe sare 2s bole Mass d pyrene sh + water = T7529 Veuve o pycrerseter= 2) 4 9) Compte te spect yamny d tis sa 8 Compe te pectic gavty of sl Use he rion W.Gr HWW Wy = wept cl pyorometr + s+ water Wig? weigh oy sah 5) Conse Fe seurctad uit weight of sa Eas ad aio of O60. 9 Compde te dope of st ton fora rashes covert cl 26%, The following tabulated data shows. @ cereator tests oa sol sare esd fort ‘zterberg its. The sod sample has been tee’ usieg a pycpomeler test and the rest stows ithas a spzctc gravity of 220, PLASTIC UMIT TEST i. 9 ROR quo LIM TEST ‘SHRINKAGE LIMIT TEST a eT od (“66 Treg} Spar of Mercury (Ha 09988, (ios3sa T ; 2) Compute the plastic mit ©) Compute the fii iit. ©) Compe the shvinkage limit Use the lator A laboratory tea was conducted accoring to the procedure sescibed previously. The ‘ollowing data were obtained: Mass of dish cote wit pevceum ely r= 11306 Mass of ish coated with petroleum ely plus ‘wel sol, My =38.51 9 Mass of dish coated with petvoievm jel plus ‘oven-dried ol, Mp = 3283 9 ‘Volume of wet sod pat (same as volume of ‘shrinkage dish). V = 1526 om® ‘Volume of ovenied sol pat, V, = 1283 om? 1) Compute the water content ofthe wet sol pat ) Compute the shrinkage lit ) Comput the shrinkage ratio EZ e ‘The fl resus were obtained from a liquid limit est on a clay using Casagrande cup device No.of Blows Water content (%4) 10 60 18 452 a 365 40 252 ‘Two determinations for the plastic limit gave wale contents of 20 3% and 20.8% ===) ] | z | | | 12) Determine the plas iit 1) Determine the plasty index. ) Determine the quit index ifthe natural water content is 27 4%,