Chapter 1

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Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
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C H A© PJones
T E R& Bartlett
1 Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB
The Scope of Public

© JonesHealth Microbiology
& Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Describe how public health microbiology INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC

fits into the world of public health.
Public health microbiology is a subdiscipline of en-
© Jones
• Contrast & Bartlettwith
medical microbiology Learning,
pub- LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,
vironmental health, which itself is one of the five
NOTmicrobiology.
lic health FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT1-1).
principal areas of public health (Box FOR SALE OR DISTRIB
Because
• Describe how the development of civi-
public health is concerned with the causes of
lization has both helped and hindered the
human morbidity and mortality, the scope of its
health of populations.
practice is practically universal. It includes the envi-
ronment in which people live, the attitudes and
© JonesK&E YBartlett
T E R M SLearning, LLC © Jones
beliefs that people & Bartlett
hold, and the methods Learning,
that are LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION used to deal NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
with perceived problems. It can include
• Biostatistics subjects as diverse as infant mortality, folk medi-
• Division of labor cine traditions, blood pressure screenings, irra-
• Environmental health tional fears, lead paint removal, handling of health
• Epidemiology data, design of health laws and their implementa-
• Health services administration tion, and water purification.
Jones & Bartlett Learning,
• Social andLLCbehavioral sciences © Jones
The & fiveBartlett
areas of Learning,
public health LLCare intercon-
nected and interdependent. Biostatistics and
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,

BOX 1-1 The Areas of Knowledge
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT
Basic to Public FOR SALE OR DISTRIB
Health
Biostatistics
Epidemiology
Environmental health sciences
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones
Health services & Bartlett Learning, LLC
administration
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Social andNOT FOR
behavioral SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
sciences
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.
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2 Chapter 1: The Scope of Public Health Microbiology

epidemiology are methods to understand the data environmental health that the topic is most often
NOTbyFOR
that are collected SALE
researchers ORother
in the DISTRIBUTION
areas. treated separately. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB
Epidemiology is used to discern the trends in health Public health microbiology is dependent on an
and disease and the probable factors involved in understanding of concepts from both environmen-
these trends, and biostatistics are used to analyze tal health and from microbiology, and it also re-
whether those data pass the test of statistical sig- quires an understanding of concepts from other
© Jones & Bartlett
nificance. Learning,
This information allows LLC
researchers to © as
disciplines such Jones & Bartlett
hydrology, engineering,Learning,
law, and LLC
NOT pursue
FOR cause-and-effect
SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONrelationships that can then food science. NOT FORthisSALE
Throughout study ofOR DISTRIBUTION
public health
be used to change our environment for the better. microbiology, therefore, data from different disci-
Social and behavioral sciences concern the hu- plines will be woven into a core presentation of
man element of public health: people form social microbiology. This is the true value of this topic: it
organizations (e.g., families, neighborhoods, clubs, not only describes the pathogens and their means
Jones & Bartlettetc.) and practices (e.g., habits, addictions, pref-

Learning, LLC
erences, customs, and traditions) that may affect
of infection but also how we avoid encountering
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
them on individual and societal bases.
OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
health and well-being. These stand apart from the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
more obvious requirements of life—food, water,
shelter, warmth—but are every bit as important. WHY STUDY PUBLIC HEALTH
Humans are social animals and require personal
interactions. It is essential to determine why people MICROBIOLOGY SEPARATELY?
do what they ©do,Jones
whether&what Bartlett
they do isLearning, LLC
helpful or Infectious © Jones
disease is still a major & Bartlett Learning,
health problem
deleterious,NOTand howFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
to effectively promote good in the United States (Table NOT
1-1) andFOR SALE OR DISTRIB
worldwide
social and behavioral practices. Health services (Table 1-2). In the United States, the biggest killers
administration concerns the public health policies are, by far, cancer and heart disease. Both of these
of a group of people, as expressed through their diseases can debilitate the patient and create oppor-
government and the rules of society. A good ex- tunities for infectious disease to do further harm.
ample is the campaign against cigarette smoking. For example, treatment for cancer involves radia-
While smoking is a legal activity, it is also an un-
tion or chemotherapy, both of which severely weaken
NOT healthy
FOR SALEone. Legal OR DISTRIBUTION
requirements have been put into the immune NOT system.FOR
LengthySALE
hospitalOR DISTRIBUTION
stays, as of-
place to protect nonsmokers from other people’s ten happen with cardiovascular disease, often in-
cigarette smoke, and high taxes on cigarettes have volve invasive procedures and place the patient in
been levied to discourage the activity. proximity to antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Nosoco-
Because of its emphasis on the products that mial (i.e., hospital-acquired) infections remain a
Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
people use and the environment in which people© Jones & Bartlett
huge problem in modernLearning,
society. LLC
live, environmental health is the area that is most Although industrialized countries have made
closely associated with public health microbiology.
NOTmajor
FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
strides in preventing and treating infectious
In essence, environmental health is concerned with diseases, pathogens are still responsible for tens of
the dangers posed to humans from a variety of thousands of deaths and millions of illnesses every
sources, such as acute chemical exposure, which year. Deaths attributable to influenza (often accom-
may lead to acute poisoning, or chronic chemical panied by a bacterial pneumonia), to antibiotic-
© Jones
exposure, which may lead &toBartlett
cancer. OtherLearning,
dangers LLC bacterial strains, and©toJones
resistant & Bartlett Learning,
both bacterial
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include injuries from physical dangers, such as high and viral meningitis are not NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB
uncommon. Illnesses
energy sources (e.g., electricity, radiation) and acci- caused by contaminated water and food number in
dents (e.g., falls, motor vehicle accidents, gunfire), the millions, and, although the vast majority are
and from biological agents (e.g., dog bites, falls mild, a significant percentage require hospitaliza-
from horses, and even bullfighting injuries). Envi- tion. In tropical areas of the world a variety of other
ronmental health concerns also include infectious © Jones
pathogens remain & Bartlett
as dangerous as ever,Learning,
including LLC
disease and the means by which people encounter malaria and dengue fever, both of which are trans-
NOT pathogens,
the agents of infectious disease. Infec-
mitted by mosquitoes. Malaria causes nearly a mil-
tious disease comprises such a vast element of lion deaths around the world annually, mostly in
Why Study Public Health Microbiology Separately? 3

TABLE 1-1 The Top Ten Causes of Death in the United States in 2006
© Jones & Bartlett

Cause of Death Learning, LLC ©
Number Jones &Percentage
Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR
Heart disease OR DISTRIBUTION
SALE NOT
631,636 FOR SALE
26.0 OR DISTRIBUTION
Cancer 559,888 23.1
Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases) 137,119 5.7
Chronic lower respiratory diseases 124,583 5.1
Accidents (unintentional injuries) 121,599 5.0
Jones & Bartlett Learning,
Diabetes LLC © Jones &72,449
Bartlett Learning,
3.0 LLC
OT FOR SALE ORAlzheimer’s
DISTRIBUTIONdisease NOT FOR72,432
SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
3.0
Influenza and Pneumonia 56,326 2.3
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 45,344 1.9
Septicemia 34,234 1.4

NOTE: Percentage sums to 76.5% because all other causes of death equal the other 23.5%. No other cause of death exceeds 1.4%
of total deaths.
SOURCE: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/lcod.htm NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
TABLE 1-2 The Top Ten Causes of Death Worldwide in 2004
OT FOR SALE ORCause
DISTRIBUTION
of Death NOTNumber
(in millions) Percentage
Coronary heart disease 7.20 12.2

Stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases 5.71 9.7
Lower respiratory infections 4.18 7.1
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3.02 5.1
© diseases
Diarrhoeal Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 2.16 © Jones
3.7 & Bartlett Learning,
HIV/AIDSNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION2.04 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB
3.5
Tuberculosis 1.46 2.5
Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers 1.32 2.3
Road traffic accidents 1.27 2.2
Prematurity and low birth weight 1.18 2.0
NOTE: Percentage adds to 50.3% because all other causes of death equal the other 49.7%. No other cause of death exceeds 2.0%
of total deaths.
SOURCE: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310_2008.pdf

countries where the income level is low. The preva- AN OVERVIEW OF THE DISEASE
lence of dualNOT FOR with
infection SALE the OR DISTRIBUTION
HIV virus and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is also a major cause of
PROCESS
mortality in many countries (Table 1-2). A person may encounter infectious disease in a
A course in microbiology is a prerequisite to a number of ways. Contaminated drinking water is a
full understanding of this topic. Microorganisms major source of exposure, and great efforts are
© Jones & Bartlett
constitute Learning,
a diverse group LLCwhich are expended in society
of organisms, © Jones & Bartlett
to reduce or eliminateLearning,
this par- LLC
central to the functioning of our ecosystem. There- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
ticular threat. The chapters on water treatment and
fore, the student must understand the various waterborne diseases are extensive, reflecting the
groups of microorganisms (Box 1-2), how they ac- multiplicities of dangers and the monitoring and
quire carbon and energy, what their growth require- treatment methods that are used to counter them.
ments generally are, and how they exist in the Contaminated food is another obvious threat, espe-
greater ecosystem. A vital component is knowing cially considering the great variety of foods that
Jones & Bartlettwhat
Learning, LLC
autotrophs and anaerobes are. Some under-
people eat. Diseases that are spread through close
standing of disease is also necessary because much NOT FOR
contact SALEcasual
include OR contact
DISTRIBUTION
(e.g., being the re-
of public health microbiology is concerned with cipient of airborne pathogens through a cough or
avoiding or destroying pathogens. Other vital com- sneeze), direct contact (e.g., through an insect bite
ponents include knowing which microbes are path- or an inanimate object), and the much more inti-
ogenic, understanding the diseases they cause, mate contact required to pass sexually transmitted
communicating© Jones & Bartlett Learning, diseases.
the importance of each disease to LLC Finally, deliberate exposure © Jones & Bartlett Learning,
to pathogens
the medicalNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
community, and establishing access to NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB
is possible as a result of bioterrorism.
the treatment of each disease. However, a course Because public health is concerned mainly with
in medical microbiology (the study of pathogenic populations rather than individuals, issues of scale
microorganisms) is not essential. Much of medical are relevant. While the practice of medicine for
microbiology is devoted to the progression of dis- infectious disease is concerned with the individual
ease after the host has encountered the pathogen patient and the specific disease involved, public
and to the ability of the host to defeat the invaders health is more concerned with all pathogens, their
NOT using
FOReither
SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
the immune system or through medi- prevalence, andNOT theFOR
methodsSALE
used toOR DISTRIBUTION
detect their
cal intervention (e.g., antibiotics). Although these presence and to limit their opportunities to infect
concepts are addressed, the emphasis here is on people. While individual illness or a small outbreak
avoidance of pathogens and infection or on the de- of cases may be unfortunate, it does not pose a
struction of pathogens before they can infect the problem for society as a whole. For this reason, the
population. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
examples shown in the text often describe large
outbreaks or citywide problems. The potential for
OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTdisaster
FOR isSALE OR DISTRIBUTION
much greater when a large number of
people are dependent on a common factor.
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
BOX 1-2 The Classes of Epidemic illness has been with us since the start of
Microorganisms NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB
civilization. The Greek historian Thucydides wrote
of a plague in Athens in the year 430 AD. By his
Bacteria account nearly a third of the city’s population died
Protozoa from this plague, the source and identity of which
Viruses remains unclear. However, it must have been ter-
© Jones & Bartlett
Fungi Learning, LLC
(yeast, mold) rifying, given©
hisJones & Bartlett
description Learning,
of the symptoms: LLC
Algae NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
. . . people in good health were suddenly
attacked by violent heats of the head, redness
A Historical Perspective 5

and inflammation of the eyes, with the inward tion, and hunters died from infected injuries that we
parts, such NOT FOR
as the throatSALE OR becom
and tongue, DISTRIBUTION
- would consider relatively minor. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB
ing bloody and emitting an unnatural and fetid Another often overlooked advantage of nomadic
breath. These symptoms were followed by hunting–gathering was that food was under the
sneezing and hoarseness, after which the pain direct observation and control of the consumers. If
soon reached the chest, producing a hard food appeared to be spoiled, they decided whether
© Jones & Bartlett
cough. When it fixedLearning,
in the stomach LLCit upset it, ©IfJones
or not to eat it. they made&the
Bartlett Learning,
wrong choice, they LLC
NOT FOR causingSALE OR ofDISTRIBUTION
discharges bile of every kind named NOT FOR
got sick and perhaps SALE
died. But OR DISTRIBUTION
the ultimate respon-
by physicians, and accompanied by very great sibility for food and water quality resided with the
distress. In most cases also an ineffectual retch- individual consuming them.
ing followed, producing violent spasms, which The adoption of agriculture somewhere be-
in some cases ceased soon after, in others tween 8,000 and 10,000 years ago was a major ad-
much later. vance in human development. People still hunted
local game, and humans would eventually domes-
OT FOR SALE ORWe DISTRIBUTION
live in a modern, industrialized society, and NOT FOR SALEbutOR
ticate animals, DISTRIBUTION
cultivation of food allowed a
it can be challenging to acquire a perspective on more stable food supply, while fiber crops (e.g., cot-
how our built environment is sometimes less than ton and flax) became important for clothing. The
ideal in terms of health promotion. We have created foods that were selected could usually be stored for
structures and societies that serve certain purposes, extended periods of time, making famine less likely.
© Jones
and those purposes & Bartlett
sometimes conflictLearning,
with other LLC
Occasionally, however, famine did© Jones
occur due& to Bartlett
cli- Learning,
purposes, such NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
as avoiding disease. A good ex - mactic events such as a droughtNOT FOR SALE
or a hailstorm or OR DISTRIB
ample of this concept comes from the time of the due to a swarm of locusts that destroyed the crops.
Roman Empire, when water pipes and goblets were People settled in an area because it was ame-
constructed from lead. The pipes served a very nable to cultivation and because it was near a reli-
useful purpose in delivering water to people who able water supply, such as a river. The variety of
would otherwise have to carry it great distances, foods in the diet declined because a farmer could
but lead is a toxic metal which, over time, accumu- not grow every plant that existed in the wild, and
NOT lated
FORinSALE the bodies ORofDISTRIBUTION
the citizens. The Romans some crops NOT FOReasier
were simply SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
to cultivate than
surely suffered from its effects. Nothing was known others. But the resulting food supply was usually
about the toxic effects of lead at that time, and greater. Early farming settlements were communi-
some historians have speculated that it was a sig- ties, and population density increased.
nificant contributing factor in the decline of their In these communities the person doing the plant-
empire. Their example makes us cautious today© Jones
ing and & Bartlett
harvesting wasLearning,
responsible forLLC
the quality of
about effects that we may not fully appreciate. the food consumed. But a greater advance in civi-
OT FOR SALE ORCommunities
DISTRIBUTION can create their own problems. To
NOTlization
FORaccompanied
SALE ORthe DISTRIBUTION
concept of division of
grasp the challenge of public health in the modern labor. This was a very simple concept that had
world, it is helpful to reflect on the beginnings of civi- enormous benefits. For example, in a hunter–
lization, approximately 10,000 years ago. In small gatherer clan each member of the hunting party
clans of hunter-gatherers, people searched for food made his own weapons and used them to kill
and water and © Jones
the other &necessities
Bartlett ofLearning,
life. This LLC But not everyone excelled©atJones
game. hunting;& Bartlett Learning,
some
is not a particularly bad way to survive because were exceptionally skilled at NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB
making flint arrow-
their diets were usually adequate and varied (and heads and spear points. At some point those mak-
healthy), at least for small groups passing through ing spear points decided to offer them to another
a region. Such tribes have survived for thousands hunter—perhaps someone lacking the patience to
of years, and nomadic tribes still exist today. How- produce a good spear point—in exchange for part
© Jones & Bartlett
ever, this lifestyle hasLearning, LLC some- of the kill. This
distinct disadvantages: © Jones & Bartlett
simple barter arrangement Learning,
repre- LLC
times the game disappears and the local plants are sents a division of labor because the two people
NOT not
abundant, making starvation an occasional
NOT FOR SALE OR
involved each did something at which they ex-
DISTRIBUTION
reality. Also, hunting can be a dangerous occupa- celled. This method allows each person to get the

things he wants, which is another way of saying of labor that were not easily traded. How could the
that it createsNOT FOR
a more SALE
efficient OR InDISTRIBUTION
economy. fact, our work of judges, scribes, teachers, NOT FOR
and other SALE OR DISTRIB
learned
spear-point maker may produce spear points so individuals be valued in an ancient society? The
fast and so well that he created leisure time for him- earliest recognizable money was probably in the
self. Alternatively, he might have started trading form of precious metals such as gold and silver.
them to other clans for their specialty goods (e.g., While useful in themselves for creating jewelry and
© Jones
clothing& or
Bartlett
jewelry). Learning, LLCof wealth decorative objects,
Hereby the creation © Jones & Bartlett
they could not be eaten Learning,
or worn LLC
NOT emerged
FOR SALE (at leastOR DISTRIBUTION
by Neolithic standards). Although as clothing. MoneyNOT became
FOR SALE a meansOR DISTRIBUTION
of exchange
this arrangement has many benefits, it has a major for such essential things. With money, a person
drawback. The spear-point maker had given a large could not only buy a measure of wheat but he could
measure of responsibility for the quality of his food also let someone else do the milling of the wheat
to the hunter. This simple arrangement should pose and just buy the flour. Or he could completely skip
few problems; if the hunter traded a piece of spoiled the steps in food production and buy a meal pre-
Jones & Bartlettmeat
Learning, LLC
the spear-point maker would know immedi-
pared by someone else. That is, he could have a
ately and would complain loudly. A wise hunter NOT FOR
restaurant SALE OR and
meal. Then DISTRIBUTION
now, this is very con-
would trade only good meat for spear points, or he venient, and a tremendous number of restaurant
might not get any in the future. Even after the meals are consumed every day. However, the con-
advent of agriculture, this type of trade predomi- sumer of the meal has entirely surrendered control
nated. One farmer might have abundant wheat that of the quality of the food to someone else, which
he would trade © Jones & Bartlett
for a butchered Learning,
hog. Again, each LLC
can be a large disadvantage. In © Jones
fact, & Bartlett
the person re- Learning,
party could NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
easily determine whether the food was sponsible for his safety may be aNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB
complete stranger.
wholesome. Barter arrangements persist to the pres- The diner has no idea whether the food preparer
ent day, and actually work quite well, even if they uses proper hygiene, is passing off questionable
are ultimately limited in scope. food as fresh, or is even using the ingredients that
As societies became more complex, other means are claimed. For example, it is not unusual today
of supporting workers were needed. The Biblical to find a cheaper grade of fish offered as a more
book of Daniel describes how the young Daniel was expensive variety to unsuspecting shoppers.
NOT educated
as a servant of the royal court of King NOTprogressed,
As civilization FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
specialization of la-
Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia. The king “. . . ap- bor increased. The gap between producer and con-
pointed them a daily provision of the king’s meat, sumer is now vast, and the variety of products
and of the wine which he drank” (King James Ver- offered has become immense. Potential health prob-
sion: Daniel chapter 1), indicating that room and lems have been magnified by improvements in
board for the servants was provided directly by © Jones
the & Bartlett
transportation Learning,
that allow people andLLCgoods to
king. Daniel and his friends refused the rich food as travel thousands of miles in a matter of hours. Not
unhealthy, and they worked out an agreement to
NOTonly
does modern transportation bring exotic prod-
eat only vegetables and drink water. After a trial ucts from all over the world, it also brings exotic
period they were found to be healthier than the diseases. With the advent of air freight, fresh pro-
other servants. This story suggests the risk of allow- duce can be delivered from South America to North
ing others to prepare food: consumers are never America during the winter months, greatly improv-
© Jones
completely certain of its & Bartlett Learning, ing
quality. LLC the diets of American citizens ©and
Jonesmaking &their
Bartlett Learning,
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION meals more varied and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB
interesting.
In a modern, industrialized society, it is simply
CIVILIZATION HAS BECOME impractical for individuals to monitor the quality of
their food. Complexity requires that an impartial
COMPLEX authority—the government—must set appropriate
A more robust economy required a common me - rules for food© Jones
handling and& Bartlett
must Learning,
monitor the process LLC
dium of exchange, i.e., money. Money promoted a for safety. We give the government the authority to
NOT further
division of labor because it was storable,
establish safe practices, to monitor production, and
portable, and allowed the valuation of certain types to punish those who put people at risk by breaking
Reference 7

the rules. A major element of trust is involved with sources of pathogens and the risks of exposure. It
NOT
this authority; FOR them
we expect SALE OR
to be effective and takes active measures to avoid NOT
DISTRIBUTION FORexpo-
unnecessary SALE OR DISTRIB
impartial sentinels. The study of public health micro- sure and to incorporate effective procedures to stay
biology requires an understanding of the authorities healthy. The active measures that we take to pro-
(i.e., federal, state, and local) that affect processes tect our citizens are both complex and effective;
and the most important rules and regulations at skilled workers are necessary to maintain that level
© Jones
work in & the
Bartlett Learning,
food industry, LLCregulation of safety. Most©people
i.e., effective Jones never& think
Bartlett Learning,
about the people LLC
NOT does
FOR notSALE
interruptOR DISTRIBUTION
the supply NOT
of food and drink. In a who purify their FOR
water, treatSALE OR DISTRIBUTION
their wastewater, and
complex, integrated world every nation is under monitor their food supply, but without them we
threat from infectious disease, and our awareness of would all be at greater risk of disease.
just how many pathogens exist and how they can
become epidemic problems encourages us to adopt
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
Jones & Bartlettpreventative
Learning, measures (Fauci et al., 2005).
LLC
A simple analogy is helpful in thinking about
1. Which innovations of the past century have
public health microbiology: a community is much NOT FOR SALEto OR
contributed DISTRIBUTION
public health? Which of them
like the body of a single organism. The body needs also have significant unintended deleterious
to consume wholesome food and water and to outcomes?
remove waste products so that they no longer pose 2. How are the various fields of public health
a health threat. The body also needs uncontami- interdependent?
nated air to© Jones
breathe, and&it Bartlett Learning,
must take active mea- LLC
3. © Jones
How do public health and medicine & Bartlett Learning,
complement
sures to avoidNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
other sources of infection, such as each other? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB
sexually transmitted diseases, exotic (unexpected) 4. Can you foresee a public health problem arising
pathogens, and deliberate exposures. A healthy in the future based on your experience today?
body—and a healthy community—is aware of the How could it be avoided?
Reference
Fauci, A.S., N.A. Touchette, and G.K. Folkers. 2005. Emerg- the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Dis-
ing infectious diseases: a 10-year perspective from eases. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11:519–525.





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The Scope of Public

• Describe how public health microbiology INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

2 Chapter 1: The Scope of Public Health Microbiology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,

Jones & Bartlettetc.) and practices (e.g., habits, addictions, pref-

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

Why Study Public Health Microbiology Separately? 3

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,

© Jones & Bartlett

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,

TABLE 1-2 The Top Ten Causes of Death Worldwide in 2004

Coronary heart disease 7.20 12.2

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

4 Chapter 1: The Scope of Public Health Microbiology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

6 Chapter 1: The Scope of Public Health Microbiology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

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