Statistics All Formulas by Pranav Popat

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All formulas
Ca foundation statistics
(100 formulas)
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Formula Marathon for Maths, LR and Stats by CAPRANAV
› Class Limits (CL) : CL is the minimum and maximum value the class interval may
contain
CL = UCL – LCL
UCL : Upper Class Limit
LCL : Lower Class Limit

1
stats Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3
Class Boundary (CB) : These are actual class limits of a class interval
› In case of Mutually Exclusive Classification

Class Boundary = Class Limit
UCB = UCL and LCB = LCL
› In case of Mutually Inclusive Classification
UCB = UCL + 0.5

LCB = LCL - 0.5

2
Mid Point of Class Interval : average of LCL and UCL or average of LCB and UCB
LCL+UCL
2
LCB+UCB
2
Mid point is also called as Mid Value of a class or Class Mark

3
Class Length / Width of Class / Size of Class
UCB - LCB

4
Frequency Density
Frequency of a class
Class length of that class

5
Relative Frequency
Frequency of class
Total Frequency of distribution
Percentage Frequency
Frequency of class
×100
Total Frequency of distribution

6
Arithmetic Mean of Discrete Distribution:
x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xn x
x= x=
n n

7
Arithmetic Mean in case of Frequency Distribution :
fx
x=
N
Here,
𝑥 will be equal to mid point of class interval when frequency distribution is grouped.
N is number of observations which is also equal to total of all frequencies.

8
AM using Assumed Mean / Step Deviation Method
fd
x = A+ C
N
where d = x − A
C
A = assumed mean, C = class length

9
Property of AM
the algebraic sum of deviations of a set of observations from their AM is zero
(x − x ) = 0

10
Property of AM
Combined AM
– If there are two groups containing 𝑛1 & 𝑛2 observations with AMs as 𝑥1 & 𝑥2
respectively then the combined AM is given by
n1 x1 + n2 x2
xc =
n1 + n2

11
Median in case of discrete distribution

› above form
– If n = odd, then middle term
– If n = even, average of two middle terms
Same formula will be used for Simple Frequency distribution

› ula

12
Median in case of Grouped Frequency Distribution

– Step 1: Prepare a less than type cumulative frequency distribution.
– Step 2: Calculate N/2 and check between which class boundaries it falls and call it as
Median Class.
– Step 4: Find 𝑙1 = LCB of Median Class, 𝑁𝑢 as Cum Freq. of Median Class,

𝑁𝑙 as Cum. Freq. of Pre Median Class, C = Class length of Median Class
– Step 3: Apply the below formula

N
− Nl
Me = l1 + 2 C
13
Nu − Nl

Property of Median
For a set of observations, the sum of absolute deviations is minimum, when the
deviations are taken from the median.

14
Quartiles (in case of discrete observations)
Quartiles
th
1
Q1 = (n + 1) term
4
th
2
Q2 = (n + 1) term
4
th
3
Q3 = (n + 1) term
4

15
Deciles (in case of discrete observations)
Deciles
th
1
D1 = (n + 1) term
10
th
2
D2 = (n + 1) term
10
th
9
Q9 = (n + 1) term
10

16
Percentiles (in case of discrete observations)
Percentiles
th
1
P1 = (n + 1) term
100
th
2
P2 = (n + 1) term
100
th
99
P99 = (n + 1) term
100

17
Quartiles (Grouped FD)
N
– For first Quartile 𝑸𝟏
− Nl
› Find 𝑄1 class Q1 = l1 + 4 C
› Use Formula : Nu − Nl
3N
– For third Quartile 𝑸𝟑 − Nl
› Find 𝑄3 class Q3 = l1 + 4 C
Nu − Nl
18
› Use Formula :

› Deciles (Grouped FD)
– For first Decile 𝑫𝟏 N

› Find 𝐷1 class
− Nl
› Use Formula: D1 = l1 + 10 C
Nu − Nl
– For ninth Decile 𝑫𝟗 9N

› Find 𝐷9 class − Nl
› Use Formula: D9 = l1 + 10 C
Nu − Nl

19
› Percentiles (Grouped FD)
– For first Percentile 𝑷𝟏 N

− Nl
› Find 𝑃1 class
› Use Formula:
P1 = l1 + 100 C
Nu − Nl
– For 99th Percentile 𝑷𝟗𝟗 99 N

› Find 𝑃99 class − Nl
› Use Formula: P99 = l1 + 10 C
Nu − Nl

20
Mode in case of discrete observation

Observation repeating for maximum no. of times/ max frequency
› When all observations have same frequency : No Mode

› When two observations have max frequency : Bimodal Observation
› In general, if we have two or more modes : Multi Modal Observation

21
› Mode in case of grouped frequency distribution

– First find modal class i.e. class with highest frequency
– Now, Find
› 𝑓0 = frequency of the modal class,
› 𝑓−1 = frequency of pre modal class,
› 𝑓1 = frequency of the post modal class
– Apply formula
f 0 − f −1
Mo = l1 + C
2 f 0 − f −1 − f1

22
Relationship between Mean, Median and Mode

In case of symmetrical Distribution
Mean = Median = Mode

23
Relationship between Mean, Median and Mode

In case of moderately skewed distribution
Mean – Mode = 3 (Median – Median)

24
Geometric Mean (in case of discrete positive observations)
G = ( x1 x2 ... xn )
1/ n

25
Geometric Mean (in case of frequency distribution)
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3 𝑓𝑛 1/𝑁
𝐺 = (𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × 𝑥3 × ⋯ × 𝑥𝑛 )

26
Harmonic Mean (in case of discrete observations)
𝑛
𝐻=
Σ(1ൗ𝑥)

27
Harmonic Mean (in case of frequency distribution)
𝑁
𝐻=
𝑓ൗ
Σ( 𝑥)

28
Combined HM
𝑛1 +𝑛2
𝑥ҧ𝑐 = 𝑛 𝑛2
1
+
𝐻1 𝐻2

29
› Relationship between AM, GM and HM

When to use Relationship
When all the observations are same AM = GM = HM
When all the observations are distinct AM > GM > HM
In General AM ≥ GM ≥ HM

30
Range (in case of Discrete Observations)
L– S
L = Largest Observation
S = Smallest Observation

31
Range (in case of Grouped FD)
L– S
L = UCB of last class interval
S = LCB of first class interval

32
Coefficient of Range
L−S
100
L+S

33
Mean Deviation (in case of discrete observations)
1
𝑀𝐷𝐴 = Σ 𝑥 − 𝐴
𝑛
Here A is mean or median or mode as given in question

34
Mean Deviation (in case of grouped frequency distributions)
1
𝑀𝐷𝐴 = Σ𝑓 𝑥 − 𝐴
𝑁
Here A is mean or median or mode as given in question

35
Coefficient of Mean Deviation
Mean Deviation about A

× 100
A

36
Standard Deviation (in case of discrete observations)
(x − x ) 2
x = SDx =
n
2
x
−(x)
2
x = SDx =
n

37
Standard Deviation (in case of grouped frequency observations)
f (x − x ) 2
x = SDx =
N
2
fx
−(x)
2
x = SDx =
N

38
Coefficient of Variation
SDx
100
x

39
For any two numbers, SD = half of range
|a −b|
SD =
2

40
› Standard Deviation of first n natural numbers
n −1 2
s=
12

41
Combined SD
n s + n2 s2 + n d + n2 d 2
2 2 2 2
SDc = 1 1 1 1
n1 + n2
d1 = xc − x1
d 2 = xc − x2

42
Property of SD
If all the observations are constant, SD is Zero

43
Property of SD
› No effect of change of origin but affected by change of scale in the magnitude

(ignore sign)

44
Quartile Deviation
Q3 − Q1
QDx =
2

45
Coefficient of Quartile Deviation
Q3 − Q1
100
Q3 + Q1

46
Relationship between SD, MD, QD
For a moderately skewed distribution
4 SD = 5MD = 6QD
SD : MD : QD = 15 :12 :10

47
Basic formula of Probability
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝐴

𝑃 𝐴 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

48
Odds in Favor of Event A
no. of favorable events

no. of unfavorable events

49
› Odds against an Event
no. of unfavorable events

no. of favorable events

50
› No. of total outcome of a random experiment
If an experiment results in p outcomes and if it is repeated q times then
Total number of outcomes is
q
p
51
Relative Frequency Probability
no. of times the event occurred during experimental trials fA

Relative Frequency = = n
total no. of trials
Probability by this method is defined as

𝑓𝐴
𝑃 𝐴 = lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛

52
› Set Based Probability
no.of sample points in A 𝑛(𝐴)

P A = =
no.of sample points in S 𝑛(𝑆)

53
Addition Theorem 1
In case of two mutually exclusive events A and B
P A∪B = P A+B = P A or B = P A + P B

54
Addition Theorem 2
In case of two or more mutually exclusive events
𝑃 𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ 𝐴3 ∪ ⋯ = 𝑃 𝐴1 + 𝑃 𝐴2 + 𝑃 𝐴3 + …

55
Addition Theorem 3
For any two events
𝑃 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 + 𝑃 𝐵 − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

56
Addition Theorem 4
In case of any three events
𝑷 𝑨∪𝑩∪𝑪
= 𝑃 𝐴 + 𝑃 𝐵 + 𝑃 𝐶 − 𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵 − 𝑃 𝐵∩𝐶
− 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)

57
Conditional Probability of Event B

knowing that Event A is already occurred
𝐵 𝑃 𝐵∩𝐴
𝑃 =
𝐴 𝑃 𝐴
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑃(𝐴) ≠ 0

58
Conditional Probability of Event A

knowing that Event B is already occurred
𝐴 𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵
𝑃 =
𝐵 𝑃 𝐵
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑃(𝐵) ≠ 0

59
Compound Theorem
In case of two dependent events
P(A∩B) = P(B) × P(A/B) or
P(A∩B) = P(A) × P(B/A)

60
Compound Theorem
In case of two independent events
P(A∩B) = P(A) × P(B)

Same thing applies for two or more independent events

61
Expected value of a Probability Distribution
E ( x) = pi xi
E ( x) =

62
Variance of Probability Distribution
𝑉 𝑥 = 𝜎 2
𝐸 𝑥−𝜇 2 = 2
𝐸(𝑥) −𝜇 2

63
Probability Mass Function in case of Binomial Distribution
𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑃 𝑋 = 𝑥 = 𝐶𝑥 𝑝 𝑞

64
Mean and Variance in case of Binomial Distribution
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞

65
Mode in case of Binomial Distribution

Calculate 𝑛+1 𝑝
if the resulting value is integer 𝜇0 = 𝑛 + 1 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑

then Bi-modal [ 𝑛 + 1 𝑝 − 1]
If the resulting value is non- 𝜇0 = largest integer contained in
integer then Uni-modal 𝑛+1 𝑝

66
Probability Mass Function in case of Poisson Distribution
−𝑚 𝑥
(𝑒 . 𝑚 )
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑃 𝑋=𝑥 =
𝑥!

67
Mean, Variance and SD in case of Poisson Distribution
𝜇=𝑚
𝜎 2 =𝑚
𝜎= 𝑚

68
Mode in case of Poisson Distribution
if the value of m is integer 𝜇0 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑

then Bi-modal [𝑚 − 1]
If the value of m is non- 𝜇0 = largest integer
integer then Uni-modal contained in 𝑚

69
Probability Density Function in case of Normal Distribution
1 −(
𝑥−𝜇 2 1
) ×
𝑓 𝑥 = × 𝑒 𝜎 2
𝜎 2𝜋

70
Mean Deviation in case of Normal Distribution
MD = 0.8 𝜎

71
Quartiles in case of Normal Distribution
𝑄1 = 𝜇 − 0.675𝜎
𝑄3 = 𝜇 + 0.675𝜎

72
Quartile Deviation in case of Normal Distribution
𝑄𝐷 = 0.675𝜎

73
Points of Inflexion
𝜇−𝜎 & 𝜇+ 𝜎

74
Ratio between
QD : MD : SD = 10:12:15

75
Conditions of Standard Normal Distribution
Mean μ 0
Standard Deviation σ 1

76
Z Value
𝑥−𝜇
𝑍=
𝜎

77
Area under Normal Curve
From To Area/Probability
μ +σ 34.135%
+σ +2σ 13.59%
+2σ +3σ 2.14%
3σ ∞ 0.135%

78
For a bivariate frequency distribution
No. of marginal distributions = 2
No. of conditional distributions = m + n

79
Karl Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
𝐶𝑜𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑟𝑥𝑦 =
𝜎𝑥 . 𝜎𝑦

80
Covariance
𝛴 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 𝑦 − 𝑦ത 𝛴𝑥𝑦
𝐶𝑜𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑜𝑟 − 𝑥.ҧ 𝑦ത
𝑛 𝑛

81
Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient
6𝛴𝑑 2
𝑟𝑅 = 1 −
𝑛 𝑛2 −1
here d means difference in ranks

82
Adjustment value in case of Tie
𝑡 3 −𝑡
𝛴
12

83
Coefficient of Concurrent Deviations
2𝑐 − 𝑚
𝑟𝑐 = ± ±
𝑚

84
Regression Coefficients
𝜎𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑥,𝑦)
𝑏𝑦𝑥 = 𝑟. or 𝑏𝑦𝑥 =
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 2
𝜎𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑥,𝑦)
𝑏𝑥𝑦 = 𝑟. or 𝑏𝑥𝑦 =
𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦 2

85
Regression Property
𝑟 = ± 𝑏𝑥𝑦 × 𝑏𝑦𝑥
𝑏𝑥𝑦 , 𝑏𝑦𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛

86
Regression Property
› Change of Origin and Scale

– Origin: No Impact
– Scale: If original pair is 𝑥, 𝑦 and modified pair is 𝑢, 𝑣
then,
change of scale of y
bvu = byx
change of scale of x
change of scale of x
buv = bxy
change of scale of y

87
Regression Property
› Intersection of two regression lines:

– Two regression lines (if not identical) will intersect at the point [means]
( x, y )

88
Coefficient of determination
Explained Variance
Accounted Variance
2
𝑟

89
Coefficient of non-determination
Unexplained Variance
Unaccounted Variance
2
1−𝑟

90
Probable Error
1− r2
0.6745
N
– where, 𝒓 = correlation coefficient, 𝑵 = no. of pairs of observation

91
Limits of Population Correlation Coefficient
r PE

92
Index Relatives
𝑃𝑛
Price Relative Price Relative =
𝑃0
Quantity 𝑄𝑛
Quantity Relative =
Relative 𝑄0
𝑉𝑛 𝑃𝑛 𝑄𝑛
Value Relative Value Relative = =
𝑉0 𝑃0 𝑄0
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3 𝑃𝑛
Link relative
, , ,…,
𝑃0 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃𝑛−1
Same can be created for quantities also
When the above relatives are in respect to a fixed base period these are
also called the chain relatives
Chain relatives 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3 𝑃𝑛
, , ,…,
93
𝑃0 𝑃0 𝑃0 𝑃0

Simple Aggregative Method of Index
Price Index is expressed as total of commodity prices in a given year as a

percentage of total of commodity prices in the base year
› Formula
Σ𝑃𝑛
× 100
Σ𝑃0

94
Simple Average of Relatives – Method of Index
› Under this method, we invert the actual price for each variable into percentage
of the base period. These percentages are called relatives.
› Formula
𝑃𝑛
Σ
𝑃0
N

95
Weighted Index Methods
› Laspeyres’ Index
Σ𝑃𝑛 𝑄0
× 100
Σ𝑃0 𝑄0

96
› Passche’s Index
Σ𝑃𝑛 𝑄𝑛
× 100
Σ𝑃0 𝑄𝑛

97
› Marshall-Edgeworth Index
Σ𝑃𝑛 (𝑄0 + 𝑄𝑛 )
× 100
Σ𝑃0 (𝑄0 + 𝑄𝑛 )

98
› Fisher’s Index
(GM of Laspeyres’ and Paasche’s)
Σ𝑃𝑛 𝑄0 Σ𝑃𝑛 𝑄𝑛
× × 100
Σ𝑃0 𝑄0 Σ𝑃0 𝑄𝑛

99
Deflated Value
Current Value
Deflated Value =
Price Index of the current year

100

Statistics All Formulas by Pranav Popat

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› In case of Mutually Exclusive Classification

UCB = UCL and LCB = LCL

› In case of Mutually Inclusive Classification

UCB = UCL + 0.5

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Class Length / Width of Class / Size of Class

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Arithmetic Mean of Discrete Distribution:

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Arithmetic Mean in case of Frequency Distribution :

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AM using Assumed Mean / Step Deviation Method

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the algebraic sum of deviations of a set of observations from their AM is zero

Downloaded From www.castudynotes.com

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Median in case of discrete distribution

Same formula will be used for Simple Frequency distribution

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Median in case of Grouped Frequency Distribution

– Step 4: Find 𝑙1 = LCB of Median Class, 𝑁𝑢 as Cum Freq. of Median Class,

– Step 3: Apply the below formula

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Quartiles (in case of discrete observations)

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Deciles (in case of discrete observations)

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Percentiles (in case of discrete observations)

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Quartiles (Grouped FD)

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› Deciles (Grouped FD)

– For first Decile 𝑫𝟏 N

– For ninth Decile 𝑫𝟗 9N

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› Percentiles (Grouped FD)

– For first Percentile 𝑷𝟏 N

– For 99th Percentile 𝑷𝟗𝟗 99 N

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Mode in case of discrete observation

› When all observations have same frequency : No Mode

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› Mode in case of grouped frequency distribution

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Relationship between Mean, Median and Mode

Mean = Median = Mode

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Relationship between Mean, Median and Mode

Mean – Mode = 3 (Median – Median)

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Geometric Mean (in case of discrete positive observations)

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Geometric Mean (in case of frequency distribution)

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Harmonic Mean (in case of discrete observations)