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Study of seismic analysis of asymmetric building with different shapes of

staggered openings and without openings in Shear Wall

Article  in  Materials Today: Proceedings · May 2022

DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.05.073

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Study of seismic analysis of asymmetric building with different shapes of

staggered openings and without openings in Shear Wall
Bush R.C., Research Scholar a,⇑, Shirkol A.I. a, Sruthi J.S. b, Ajay Kumar c
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, India
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Vit University, Chennai, India
c
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Shear walls are structural members that are usually used in high-rise buildings to resist lateral forces
Available online xxxx such as wind and seismic. Several studies suggest that shear walls perform better without any openings,
however in situations such as provision of openings for ventilation and mechanical movement for lifts, it
Keywords: is mandatory to give openings in shear walls. Evaluation of seismic responses of shear walls is vital to
Shear wall check for stability and integrity of structures from external loads. This comparative study focuses on
Staggered opening the effectiveness of various shapes of vertical staggered openings in an asymmetrical building under
Response spectrum method
the effect of earthquake loads with the help of ETABS software. 10 storey asymmetric building is analyzed
Asymmetric building
Uniform opening
by response spectrum method to compare the parameters such as displacement, storey drift, storey
Etabs shear, storey stiffness, base shear between different shapes of staggered openings such as square, rectan-
gular and triangular compared to the same model with uniform openings and without openings in shear
wall. This paper also further explains the failure pattern between staggered and uniform openings in
shear walls. Furthermore, the model is also analyzed with rectangular openings aligned along the center
line of shear wall to understand the effectiveness of placement too. There is very little study on the effec-
tiveness of different shapes of staggered openings in an asymmetric building. The main aim of this paper
is as follows: to understand the advantages of staggered openings over uniform openings and to analyze
effectiveness of staggered openings to seismic load when different shapes of openings are used.
Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Con-
ference on Recent Trends in Construction Materials and Structures ICON2021.

1. Introduction structure, reduces sway and earthquake damage. Openings are

Shear walls are reinforced concrete walls that can resist lateral
loads. They start from the foundation and run along the height of
the building. Thickness of shear walls can vary between 150 and
400 mm and this depends on the number of storey of the struc-
tures. Shear walls have higher in plane stiffness compared to out
plane stiffness which makes shearwalls resisthorizontal mass and
support gravity mass at the same time, in the direction of orienta-
tion of the shear wall. There by, serving multiple advantages and
reducing damage in structure [1].Shear walls must be placed on
the basis of center of rigidity and center of mass. Shear walls offer
various advantages such as providing stability and stiffness to the
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: 2021rce9516@mnit.ac.in (R.C. Bush), anoop.ce@mnit.ac.in (A.I.
Shirkol), sruthi.2020@vitstudent.ac.in (J.S. Sruthi), sajaydce@gmail.com (A. Kumar).
given in shear walls due to functional reasons. In this paper two
types of openings have been discussed- uniform and staggered
opening. The location and size of openings in shear walls plays
an important role [2].Shear walls with staggered openings per-
forms better than uniform openings and can also provide better
lateral resistance [3]. The size of openings affects the behavior of
the structure in terms of decrease in the strength of shear walls
[4]. To study the effectiveness of different shapes of staggered
openings in shear walls in terms of parameters such as storey dis-
placement, storey drift, storey shear, storey stiffness, and base
shear-10 storey asymmetrical building models were analyzed for
response spectrum method in ETABS. 4 models were analyzed with
staggered openings in shear walls that have varying shapes of ver-
tical openings such as – triangular, square and rectangular. The
fourth one was analyzed with rectangular openings but the corners
of the openings were aligned along the center line of the shear

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.05.073
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Trends in Construction Materials and Structures
ICON2021.

Please cite this article as: R.C. Bush, A.I. Shirkol, J.S. Sruthi et al., Study of seismic analysis of asymmetric building with different shapes of staggered open-
ings and without openings in Shear Wall, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.05.073
R.C. Bush, A.I. Shirkol, J.S. Sruthi et al.
walls to know if similarity in alignment in staggered openings can
be effective or defective. To compare the efficiency or deficiency of
the above -mentioned models, 2 further models with uniform
openings in shear walls and the other one without any openings
in shear walls.
1.1. Importance of shear wall with recent example
An example of a recent collapse of champlain towers (Fig. 1.)
that collapsed in Florida during the early hours of 24thJune, 2021
has been described below. A portion of champlain tower consisting
of 12 story collapsed due to long term penetration of water from
the pool area corroding the reinforcement provided in the slab
below. However, only a portion of the tower collapsed while the
other half did not collapse. However, a particular region of the
tower did not collapse because shear walls were provided that
offered stiffness to the structure, reducing the impact.This case
study imparts a very good reasoning on how effective shear walls
are in providing stiffness to the structure. Lateral forces can cause
powerful torsional forces that can rip the building apart. Shear
walls plays an important role in resisting such forces.Fig. 2.
1.2. Failure pattern of reinforced concrete shear walls
All of the failures that had occurred in shear walls due to earth-
quakes between 2009 and 2011 were ductile failure unlike the uni-
form openings in shear walls where the failure type is brittle. Walls
with uniform openings were observed with vertical cracks at the
ends of coupling beams [5]. The findings were quite opposite in
brick masonry walls, where staggered openings are not preferable.
Staggered openings in shear walls also provide high bearing capac-
ity and stiffness to the walls [7]. The failure mode is by inclined
cracks and crushing of concrete when staggered openings are pro-
vided whereas the failure mode for shear walls with uniform open-
ings is by brittle failure around coupled beams. Shear walls with
staggered opening are more rigid and recorded smaller horizontal
displacements than uniform openings. Shear walls with staggered
openings is preferred as it causes ductile failure which is consid-
ered to be much safer [5].
1.3. Advantages of staggered openings in shear wall
The buildings situated in Chile with staggered openings in shear
walls that were inspected in Chile earthquake did not collapse and
Fig. 1. Picture of champlain tower after collapsed [6].
2
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 2. Experimental models with staggered and uniform opening in failure stage
[5].
had only minor cracks. Shear walls with staggered openings are
more rigid and possess high bearing capacity. The most important
advantage of staggered openings in shear wall is that they fail by
ductile failure unlike uniform openings that fail by brittle failure.
This gives time for the occupants to vacate the structure in case
of failure due to a disastrous event. Such walls have been observed
to fail at higher seismic forces making them structurally more rigid
than shear walls with uniform openings [8]. They also require less
reinforcement. Although staggered openings in shear walls are bet-
ter than uniform openings, the shapes of the openings may also
affect their seismic performance which is explained in detail in this
paper [9].
1.4. Aim of the study
There is a lot of research done regarding openings of shear
walls, their crack and failure pattern but not much research about
the performance of shear walls with respect to shape of openings.
This paper aims to know the suitable shape of staggered openings
necessary in shear walls for better performance with the help of
ETABS software.
2. Method of analysis
Earthquake analysis methods are generally classified as follow-
ing types.
 Equivalent static analysis
 Response spectrum analysis
 Non-Linear static analysis
 Time history analysis
As per Indian Code (IS:1893–2016), if the height of the building
is more than 15 m and if the location of building is in Zone IV, then
dynamic analysis has to be performed. Dynamic analysis can be
performed by either - response spectrum method or by time his-
tory method [10]. In this study, G + 10 storey models were
designed and analyzed by response spectrum method in ETABS
software. Response Spectrum can be defined as a graph that shows
the maximum response (maximum displacement, velocity and
acceleration) versus the natural frequency of a single degree of
freedom system (SDOF). ‘‘This method provides the maximum
allowable limit of values such as displacements and forces that
R.C. Bush, A.I. Shirkol, J.S. Sruthi et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

are generated in each mode of vibrations through smooth design
spectra which is the average of earthquake motions‘‘ [11]. The
main constraint of the Response spectrum analysis is that they
are globally suitable to linear systems only [4].
2.1. Objective of the study
 To understand the behaviour of the structure with staggered
openings, uniform openings and without openings in shear wall
under the effect of earthquake load
 To determine the optimum shape of vertical staggered opening
 To study and compare the parameters such as storey displace-
ment drift, storey shear, storey stiffness and base shear
3. Modeling of the building
In this study, a10-storey building with each story height of 3 m
is considered and modelled using ETABS software. Fig. 3 shows the
plan of the building. All the model buildings are assumed to be
fixed at the base and the location of choice has been selected as
Bihar, India. For the analysis, six different models were considered
out of which one is without any openings in shear walls and the
other models consists of vertical openings on shear walls with dif-
ferent location and different shapes, all of the above models are in
Zone V. Figs. 4–6 represent the 6 different models that were con-
sidered. Table 1 represents the building data and the loading
applied on the models are given in Table 2.

Fig. 3. Plan of building.

Fig. 4. (a)Building without opening,(b) Building with vertical rectangular opening.

3
R.C. Bush, A.I. Shirkol, J.S. Sruthi et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 5. (a)Building with vertical square opening (b) Building with vertical rectangular openings aligned along the center line of shear wall.

Fig. 6. (a)Building with vertical triangular opening,(b) Building with vertical uniform opening.

Table 1
Building description.
4. Result and discussion
Building data Data value
Floor Area 25 m  28 m The graphical representation of results such as storey displace-
No of Story 10 ment, storey drift, storey stiffness and storey shear are represented
Grade of Concrete M 30 below in Fig (7, 8, 9 and10).
Grade of Steel Fe-415
Height of each storey 3m
Table.3 shows variation in base shear for models i.e. building
Size of Column 450  450 (mm) with different shapes of vertical openings at different positions
Size of Beam 300  450 (mm) and without openings. From the above table, it is observed that
Thickness of Slab 150 mm the base shear is more for themodel without opening and lesser
Thick of wall 180 mm
for the model with vertical uniform opening.
Zone V
Soil Type II
Importance Factor 1
Response Reduction 5
Table 3
Base shear for all six building.
Table 2
Loading Data on Building. Base shear ELX ELY
(kN) (kN)
Name of load Load value
Building without opening 3755.8 2224.2
Floor Finish 3 kN/m2 Building with vertical rectangular opening 3324.8 2215.8
Floor Finish on Roof 4 kN/m2 Building with vertical square opening 3248.7 2214.9
Live Load on Floor 4 kN/m2 Building with vertical rectangular opening aligned along 3689.8 2223.1
Live Load on Roof 1.5 kN/m2 the center line of shear wall
Wall Load on Floor beam Wall 15 kN/m Building with vertical triangular opening 3612 2205.3
Wall Load on Roof Beam 5 kN/m Building with vertical uniform opening 2627.7 2215.3

4
R.C. Bush, A.I. Shirkol, J.S. Sruthi et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 7. Storey displacement.

Fig. 10. Storey shear.

Fig. 8. Storey drift ratio.

However, there are situations where openings in shear walls

are mandatory like in the case of ventilation and mechanical
movement for lifts ventilation so after the analysis it’s observed
that the rectangular and square shaped staggered openings in
shear wall performs well to resist seismic loads. It is also
observed that model 6(uniform openings) performed poorly for
the same loads.Figs. 7-10.

5. Conclusions

The following observations were made:

 Shear walls with staggered openings are more rigid compared

Fig. 9. Storey stiffness.
After the analysis, it is observed that Model 1(without open-
ings) has less storey displacement, less storey drift maximum
Base shear, maximum storey stiffness and maximum storey
shear which indicates that shear wall performs well during the
application of seismic loads without openings in shear wall.
5
to shear walls with uniform openings. Also, shear walls without
openings was observed to have the best performance under
seismic loads.
 Base shear is more in model without any openings in shear wall.
Among staggered openings in shear walls, model 3 with rectan-
gular openings where the corners of the openings were aligned
along the canter line of shear wall has the maximum base shear.
 Displacement was observed to be the least among models with
square and rectangular shaped staggered openings in shear
walls among all the models with openings in shear walls.
R.C. Bush, A.I. Shirkol, J.S. Sruthi et al.
 Among staggered openings, shear walls with square and rect-
angular shaped openings in shear wall had the least storey
drift.
 Model 2 and 3 performs the best among staggered openings
(rectangular and square openings). Triangular openings in stag-
gered openings are better than uniform openings in shear wall
but they are not the best shape of openings compared to other
shapes. Model 6 with uniform openings has the least storey
stiffness among the 6 models. This is because of the fact that
the storey shear is less and displacement is high indicating that
for model 6, lesser force is required for larger displacement.
 Storey shear among models with openings in shear walls is
more or less similar among rectangular and square shaped stag-
gered openings and rectangular staggered openings with their
corners aligned along the center line.
In conclusion, for openings among the models studied above,
square and rectangular staggered vertical openings will perform
better during seismic events.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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