VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA

(2021-2022)

A TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

ON

“U-BOOT TECHNOLOGY”

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Presented and Submitted by

ATHISHAY B R
(1MJ21CSE03)

Under the Guidance of

PROF. NISHA M
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
MVJCE, Bengaluru

An Autonomous Institute
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Near ITPB, Channasandra, Bengaluru – 560 067
Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Recognized by UGC under 2(f) & 12 (B)
Accredited by NBA & NAAC
 An Autonomous Institute
Near ITPB, Channasandra, Bengaluru – 560 067
Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Recognized by UGC under 2(f) & 12 (B)
Accredited by NBA & NAAC

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

2021-2022

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the technical seminar work entitled “U-BOOT

TECHNOLOGY” is presented by ATHISHAY B R (1MJ21CSE03), in the partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the completion of Master of Technology in Structural
Engineering under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year
2021-2022. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated have been
incorporated in the Report deposited in the department library. The technical seminar
report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of seminar
work prescribed for the Master of Technology degree.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

PROF. NISHA M Dr. N VETRIVEL
Assistant Professor Head of the Department
Dept. of Civil Engineering Dept. of Civil Engineering,
MVJCE, Bengaluru-560067 MVJCE, Bengaluru-560067
 I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to convey my gratitude to the management, MVJ College

of Engineering, Bengaluru for providing excellent facilities and academic ambience
making me feel proud to be a part of this esteemed Institution.

I am extremely happy to submit my sincere thanks to Dr. P. Mahabaleswarappa,

Principal, MVJ College of Engineering, Bengaluru for sharing his knowledge and
providing the facilities to complete the seminar work.

I am grateful to Dr. N Vetrivel, Head of the Department of Civil Engineering, MVJ

College of Engineering, Bengaluru, for his constant encouragement and valuable
support and guidance.

I express, sincere and grateful credit to my guide Prof. Nisha M, Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, MVJ College of Engineering, Bengaluru, for her
constant support.

I would like to thank all the Professors at the Department of Civil Engineering, MVJ
College of Engineering, Bengaluru for their extended support and guidance.

I express, sincere thanks to my parents, friends and seniors for giving me the moral
support for successful completion of the seminar work.

ATHISHAY B R
(1MJ21CSE03)
 II. ABSTRACT

The U-boot beton is a formwork made of recycled polypropylene, an industrial bi

product designed to create lightweight slabs and raft foundations in reinforced concrete.
The use of U-boot technology helps us to reduce the amount of concrete used to lay slabs.
That means we are conserving the natural resources of the next generation. The U-boot
beton helps to place the mushroom pillars where the beams are completely absent. The U-
Boot Beton is used to build slabs that have a large span and it can support large loads
without beams. It is easy and quickest process to lay U-boot betons as they are lightweight
and simple to understand the process. Due to its chemical properties, it will not react with
any material we use in preparing concrete.

Keywords : Mushroom pillars, orthogonal beams, recycled polypropylene.

 III. CONTENTS

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 GENERAL 1-2

1.2 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND 2-3

CHAPTER 2 OBJECTIVES 4

CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 -7

CHAPTER 4 DETAILS OF U-BOOT TECHNOLOGY 8

4.1 MATERIAL OF U-BOOT TECHNOLOGY 8-9

4.2 PROPERTIES OF U-BOOT TECHNOLOGY 9-10

4.3 TYPES OF U-BOOT BETON 10-13

4.4 PARTS OF U-BOOT BETON 14-17

4.5 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE 17-18

4.6 POSING AND POSITIONING 19

4.7 CONCEPT OF U-BOOT TECHNOLOGY 20-21

4.8 APPLICATION 22

4.9 ADVANTAGES 23

4.10 DESIGN OF U-BOOT SLAB 24-25

CHAPTER 5 CASE STUDY 26

5.1 STUDY AREA 26

5.2 IMPORTANT SPECIFICATIONS 27

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 28

CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES 29-30

 IV. LIST OF FIGURES

FIG. NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1.1 U-BOOT BETON 1

4.1 SIZE OF U-BOOT BETON 9

4.2 SINGLE AND DOUBLE U-BOOT BETON 11

4.3 SPACER JOINT 14

4.4 CLOSING PLATE 15

4.5 FOOT NEEDLE 15

4.6 CONNECTION BRIDGE 16

4.7 FOOT NEEDLE 16

4.8 SPACE DISTANCE BETWEEN U-BOOT BETONS 19

4.9 BENDING STRESS DIAGRAM 20

4.10 SHEAR STRESS DIAGRAM 20

4.11 LOAD DISTRIBUTION 21

4.12 SECTIONAL CARRYING CAPACITY 21

5.1 MULTILEVEL CAR PARKING 27

 V. LIST OF TABLE

TABLE NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

4.1 PROPERTIES OF SINGLE U-BOOT BETONS 11

4.2 PROPERTIES OF DOUBLE U-BOOT BETONS 12
4.3 PARAMETER AND CONSUMPTION TABLE 13
4.4 U-BOOT VOIDED SLAB DESIGN 12
U-BOOT TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION 2021-22

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Lean construction is a method of production aimed at reducing costs, materials, time and
effort. Essentially, the methodology is to minimize the bad and maximize the good. Using the
principles of lean-construction, the desired outcome would be to maximize the value and output
of a project while minimizing wasteful aspects and time delay. Many a times the drainage covers
that cover potholes for sewage and other underground civil access points are made from cast
concrete wither reinforced using steel bars. These structures lack durability owing to non-
flexibility and do not sustain under cyclic load as in the vehicles on road moving over these
drainage cover point.

U-boot Beton is a formwork made of recycled polypropylene, designed to create

lightened intermediate slabs and raft foundations in reinforced concrete. The use of U-boot
formworks permits to build specific mushroom slabs: the mushroom is part of the slab thickness.
U-boot remains dip into the concrete casting. Thus, a grid of orthogonal beams, superiorly and
inferiorly closed by plane slabs of different heights, is obtained without executing two distinct
concrete castings, all that implies a remarkable saving of concrete and reinforcement.

Fig 1.1 U-Boot Beton [2]

Advantages compared with tradition play on cement systems those and light weight training
or fully faceted to win slabs the traditional clay cement or polystyrene floor slabs. The traditional

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clay cement or polystyrene floor slabs normally consists of mono directional beings that
discharge stresses on to the main beings from these two pillars and finally the foundations the
full plate floor slabs instead are made from monolithic reinforced concrete casts in which the
structure is able to bi-directionally transmit loads directly to the by using U-boot and lighter slab
structure is obtained capable of splitting the stresses in any direction transferring them directly
to the penance to simplify the concept we could imagine a series of double teams of alongside
the other and arranged as a premise all stresses will be concentrated close to pillars where the
suitable full section gets left in this way floor slabs with mushroom like files for the repose in
modern people specificity being that the mushroom is embedded in the floor.
The construction industry is one from permanently advancing and rapidly evolving sectors.
Therefore, high demands on construction process in case of new buildings as well as
refurbishments are typical for the branch. The refurbishments of buildings are usually limited by
characteristics of built-in material. However, in newly built constructions, the use of new modern
technologies is more relevant. The modern technologies and the new construction methods offer
various benefits, such as reduction of material and hence weight of structure reducing, less
environmental impact through reduction of CO2 emissions, reduction of construction time,
reduction of construction cost etc.

1.2 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

The flat plate slab is gaining popularity among architects. The flat plate slab provides a
way for architect to achieve completely flat ceiling with no beam protrusion. There is also
improvement in the construction speed and cost savings from using this system, which requires
only simple formwork. But when load acting on the slab is large or clear span between columns is
more so it is required to increase the slab thickness; hence the self-weight of slab is increased due
to increased volume of slab and also more amount of steel is required to resist this increased weight
of slab. Voided slabs eliminate concrete where it is not needed and the subsequent weight reduction
due to this eliminated concrete makes longer spans possible. Voided slab systems are significantly
lighter than flat plate concrete slabs while maintaining the ability to have large spans. Slabs are
lighter because less concrete is used in voided slab construction than flat plate slab construction.

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Voided slab systems were first introduced in Europe in the 1990s. Since the 1990s, many European
companies have patented their own voided slab systems. As a result, most uses of plastic voided
slabs have occurred in Europe. Two plastic voided slab brands, Bubble Deck and Cobiax, have
also been utilized in the United States. U-Boot Beton, or U-Boot, is a voided slab system from the
Italian company Daliform. U-Boot Beton does not use spherical void formers like previous
systems but uses truncated-pyramid shaped void formers instead. These void formers create many
“I” shaped beams making up the slab. In terms of construction the U-boot system is similar to the
Cobiax system because it is meant to be cast entirely on the site using formwork. After forms are
erected, the steel and void formers are placed before the concrete is poured in two lifts. The shape
of the U-boot void formers allows them to be efficiently stacked during transportation to the site
of construction, Voided slab systems are significantly lighter than flat plate concrete slabs while
maintaining the ability to have large spans. The u-boot technology is used to create large span or
in raft foundation where the soils have low bearing capacity. It makes the structure lighter,
economical. By using this, the number of columns can be reduced which gives more architectural
freedom. It is used in all applications that requires a structural plate together with the need to use
less concrete and therefore for a lighter structure. This is the new lighter structure is achieved by
encasing the u-boot inside the solid cast. The lighter structure is comprised of two level layers one
over the other separated and associated with each other by beams at right angle.

In 2001 an Italian engineer, Roberto Il Grande, developed and patented a new system of
hollow formers, in order to decrease the transportation costs (and CO2 production). The U-Boot
formwork is a modular element made of re-cycled plastic for use in building lighter structures in
reinforced concrete cast at the work-site. The biggest advantage of U-boot is that it is stackable.
A truck of U-boot means approximately 5000 m2 of slab, once hollow formers are laid down at
building site. The second innovation is the shape: U-boot creates a grid of orthogonal “I” beams,
so the calculation of the reinforcement can be effected by any static engineer according to Euro
code, British Standards or any local standard. U-boot earliest projects were executed in 2002 and
since that time it has been used all over the world. U-boot system can be combined with other
technologies like pre-fabricated slabs and post tensioned steel. The technology of hollow slabs
with post tensioned steel reduces the weight of slab and its thickness.

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CHAPTER 2

OBJECTIVES OF U-BOOT TECHNOLOGY

U-Boot Beton is used to create slabs with large span that are able to support large loads without
beams. Rather than conventional principle of mono directional load transmission, due to
monolithical structure it bi-directionally transmits the loads directly to the columns then to
foundation and soil beneath. Due to beams are completely absent in this type of structures, it can
also be used for laying mushroom pillars. It is very easy and quickest process to lay U-boot Betons
as they are very light weight (1 to 2kg) and simple to use.

1. Identification of various lean construction models for project execution of low cost sanitation
facility enclosures to stand the cost , time and durability.

2. Proposal of innovation in construction methods, materials in the form of U-boot technology of

casting and modular rebar sets in various permutations for effective low cost, manufacture time
and maximum durability.

SCOPE: This technique will also be used later. As population increases, its demand will also
increase as we will need large and economic house in future. It can be used in public as well as
residential buildings.

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CHAPTER 3

LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 U-BOOT TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION

-By Athira Anil, Vidya Jose (2020)

Uboot technology saves more concrete and reduce the use of iron in slab. Pillars and the
foundation will save up to of 15% of concrete. U-boot material has high stiffness which gives
same amount of capacity as that of solid slabs.

3.2 THEORETICAL STUDY OF U-BOOT TECHNOLOGY IN

CONSTRUCTION
-By S M Abdul Mannan Hussain (2018)

The use of U-boot formworks helps to reduce 20 % of concrete and steel in slabs.
U-Boot Beton is used to create slabs with large span or that are able to support large loads
without beams.

3.3 STUDY ON U-BOOT TECHNOLOGY

-By Alok Prasad, Pranay Sable (2020)

The structural behaviour of this new kind of monolithic flat slabs will the same as for solid slabs,
excluding slab edge column connection and it reduce dead weight upto 50% which allows creating
foundations of sizes smaller

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3.4 U-BOOT TECHNOLOGY

-By Mohit Thakar (2022)

This article presents the different types of hollow core slabs like uboot, Bubble Deck, Bee Plate
System that have appeared over the last 15 years. The investigation has proven that voided slab
technology is more efficient than a traditional biaxial concrete slab.

3.5 ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL SLAB AND VOIDED SLAB WITH U-

BOOT TECHNOLOGY

-By Prof. S.C.Tandale (2019)

1 kg of recycled plastic replaces 8 kg of concrete which avoids the cement production and reduces
global CO2 emissions. Hence Uboot technology is environmentally green and sustainable.

3.6 CASE STUDY OF U-BOOT TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION

-By Ritesh I. Thakare (2022)

The U-boot beton helps to place the mushroom pillars where the beams are completely absent.
Due to its chemical properties, it will not react with any material we use in preparing concrete.

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3.7 PERFORMANCE OF U BOOT BETON TECHNOLOGY IN CONCRETE

SLABS

-By Mohd Khadeer (2021)

The cost of the uboot slab can reduce 13 to 15% than conventional slab and U boot beton
technology can reduce 15 to 16% volume of Concrete then conventional slab

3.8 U-BOOT VOID SLAB

-By Prof. Akshaya Ghalimath (2019)

The U-boot technology is a very advanced, economical, architectural and fastest method of
construction of a slab. The usage of U-boot technology is very rare due to lack of awareness in our
country. As we all have responsibility of saving natural and renewable resources for our future
generators, this technology should be utilized more.

3.9 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND

ENGINEERING

-By Prof. H. J Joshi (2016)

Construction of plastic voided slabs requires more steps than solid slabs, but the construction
process is not significantly more complicated. For bays of the same size, plastic voided slabs
typically require less reinforcement. Overall, plastic voided slab systems provide an excellent
alternative to solid concrete slabs for many applications.

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CHAPTER 4

DETAILS OF U-BOOT TECHNOLOGY

4.1 MATERIAL OF U-BOOT TECHNOLOGY

▪ Cement
▪ Steel
▪ Fine aggregate
▪ Coarse aggregate
▪ Water
▪ Recycled U-Boot shell i.e. U-Boot Beton.

The U-Boot Beton is the key component .The formwork is shaped like a pyramid drunk
and normally measures 52 X 52 centimeters and manual 10,13,16,20,24,28 centimeters in height,
the sandwich type superimposing two or more base elements allows the implementation of load
releasing elements of various heights according to the plan things out the floor slack also the
chronicle elevator feet placed at the four corners can be of different heights determining a different
distance from the casting deck plate and as a result the different thickness of the internals slapping
the remarkable versatility and flexibility of the U-boot Beaton construction system can satisfy any
design the map since 2001 millions of U-boot have been deployed in the implementation of work
sin various countries throughout the world works of various dimensions types and complexity
often born of the pencil stroke and genius of famous designers. U-boot permits to build big spans
slabs or slabs supporting high loads without beams. Light and easy to pose, the draftsman can
change the geometrical parameters of the slab, in order to suit any kind of situation .U boot is used
in all applications that require a plate structural solution, along with concrete-savings and therefore
weight-savings.

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Fig 4.1 Size of U Boot Beton [2]

The main element in the U-boot technology is the U-boot Beton. It is the heart of U-boot
technology. It is made up of recycled polypropylene which is a by-product of industrial plastic
waste. As we all know Polypropylene is a Thermo plastic Alkaline material contains 3 carbon
molecules & 6 hydrogen molecules (C3H6). It is a versatile material available in plenty throughout
the world.

4.2 THE PROPERTIES OF U-BOOT BETONS ARE

▪ It is light in weight
▪ It is chemically inert in nature
▪ It can withstand against generally occurred wear and tear
▪ It has high melting point
▪ It does not react with any other material present in concrete, water, admixture etc.,
▪ Density of U-Boot Beton is very low
▪ It does not emit very dangerous toxic gases into atmosphere at room temperature compared
to Polystyrene
U-boot Beaton is a formwork made of recycled polypropylene, purposely designed to build
lightened plate slabs and raft foundations. Once drowned into concrete, it creates an alveolar
structure with two slabs of different thickness, joined by an orthogonal grid of beams of variable
width, therefore building an ideal light structure for raft foundations. Statically, it can be seen as a
grid of I beams which means having a rationalized mass distribution for the purpose of inertia, in
order to get high stiffness with a minimum quantity of concrete. This perfect combination of
lightness and stiffness permits, in particular cases, to avoid using foundation piles. Polystyrene is
a widely used material in the world of building, especially if associated to prefabricated slabs,
because it is cheap and malleable.

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4.2.1 POLYPROPYLENE (c3H6)n

Polypropylene is a recycled material which is obtained by a recycled plastic industrial

waste. It is a byproduct of plastic industry. It is discovered in the middle 1950’s by 14avoura
scientists. Since then, it is being used as a versatile material throughout the world. It contains three
carbon molecules and six hydrogen molecules. Due to its chemically inert nature it does not react
with any of the materials like water, cement, admixtures etc when it is placed in concrete. It has
high melting point and hence, it can be used in construction industry. As it is a flexible material,
it is resistant to cracks and stress. Thanks to its durable nature, it can withstand daily wear and tear.
The polypropylene has very low density and it is the reason for the light weight of the slab
constructed using u-boot Beton.

Melting point: 160 °C

Density : 855 kg/m3, amorphous / 946 kg/m3, crystalline

4.2.2 POLYSTYRENE (c8H8)n

Polystyrene is also the thermo plastic polymer which contain four carbon molecules and
eight hydrogen molecules. It can also be used as a construction material, but it is not used because
it emits very dangerous toxic gases into the atmosphere at room temperature. The melting point of
the polystyrene is also very low. Hence it cannot be used due to these restrictions.

Melting point: ~ 240 °C (464 °F; 513 K)

Density: 96–105 kg/m3

Boiling point: 430 °C (806 °F; 703 K) and depolymerises.

4.3 TYPES OF U-BOOT BETON

Generally, there are two types of U-Boot Beton

▪ Single U-Boot Beton

▪ Double U-Boot Beton

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Fig 4.2 Single and Double U Boot Beton [2]

4.3.1 SINGLE U-BOOT BETON

Where, H=Height of up U-Boot, P = height of foot.

• Single U-Beton is available of various up Beton height and foot height of base dimension
(52cmx52cm).

Table 4.1 Properties of single Uboot betons [3]

Height H Dimension Foot height P Weight Piece Pallet Pallet Pallet
(cm) (cm) (cm) per piece volume Dimension Pieces weight
(kg) (m3) (cm) (pcs/P (kg/PAL)
AL)

H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10 1,395 0,0213 110x110x247 720 1.107

H13 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10 1,406 0,0280 110x110x212 600 857
H16 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10 2,044 0,0350 110x110x254 440 912
H18 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9- 1,784 0,0396 110x110x249 440 798
10-12
H20 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10 1,644 0,0430 110x110x236 460 769
H22 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9- 1,882 0,0470 110x110x253 440 841
10-12
H24 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9- 2,033 0,0513 110x110x254 440 908
10-12
H25 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10 1,849 0.0518 110x110x249 440 827
H26 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9- 2,044 0.0550 110x110x249 420 871
10-12
H28 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9- 2,152 0,0562 110x110x236 400 874
10-17

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4.3.2 DOUBLE U-BOOT BETON

It’s having both upper and lower part of u-boot with foot and spacer.

• This is also available in various size of up u-boot, down u-boot and foot height. Where

P= foot height , H= Total height of upper u-boot and lower u-boot.

• The working dimension of double u-beton is (52cm×52cm).

Table 4.2 Properties of double Uboot betons [3]

Height H Dimensions Foot Height P Piece Composed of (H cm)
(cm) (cm) (cm) Volume
(m3) u-boot up u-boot down

H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-15 0.0426 10 10

H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-15 0.0426 13 10
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-15 0.0426 13 13
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-15 0.0426 18 10
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-15 0.0426 16 13
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-15 0.0426 20 10
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-15 0.0426 18 13
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-15 0.0426 22 10
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-15 0.0426 20 13
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-15 0.0426 24 10
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-15 0.0426 22 13
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-15 0.0426 26 13
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-15 0.0426 24 13
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-15 0.0426 25 18
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-15 0.0426 26 13
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-12 0.0426 22 18
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-15 0.0426 28 13
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-12 0.0426 24 18
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-12 0.0426 25 20
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-12 0.0426 26 22
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10 0.0426 25 22
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-12 0.0426 24 24
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-12 0.0426 25 24
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-12 0.0426 24 24
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-12 0.0426 25 25
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-12 0.0426 26 24
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10 0.0426 26 26
H10 cm 52X52 0-5-6-7-8-9-10-12 0.0426 28 26

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4.3.3 PARAMETER AND CONSUMPTION TABLE

The Consumption of concrete saving in double and single u-boot Betons is given as below
as per data of (https://www.Daliform.com/en/disposable-formwork-for-two-way-lightened –
voided slabs/u-boot-technology-data/) is given below. The consumption of concrete in varies with
the total volume of different type of U-boot system.
Table 4.3 Parameter and Consumption Table [4]

U=Boot betons

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4.4 PARTS OF U BOOT BETON

4.4.1 SPACER JOINT

Fig 4.3 Spacer joint [5]

Polystyrene is a material which needs huge volumes for transportation and stock on site;
rigid interconnection ensures perfect geometric compliance with the design as well as with the
bearing U-boot Beton is designed to be stackable. Correct positioning of the U-Boot Beton is
guaranteed by an effective rigid spacer joint with graduated scale with which the desired width of
the beams is quickly determined. The joint fits into the top of the formwork inside notches housing
the fixing elements. The capacity of the formworks when casting under the pressure of the
concrete, the weight of the operators and equipment.

4.4.2 CLOSING PLATE

The reinforcement pose is to be completed by disposing the upper bending steel bars in
two directions, the shear and punching reinforcement, where necessary. Due to the floating
pressure exerted on U-boots, the concrete should be cast in two different phases: the first casting
has to fill a thickness equal to the feet height. The final phase has to be done when the first concrete
layer starts to set and becomes semi solid. Casting proceeds each time from the previous starting
point. While the casting proceeds, the concrete sets. Finally the casting has to be done in a
traditional way. The U-boot system execution time will be accelerated by using new deck
technologies which permit to disassemble within 2-4 days, or using the carpet reinforcement
system, in order to reduce the steel bars posing time up to 46 times

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Fig 4.4 Closing plate [5]

U-boot slabs do not need beams between pillars; a perimeter edge beam is enough. The
orthogonal grid of beams transfers all stresses directly on pillars; around which it is enough to
leave a massive area, called mushroom pillar, which is thick as the slab and variable in function of
shear stresses. U-boot lightened slab scheme: the lack of connection beams between pillars among
foundation different typologies, raft foundation is surely one of the most known and used,
considering its evident technical advantages: high stiffness due to its static bidirectional , and thus
load partition capacity on the ground; it also permits to absorb stresses coming from the building,
with differential subsidence’s

4.4.3 FOOT NEEDLE

It is used to support uboot beton

Fig 4.5 Foot needle [5]

4.4.4 CONNECTION BRIDGE

It is used to connect two U-boot in same row

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Fig 4.6 Connection bridge [5]

4.4.5 U-Boot Beton Sandwich

In case of difficult access to the building site or restructuring, U-boot Beton permits to
build up the horizontal structures without using lifting and movement devices, because of its stack
ability, modularity, lightness and manageability. The study includes the results of an extensive
experimental program conducted at the Polytechnic of Milan, which highlight the excellent
bidirectional response of voided slabs and the efficient performance in the presence of seismic
actions. The experimental results here presented are supported by advanced numerical models.

4.4.6 SIZE OF U-BOOT BETONS

The sizes of U-boot Beton varies based on the mode of work and based on the load acting
on the Beton. The general working cross sectional dimensions of the U-boot Beton is 53*53cms.
The length of the Beton can also be increased by connecting them with a connection bridge based
on the necessity of the work. The height of the U-boot can vary from 10cms to 56cms based on
the mode of slab whether it is singly reinforced or double reinforced. The spacer height which is
needed to be placed into the lower reinforcement as explained earlier, is of the uniform
measurement of 8cms. The weight of the beton also changes with change in dimensions of the
Beton.

Fig 4.7 Foot needle [5]

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4.5 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE

The Photographic details of the complete sequence of positioning the scaffolding,

positioning the U-Boot Beton, reinforced concrete of the structure to be performed on site, casting
and final smoothing. The entire surface of the slab to be cast on site is shuttered with wood
decking’s (or similar systems), then the lower reinforced concrete bars are positioned in two
mutually perpendicular directions according to the design and the lattice for the upper reinforced
concrete is arranged. The positioning of the reinforced concretes is completed by placing above
the U-Boot Beton formwork the upper bars in the two directions as well as the reinforcement for
shear and punching where necessary, according to the design. Once suitably set, the casting can
be restarted from the starting point, completely burying the U-Boot Beton. The U-Boot Beton
formworks are positioned using the lateral spacer joints to place them at the desired centre distance
that will determine the beam width, the U-Boot Beton formworks will be lifted from the surface,
making it possible for the lower slab to be formed. If double or triple elements are used, these
elements must first be assembled, which will be supplied on distinct pallets in the yard. The
concrete casting must be performed in two phases to prevent the floatation of the formworks: an
initial layer will be cast to fill a thickness equal to the height of the elevator foot. Casting will
continue for this first portion of the slab until the concrete starts to set and become semi fluid.
Once the structure has hardened, the formwork can be removed. The surface is smooth in
correspondence of the soffit.

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1. The entire surface of the slab to be cast on site is shuttered with wood decking’s (or similar
systems), then the lower reinforcement concrete bars are positioned in two mutually perpendicular
directions according to the design and the lattice for the upper reinforcement concrete is arranged.

2. The U-Boot Beton formworks are positioned using the lateral spacer joints to place them at the
desired centre distance that will determine the beam width. The U-Boot Beton formworks will be
lifted from the surface, making it possible for the lower slab to be formed. If double or triple
elements are used, these elements must first be assembled, which will be supplied on distinct
pallets in the yard.

3. The positioning of the reinforced concretes is completed by placing above the U-Boot Beton
formwork the upper bars in the two directions as well as the reinforcement for shear and punching
where necessary, according to the design.

4. The concrete casting must be performed in two phases to prevent the floatation of the
formworks: an initial layer will be cast to fill a thickness equal to the height of the elevator foot.
Casting will continue for this first portion of the slab until the concrete starts to set and become
semi fluid.

5. Once suitably set, the casting can be restarted from the starting point, completely burying the
U-Boot Beton. The casting is then done and smoothed in a traditional manner.

6. Once the structure has hardened, the formwork can be removed. The surface is smooth in
correspondence of the soffit.

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4.6 POSING or POSITIONING

The U-boot system particularly fits structures that need significant open spaces, like
industrial and commercial buildings and civil constructions as well. The system also allows a more
irregular distribution of pillars since beams are not necessary. U-boot Beton formwork is an easy
to use product. First, a flat and complete surface has to be prepared with a wooden deck or any
other similar system. Then, the inferior steel reinforcement has to be posed in the two orthogonal
directions, as designed in the executive project; the lattices are finally posed in order to space out
upper reinforcements.

Fig 4.8 Span distances between U-boot Betons [3]

Afterwards, U-boots are laid down and connected by lateral flaps, respecting the required
span between the lightening spaces. U-boots are raised above the slab intrados, and the concrete
can thus be cast, filling the whole surface below the elements. If double elements are to be used
(H32, H36, H40, H44, H48), it will be necessary to pre-emotively assemble the two parts, that will
be delivered in different pallets at the building site.

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4.7 CONCEPT OF U-BOOT TECHNOLOGY

4.7.1 BENDING STRESS CONCEPT

In this type of slab due to u boot beton voids created in central section and the cross section
behaves likes as I section (Double T). We all know I section is the best section to take more bending
stresses by saving concrete materials

Fig 4.9 Bending Stress Diagram [1]

4.7.2 SHEAR STRESS CONCEPT

Generally slabs are safe against shear stresses. In this type of slab the negligible amount of
shear stresses is taken at columns. So at corners column caps are provided to take shear stresses.
This is achieved by providing solid section (No I section) at columns by do not providing U-boot
betons at corners.

Fig 4.10 Shear Stress Diagram [1]

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4.7.3 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS

In any civil construction or civil structure, the distribution of loads plays major role for
withstanding of the structure. It is necessary to design the structure, such that the loads are properly
distributed throughout the structure. In the slabs where we use U-Boot technology, the loads are
completely transferred by betons and columns. There will not be any beams in the slabs constructed
by U-boot betons. This helps us to get the spans of larger cross-sectional area.

Fig 4.11 load distribution [1]

4.7.4 CARRYING CAPACITY

The tests referred have shown that for a U-Boot Slab with the same load carrying capacity
can be used only 50% of the concrete required for a solid slab, or with the same thickness of U-
Boot Slab the load- carrying capacity can be increased up to two times by using same amount of
concrete.

Fig 4.12 sectional carrying capacity [1]

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4.8 APPLICATIONS
• Mushroom Pillars
• Raft Foundations
• Sky Scrapers / High Rise Buildings
• Parking Slots
• Malls, Hotels, Restaurants, Auditoriums
• Fire Resistant Structures
• Earthquake Resistant Structures.

4.8.1 MUSHROOM PILLARS

This technology is also used in laying mushroom pillars where we don’t have beams. The
mushroom pillars mainly used for architectural look. The absence of beams in this technology
helps us to lay mushroom pillars at will. The self-weight of the structure can be reduced
considerably as there is a loss of heavy amount of concrete and steel. This helps owners to build
the project even where the soil bearing capacity (SBC) of the soil is low.

4.8.2 RAFT FOUNDATIONS

It is used in raft foundation due to the following reason,
• To increase the bearing capacity where soils having low bearing capacity.
• Can make heavy construction above this foundation.
• Concrete saving as compare to making general raft foundation.
• Provide great bearing capacity with lower thickness of slab.

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4.9 ADVANTAGES

4.9.1 LIGHT - THIN – BIDIRECTIONAL:

Designed for bi-directional slabs , Decrease of concrete and weight up to 40%,Reduced
deformation (maximum stiffness loss 15%), Reduction of load on foundations, Reduction of
pillar section.

4.9.2 FLEXIBLE:
Spans up to 20 m, Absence of beams between pillars, Reduction of pillars number,
Possible use with prefabricated slabs, No lifting and movement devices required, ideal for
restructuring, Possible creation of monodirectional slabs thanks to the “bridge” accessory.

4.9.3 ANTI-SEISMIC:
Reduced seismic mass, Less dimensional limitations of elements , Double inferior and
superior slab.

4.9.4 OPEN SPACES:

More spacious rooms, Bigger architectural freedom, Easier change of use.

4.9.5 ECONOMIC:
Less concrete incidence, thickness being equal, Less steel incidence, Usable height saving
on each floor, since avoiding beams being out of the slab thickness enables a higher number of
floors, height being equal (tower buildings), Rapidity and easiness of pose (unique twophased
casting) , Possibility of big spans, load being equal, Possibility of high bearing capacity, spans
being equal, Economical transport and easy stocking, since it is stackable, Ready to smooth once
the deck is taken off, the intrados is a plane surface which do not require false ceilings at an
aesthetical level , If a false ceiling is necessary, pose is made more rapidly

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4.10 U-BOOT VOIDED SLAB DESIGN

Table 4.4 Uboot voided slab design [3]

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CHAPTER-5

CASE STUDY

5.1 STUDY AREA: MAHILA BAUG, BHAVNAGAR, GUJARAT

The U-Boots are recycled material made out of polypropylene that have proven to be of
great help in reducing the overall number of columns and beams making the construction of the
structure very economical in nature. The use U-Boot technology renders to least use of concrete
while casting of slab, takes up most of the load and requires the least amount transfer therefore
limiting the number of beams and columns and also reducing the overall load transfer to the
foundation decreasing the rate failure by a bigger margin. The shape of U-Boots is in form of
empty boxes which are sandwiched between two layers of reinforcement and some amount of
concrete in order to act as a bond between all the elements contributing to the making of slab. As
the load transfer to the foundation is quite less over here the overall depth of foundation could
easily be reduced saving up a lot upon excavation and foundation setting up cost also the fact that
the usage of column is least the structure leads to possess more space for architectural
experimentation

5.2 IMPORTANT SPECIFICATION OF THE STRUCTURE

Table 5.1 Uboot voided slab design [4]

Overall Area Dimensions 10160 sq.Ft

Ground Floor Vehicle 478 Two Wheelers

accommodation

Floor 1 to 5 Vehicle accommodation 104 Four Wheelers Per Floor

Area of implementation (suggested) Mahila Baug, Bhavnagar, Gujarat

No Of Floors G+5 Floors

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Other Specifications • U-Boot concept of slab construction

• Usage of piezoelectric crystals in the
pathway for electricity storage and
overall compensation
• Rain water harvesting system using
rigofill technology

► The construction of this building turns out to be on the very balanced side as RCC part
compensates with a cheaper rate of construction limiting the number of beams & columns and
reducing the depth of foundation via using U-Boot system.

► The top portion of the structure remains to be empty which could therefore be used for
commercialized purposes such as swimming pool for relaxation purposes.

Coming again on the point of installation into the slabs is again fairly easy process as it does
not require any special skills to place the U-Boot within the slabs. Firstly, the initial grid of
reinforcement and wooden formwork is made up as of traditional technique of slab casting after
which U-Boots which are available in varying sizes and could be installed as per requirement after
which concrete is poured and left aside for its journey of curing phase. After which the final look
of the slab tends to remain pretty much traditional but then the characteristics are far different as
explained above the following pictures would provide a better view upon the above written process
in a much clear way.

Fig 5.1 Multilevel car parking [4]

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CHAPTER-6

CONCLUSION

• The U-boot technology is a very advanced, economical, architectural and fastest method of
construction of a slab.
• Concrete usage is reduced – 1 kg of recycled plastic replaces 100 kg of concrete. Reducing
material consumption made it possible to make the construction time faster, to reduce the
overall costs. Besides that, it has led to reduce dead weight up to 50%, which allow creating
foundation sizes smaller.
• The technology is environmentally green and sustainable. Avoiding the cement production
allows to reduce global CO2 emissions.
• This technology is very prospective in modern construction and perhaps future of civil
engineering belongs to this new kind of hollow slab.
• This is most ecofriendly and advanced technology.
• U Boot Technology can be used to increase the span by reducing the concrete content.
• Economic.
• Safe to use.
• The usage of U-boot technology is very rare due to lack of awareness in our country.

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CHAPTER 7

REFERENCES

[1] Ritesh I. Thakare (2022), “case study of u-boot technology in construction”, International
Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science , Vol.4 ,138-141.
[2] Mohit Thakar ,Omkar Chinchwade and Akshay Jadhav (2022) “U-boot technology in
construction”, International Journal of creative research and thoughts, vol 10.
[3] Mohd Khadeer (2021), “Performance of U Boot Beton Technology in Concrete Slabs”,
International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol 5, 3684-3686.
[4] Athira Anil, Vidya Jose (2020)” U-boot technology in construction”, International Journal of
Engineering trends and Application, Technology And Engineering, vol 7.
[5] Alok Prasad (2020)”Study of U-boot technology in construction, “International Journal of
Engineering trends and Application, Technology And Engineering, vol 07,163-1365.
[6] Prof. Akshaya Ghalimath (2019), “U-boot void slab”, International Journal Of Innovations in
Engineering Research And Technology , vol 4.114-115.
[7] Prof. S.C.Tandale (2019) “Analysis of Conventional Slab and Voided Slab with U-Boot
Technology ”, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering
Technology, Vol 7, 161- 163.
[8] A Jhansi (2018), “U-Boot Innovation in Two way voided slab”, International journal Research,
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[9] Dr H. Sundarsana Rao, M. Surya Prasanth (2018) “Modelling And Analysis Of Flyover Deck
Slab With U-boot Technology”, International journal of Civil Engineering and technology
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[10] S M Abdul Mannan Hussain, K.Harish Reddy and Sudharshan Reddy (2018) “Theoretical
study of u-boot technology in construction” International Journal of Management, Technology
And Engineering, vol 05.144-153.

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[11] Prafulla Shinde(2018)”Comparative study of flat plate slab and voided slab lightened with U-
Boot beton”, International research journal of engineering and technology (IRJET), Vol 05.
[12] Degloorkar S, Jadhav M and Patil M (2018), “Comparative Study of Flat Plate Slab and
Voided Slab Lightened with U-Boot Beton”, International Research Journal of Engineering
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[13] K Prasanth M S, Rao H S (2018) “Modelling and Analysis of Flyover deck slab with U Boot
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[14] Renata Baskova(2017)“The Comparative study of Lightweight Slab Solutions in Terms of
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[15] Baskova R , Kozlovska M and Tazikova A (2017), “The Comparative Study of Lightweight
Slab Solutions in Terms of Construction Cost”, International Journal of Applied Engineering
Research, Vol 12,14279- 14286.
[16] Ashish Kumar Dwivedi (2016) “Voided Slab Design”, International Journal of Science
Technology and Engineering vol 04.220-226.
[17] A Churakov (2014), “Biaxial hollow slab with innovative types of voids”, Construction of
Unique Buildings ad structures, Vol.6 ,70-88.

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