KHUSHAL SINGH HAVELI WALLED CITY,

LAHORE
ABSTRACT
In this review, an attempt has been made to analyze passive solar heating and cooling
concepts along with their effects on performance of a building's thermal
management. The concepts of thick brick wall, evaporative cooling, ventilation,
radiative cooling, earth air heat exchanger, roof pond, solar shading for
buildings, and these systems are extensively covered in this review. Comparison of
results by various heating and cooling concepts has been made. The site under study
i.e. Khushal Singh Haveli was investigated upon the mentioned aspects along with
architectural attributes. By analyzing its architectural features, we came to know
how well they are incorporated with surrounding environment and meanwhile
complimenting the natural resources.

INTRODUCTION

An estimated 6.7% of the global energy requirement is used for thermal management
of buildings for which precise Arab data are not available. As per an estimate, at
least 35% of the total building's energy requirements may be satisfied by using
alternative resources. Different physical processes for providing thermal comfort for
passive buildings include solar radiation, long-wave radiation exchange, radiative
cooling, and evaporative cooling. Solar radiation and radiative cooling are the
processes used for both thermal heating and cooling purposes. Passive solar design
is used as a cost and resource efficient method for achieving natural harmony
between climate, architecture, and people. The building structure should be self-
sustainable that is generating the energy for its own consumption. Passive design
strategies are related to various aspects of a building like shape, size, orientation,
form, site, layout etc. Their impact can be easily seen in the performance of the
building's energy use. This is because the massing and layout of the buildings can
generate self-shading effects and can enhance the ventilation and natural lighting.

HISTORY
• The Khushal Singh Haveli built in 1820, it states that many houses of local people
were demolished and taken over forcefully in the process and he did not live to
see the end of it, died in 1844. After independence the building was taken over by
the Custodian of Refugee Properties. From the early 1950s it was used by the
Central Investigation Agency of the Punjab Police, but it was handed over to
Education Department in 1986. Initially it was going to be demolished but this
was halted during the preparation of the PEPAC report and conservation was
suggested instead. Unfortunately, the residents at the time were allowed to take
with them whatever they could carry to rebuild elsewhere and much of the historic
fabric was lost. However, the buildings have been restored as much as is feasible,
to their original appearance, and are now used as a Government Fatima Jinnah
college for women.
LOCATION

It is located between Chuna Mandi road, Moti Bazaar Road and Jamadaran Street
inside Walled City Lahore. The largest Haveli inside walled city which has been
conserved and is now being used as a Government Fatima Jinnah College for
women.

CLIMATE
According to the climate zone map Lahore comes in a composite zone. It lies close
to the hot dry zone and in summer the wind direction is specified the wind blows
northeast towards southwest of town touching the climate of Lahore region. The
result of hot dry zone starts from March and remains until September month because
the wind direction is southwest which suggests from hot dry zone towards Lahore
region. The most options of this season are that the winds blown are hot and jam-
packed with mud throughout the daytime however cooler in night. Throughout the
day terribly sturdy wind blows. The climate of Lahore region will be divided into
the subsequent broad categories.
If we talk about the climate impact on the site then we came to know about the
designing principle, the Architects of that time utilized like they provided small
windows at southeast side and at northwest direction they provided courtyard and
corridors for wind flows with minimum heat gain.

PLANING ACCORDING TO THE CARDINAL DIRECTIONS

Jama’dar Khushal Singh built his haveli to the west of and close to the southern gate,
leaving the rest of the area as an open maidan. The haveli is a huge rectangle
measuring approximately a hectare. Behind the large portal facing east was asquare
garden with living quarters and basements underneath. There were vast Halls on the
west and south for ceremonial purposes and for receiving guests. On the Northern
side were the elephant house, whose roof has now collapsed, and a Hamman which
is still intact. The women’s quarters were upstairs on the south-eastern and southern
sides. When Rajah teja singh inherited this haveli in 1044, he added the present top
storey on the main dewrhi on the eastern sides, raising its height and inspiring the
comparisons to a citadel already mentioned.

In the middle of the haveli is a small, square garden with an off-center platform that
might have been the base of a pavilion. It is one of the few walled gardens in the
walled city that survived the ravages of time.

Exactly when the small building east of the southern gate- the third haveli- was built
is not certain. The present building is certainly from the British period, as are the
double storey row of shophouses along the Chuna Mandi Bazaar. Kanhaiyya Lal
mentions a “farrash khana” (reception hall) with a fire living room (nishistgah) on
the first floor. Like his contemporary Rajah Dhayan Singh, Jama’dar Khushal Singh
selected the site of an abandoned Mughal haveli for his palace. The main gate to the
largest of the three havelis, This haveli appears to be atypical Mughal barbican
gateway camouflaged on both sides with Sikh period vennering. The central hall
west of the courtyard behind this gate has a niche and was used as a mosque by the
criminal investigation agency (CIA) staff until it finally vacated the premises in
1986.
ARCHITECTURE
 It is the mixture of British and Sikh Architecture.
  Decorated column and wooden ceilings.
 Massive brick masonry walls.
 Heavy Wooden doors.
 Walls are covered with frescoes.
 Colorful mosaic and marble tiled paintings.
 Islamic styles: In-clay work and multi-foil arches, Arcades, Niche are
Mughal influences, more specially from Shah Jahan's period, whereas,
oriel windows, bracket supported eaves at the string-course, and
ornamented friezes are derived from elements of Rajput architecture.

HIGHLIGHTS
1. Brick wall for both passive heating and cooling.
2. Courtyard effect as a passive cooling.
3. Heat radiating system as Thermal heat.
4. Evaporating cooling and Cross ventilation.

PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING

 The ideal building form is greatly influenced by the local climate. The
building form can minimize heat loss or gain, affect maximum daylighting,
and maximize natural ventilation.
  In hot and dry climates, one usually finds massive walls and roofs used for
their time-lag effect. Since the sun is very intense, small windows will
adequately light the interiors. The windows are also small because during the
daytime the hot outdoor air makes ventilation largely undesirable. The
exterior surface colors are usually very light to minimize the absorption of
solar radiation.

• The three tiers approach should

be kept in mind during building
design.
 Heating (conservation)
1. Insulation
2. Infiltration
 Cooling (Heat Avoidance)
1. Shading
2. Exterior Color
3. Insulation
4. Mass

Exterior Color
• In Hot Summer days, when the sun’s heat become extreme than the winters,
then it is suitable to have light colored exterior. The reason is that the lighter
color absorb less amount of heat than dark paints. So this thing has
successfully fulfil the requirement of not gaining direct heat.
COURTYARD
 Courtyard itself is a passive device use as a heat sink and cold air storage.
Buildings having internal courtyards are characterized as a most suitable
solution for cooling in hot climate regions to provide inner spaces with cold
air and daylight. This thing had made the design worth able.

Ventilation
 At the early era, there is no source of electricity like we use now a days HVAC
system. So for Designers it was a big task to incorporate such techniques for
making the building sustainable and comfortable in all aspects. So in this
 haveli we can see the windows at adjacent sides for cross ventilation. This
Cross ventilation also called (Wind effect Ventilation) which is the natural
method for cooling. It helps to force the warm air of the interior to outlet and
cold fresh air of exterior to inlet. As Lahore is hot and dry, The Architects
designed small windows at the high points of the walls for moving of warm
air outside of the building easily because the warm air is much heavier than
the cold air. That is the reason cold air lays at the bottom and warm air
removes from the top. These windows also provide natural light.

Indirect Radiant
The Corridors (Veranda) concept has been integrated that act as a indirect gain or
indirect radiant and provide shade. It helps to control the heat of sun to pass directly
inside of the rooms. The natural light can enter the rooms but this area help to reduce
the heat to go straight away inside.
RADIATIVE COOLING
At night, as there is no incoming solar energy and the ground continues to radiate
away heat, its temperature falls. This night-time cooling is called "radiation
cooling". It helps to cool the rooms that can further useable in day time for a long
period if we close the windows and doors.

THERMAL STORAGE WALL SYSTEM

One of the most economical and effective passive solar cooling systems is the vented
thermal storage wall. The greatest advantage of the thermal storage wall is that the
heat used for the passive solar cooling does not directly enter the interior spaces of
the habitable portion of the building.

In Mughal Architecture, they used massive walls with great thickness. The thicker
and more resistive the material, the longer it will take for heat waves to pass through.
So it was also the plus point.

SUMMARY

This site is a good demonstration of a combination of a hybrid of standard

construction techniques and state of the art passive solar and cooling
principles. This allows the public the efficiency of the systems incorporated
in this site, while retaining the traditional features.
 The energy features in this site, such as air to air heat exchanger, thermally
isolated slab is well worth the additional cost due to the energy savings and
added comfort that they provided.

Building itself act as a Natural insulation structure element because there’s a

wide use of mud/Clay in the roof for preventing the insides areas to heat up.

Exterior and interior walls having thicker brick masonry that allows to absorb
heated rays of sun and not allow to pass quickly inside of the building.

The central courtyard concept increased the flow rate of wind. Also provide
shading against the sun rays.

QUESTION/ANSWER
• How does Courtyard work in Haweli?

Answer: A courtyard is an open space within a house that is partially or

completely enclosed by a wall. They have been part of homes for
centuries. Houses with courtyards are traditionally called haveli. Traditionally, the
courtyard was the central space of the house, the center of light and ventilation.

In this site, when outside temperature become higher than inside. Convection causes
in courtyard air to flow through the rooms and provides cross-ventilation between
rooms. When the outside temperature rises, the thickness of the wall prevents
heat penetration through the wall.

At night, the air in the courtyard become hotter than the inside temperature. In a
phenomenon called night flush cooling. the warm air inside rises upward, and
through the convection process, the cold air from the outside fills the courtyard, and
passes through the exterior windows of the surrounding rooms to the courtyard, so
that the rooms can feel the cool breeze.
  Which part of the building promoting the larger area of passive zone?

Answer: A courtyard presents a greater flexibility in promoting larger areas of

internal passive zones, which can benefit from natural ventilation and daylight. It is
an effective element to bring in light and wind to promote passive ventilation to
occupants. Because this site facing east and west site so the sun orientation is like
that where sun rise from east and sets on a west

 How it Building achieves comfort level?

Answer: The comfort level is achieved by open courtyard and some occupants
modify it with enclosures, such as double story building, verandas, eaves over the
building to increase the useable and shaded area that provide the optimal
environmental conditions in hot climate. This affects bringing in daylight but
deters the passive ventilation from happening.

 How lights act on mini courtyard?

Answer: Natural Light enhanced comfort for the user. It helps to function well in
open spaces and we can control this natural light by providing shades for suitable
areas. Mini courtyard contains heighted walls and Sunlight can’t directly
approaches to this area because of walls but it provide shades.
  What was the purpose of having such grill in this space and what pressure it
makes?

Answer: This grill has used for safety purpose as well as the source of air to enter
in. These phenomena use to compress the air and make it cooler and spread inside
of spaces. All the old buildings used this strategy for natural ventilation to get air
inside of the building by using grill at the upper side of the basement floor (Ceiling).

Naturally, the air tends to flow inside of the building at the high-pressure points
(windows) and out at the low-pressure points. This picture shows the flow of wind
towards basement with the help of small vent ( Fan). Through this fan the flow rate
of wind became faster and it helps to circulate in all direction and form the positive
pressure.