9. What do you mean by Diffusion & Drift current?

10.What do you mean by majority & minority charge cariers and on what
factor do they depend?

Expt. I1] Transistor characteristics in common Base configuration : CB mode

a1: What do you mean by CB mode?

Ans: CB mode means base is common to input & output circuits.

a 2: What are approximate values of input & output resistance In CB mode?

Ans: In GB mode, input resistance is around 50 ohms & output resistance is

very high.

a 3: What is current gain "a"? why is it less than 1(one)?

Ans: Current gain "a" is the ratio of change in output current to change in
input current.

IE=IB+1C, so change in la is always greater than lc. But, since ls is very small
there Is very slight difference in Ia & le. So "a" is less than 1 & around 0.9

a 4: Can you use same transistor for CE and CB mode? How does current
gain increase about 100 times7

Ans: yes. same transistor can be used in CB & CE mode. B is Alc/ of B is very

large compared to value of a.

Q5: What effect or change do you expect in characteristics if collector and

emitter region are interchanged in CB mode?

Ans: Characteristics will remain almost same only due to change in doping9
in the region magnitude of Input current wll be changed.

a8: Explain common emitter configuration.

Ans: In common emitter configuration, emitter is common to base and

collector. Emitter and base form the Input circuit and emitter and collector

form output circuit

7 : Give the range of input resistance and output resistance in CE

configuration.
Ans: input resistance 750 (low)

Output resistance *45 Kn (high)

of transistor in CE mode.
Q8: state the important applications
Ans: 1. Audio frequency application.

2. Voltage amplification.
transistor in CE mode because of
Q9: Give important characteristics of
which it is more widely used.

Ans: 1. High current Gain.

2. High voltage gain.

3. High power gain.

4. Moderate output to input impedance ratio.

to emitter current) ?
a 10: What is meant by lceo (collector
Ans: When base is open i.e. the base current ls zero, some current flows

carriers. This current is

from collector to emitter, because of minority charge
called collector to emitter leakage curTent.

Viva-Voce
What do you mean by transistor?

function of emitter, base & collector.

2. Explain the
11.What is the relation between emitter, base & collector current12.What do
you mean by common emitter mode

Expt. IV Transistor characteristics in common Emitter configuration :CE

mode

a 1: Why is the base region in transistor is narrow & lightly doped?

Ans: In a transistor, majority cariers(i.e. electrons in NPN & holes IN

PNP)are diffused from emitter side to the collector side. As they pass
through base region, they recombine & are lost. To minimize this
recombination in base region & in turn enhancing the diffusion towards
collector region it is lightly doped. It is narrow so as to keep its width less
than the diffusion length of electrons to minimize recombination.

2 : Why the emmiter Is heavily doped?

Ans: Emitter is heavily doped to supply large no. of majority charge carriers

to the base.

a 3: Why collector reglon is large in size?

Ans: It is large in size to dissipate the heat energy generated during

recombination of holes and eiectrons.

a 4: What type of blasing is done to operate transistor in active reglon?

Ans: To operate transistor in active region emitter-base is forward biased

and collector-base is reverse blased.

a5: Why is the name transistor glven to the device?

Ans: The name transistors stand for transfer of resistance from input to

output region.

a 6: Name the configuration in which a transistor can be operated7

Ans: Transistor can be operated in three configurations: CB(common base),

CEcommon emitter) & CC(common collector)

7: How are the three regions emitter, base & collector obtained?
Ans: The three different regions Emitter, Base & Collector are obtained by
doping a slab of pure semi-conductor with n & p type Impurities alternately in
specific region.
a 8: What does the arrow in the symbol of transistor indicate?

Ans: The arrows indicate the direction of conventional current.

Q 9 State some applications of transistor

Ans: Transistor can be used to construct oscillators, logic gates. It can be
used as an amplifier, switching device, etc.

Viva-Voce

1. What do you mean by transistor?

2. Explain the function of emitter, base & collector.

3. What is the difference between emitter, base and collector with respect to

doping and area?

4. What are the types of transistors7

Expt. V Energy gapP
1 : What is meant by
energy gap?
Ans: In a band structure of semi conductors, there exists a gap between
valence band and conduction band. This gap is called as energy gap.

a 2: Is the forbidden region and energy gap the same? If yes, why it is called
as forbidden region?

Ans: Yes, energy gap is also called as forbidden region because the electron
while getting transferred from valence band to conduction band, is not
allowed to occupy any of the energy levels lying in this region.

a 3: Does energy gap vary with temperature for the given material? When will
energy gap have the different values?

Ans: the energy gap is Independent of temperature. So, at different value of

temp, as long as the material is same, Eg will not change. Eg will have
different values for different materials.

4 which type of charge carriers cause current when the diode is reverse
biased?

Ans: the current flowing through the diode is due to minority charge cariers
when the junction is reverse biased.

Q5: Why the diode is operated in reverse bias to find out energy gap of the
material?

Ans: In forward bias current flows because of extrinsic action. Population of

charge carriers at the donor levels and acceptor levels govem the current
characteristics and band gap Eg does not play any role. In case of reverse
bias, the current flows only because of minority charge carriers, which are
generated by Intrinsic action. Intrinsic action means, when available energy
is more than the band gap energy Eg, electron jumps from valence band to
conduction band, leading to the generation of hole in valence band. Both
contribute for conduction. The available energy here is heat energy we
provide. Hence, minority carriers are sensitive to temp. Thus, minority
current is temp dependent and required heat energy is proportional to the
band gap energy. Hence, diode is operated in reverse bias mode.

Home Work

1. Why do the valence band and conduction band exist?

2. What is band gap?

3. How do you distinguish between metals, semi-conductors and

insulators on the basis of band gap?

4. Why the pn junctlon is kept in the liquid? Name the liquid.

5. Which meter is connected to the cireuit? Why?

6. What are the values of Eg of silicon and germanium?

7. Is there any role of lattice constant in deciding thee Eg value of the

material?

Expt. VI] LED Characteristics

(See notes and MCQs to answer

1. What is symbol of LED

2. What is LED
iseuid? Whu?