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Page 1 of 10
BUILDING UTILITIES
ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING / ILLUMINATION
How Is Vibration Isolated and Controlled?
To reduce the problem to a single mass supported
by a spring and a damper
SOUND DAMPENER
Damping – dissipates vibrational energy before it can
build up and radiate as sound.
SOUND PRESSURE A REVERBERATION can occur when a sound wave is reflected off a nearby
The amount of air pressure fluctuation a noise source creates surface.
We "hear" or perceive sound pressure as loudness.
Sound pressure is usually expressed in units called PASCALS (Pa)
SOUND POWER
The sound energy transferred per second from the noise source to the air
Power is expressed in units called watts (W)
Like sound pressure, sound power (in W) is usually expressed as sound
power levels in dB.
LOUDNESS
The human impression of the strength of a sound
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BUILDING UTILITIES
ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING / ILLUMINATION
REFLECTION and ABSORPTION FLAT CEILING Good for Speech halls
Hard, sound-reflecting flat ceiling provides useful sound reflections covering the
REFLECTION, DIFFUSION, AND DIFFRACTION entire seating area in a lecture room
FLAT REFLECTOR CREEP – Dome-like rotundas (Rotunda Effect) exhibit this guided reflection
Flat, hard-surfaced building elements (large enough and oriented properly) phenomena – Indirect echo; Longitudinal Wave
effectively distribute reflected sound. The reflector is tilted slightly to project sound
energy toward the rear of an auditorium. ANTI-FOCUSING – CONVEX Surfaces, undesirable focusing effect may be partially
overcome by covering the curved surface
CONVEX REFLECTOR (anti-focusing)
Large convex, hard-surfaced building elements are the most effective sound-
distributing forms.
The reflected sound energy from convex surfaces diverges, enhances diffusion,
desirable for music.
Reflected sound from convex surfaces is more evenly distributed across a wide
range of frequencies.
Page 3 of 10
BUILDING UTILITIES
ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING / ILLUMINATION
DIFFUSION (E.g. Theatres and cinemas – equally distributed sound) What Is The Difference Between Insulation & Absorption?
Scattering or random redistribution of a sound wave from a surface; occurs when the
surface depths of hard-surfaced materials are comparable to the wavelengths of the SOUND INSULATION
sound. Is required in order to eliminate the sound path from a source to a receiver
such as between apartments in a building, or to reduce unwanted external
DIFFRACTION when a wave encounters an obstacle or opening noise inside a concert hall.
e.g. Material Solution – Perforated Acoustic Tile e.g. Mineral Wool – Insulation Material
Bricks – both thermal and acoustic-insulation
Bending or “flowing” of a sound wave around an object or through an opening Bahay Na Bato – thermal storage; thick stone wall
Sound is kept for a period of time – considered INSULATIVE
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BUILDING UTILITIES
ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING / ILLUMINATION
INTRODUCTION TO LIGHTING (ILLUMINATION) TERMINOLOGIES LIGHTS
Rays that travel in a straight line until they encounter some object
LIGHTING (ILLUMINATION): deliberate use of light to achieve practical or aesthetic effects Rays are absorbed, reflected, or transmitted
The proportion of light absorbed, transmitted, or reflected depends upon the type
Lighting includes of material and the angle of incidence of the light rays as measured from the
1. Light Sources (lamps, light fixtures) perpendicular to the surface
2. Natural Lighting/Illumination – daylight (windows, skylights, light shelves)
Daylighting - main source of light during daytime ABSORPTANCE
Proper Lighting The ratio of light absorbed by a material to the incident light falling on it
1. Enhance task performance All materials absorb some light; darker objects absorb more than lighter-
2. Improve the appearance of an area colored objects.
3. Positive psychological effects on occupants
REFLECTANCE, REFLECTION FACTOR, OR REFLECTANCE COEFFICIENT:
LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY Ratio of light reflected by a surface to the incident light falling on it
Reflection of light is either specular, diffuse, or some combination of the
Candlepower (CP): unit of luminous intensity of a light source two.
Candela (cd) in SI units: index of the ability of a light source to produce illumination
A candle has a luminous intensity in the horizontal direction of approximately 1 SPECULAR REFLECTION
candlepower (candela), Candela and the candlepower have the same magnitude. “Regular reflection” (kind of reflection observed in a mirror) angle of
reflection is equal to the angle of incident light
Lumen (lm) Polished or shiny surfaces reflect light when the incident ray is directed
Quantitative unit for measuring the flow of light energy (referred in the lighting to the surface at an angle
field as luminous flux) emanating from 1 ft2 of a 1 ft2 surface of 1
candlepower/light output DIFFUSE REFLECTION
The reflected light is scattered in all directions so that the reflecting
English system of units - 1 lumen is equal to the luminous flux emanating from 1 surface appears equally bright from any angle of view. Any surface with
ft2 of a hypothetical surface all points of which are 1 foot from a uniform point a sandpaper texture reflects light diffusely
source of 1 candlepower
SI units - 1 lumen is the luminous flux emanating from 1 m2 of a surface all points
of which are 1 m from the 1-candela source.
ILLUMINATION - the density of luminous flux, expressed as lumens per unit area.
FOOTCANDLE (FC): One lumen of luminous flux spread uniformly over an area of 1
ft2 produces an illumination of 1 footcandle
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BUILDING UTILITIES
ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING / ILLUMINATION
TRANSMITTANCE, LUMINOUS TRANSMITTANCE, TRANSMISSION FACTOR, GLARE
OR COEFFICIENT OF TRANSMISSION Effect of excessive brightness in the field of view, causing annoyance or
Ratio of light transmitted through discomfort and interfering with vision; may be direct from a light source, or
A material to the total incident light falling on it reflected from a shiny surface
Light transmission may be either direct, diffuse, or a combination of the two DISCOMFORT GLARE – From Natural Light
DISABILITY GLARE – From Artificial Light
DIRECT TRANSMISSION – Light passes through clear, transparent materials
WORK STATION
DIFFUSE TRANSMISSION The immediate contiguous area in which a worker performs visual tasks (desk,
Light is scattered evenly in all directions, appearing equally bright from any desk return, table that function as one task location, conference table shared by
angle of view. Materials that transmit light in a diffuse pattern are known as several workers)
translucent materials.
WORK PLANE – The surface on which the visual task is performed and at which the
REFRACTION: bending of a ray of light as it passes obliquely through a material illumination is specified and measured.
SECONDARY SOURCE
Surfaces that derive their brightness from reflected incident illumination
The sun is the ultimate primary source, the moon is a secondary source of light.
FOOTLAMBERT (FL): A quantitative unit for measuring brightness LUMINAIRE – A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps, together with
parts designed to distribute the light, to position and protect the lamp(s), and to
Brightness (luminance): an index of the intensity of light being emitted, transmitted connect the lamp(s) to a power supply; referred to as a “fixture.”
or reflected from a surface
REFLECTOR – Device for redirecting the radiant energy of a lamp by reflecting it in
Brightness is the perceived light a desired direction
Luminance is a measured quantity
REFRACTOR (e.g. Track Light)
FOOTCANDLE: the illumination is on a surface Device for redirecting the radiant energy of a lamp in the desired direction
FOOTLAMBERT: the brightness is from a surface by refraction through a lens
EFFICIENCY – The ratio of light output (luminous flux) to the light produced by lamp
Page 6 of 10
BUILDING UTILITIES
ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING / ILLUMINATION
THREE TYPES OF LIGHTING DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIGHT FIXTURES
Page 7 of 10
BUILDING UTILITIES
ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING / ILLUMINATION
LIGHTING SYSTEM TYPES SEMI-DIRECT
Lighting systems are conventionally divided into FIVE CATEGORIES The minor upward component serves to illuminate the ceiling
according to how they control or distribute light: They differ principally in the Shadowing in the space not a problem upward component is
proportion of light directed upward or downward. at least 25 percent and the ceiling reflectance is at least 70 percent
1. INDIRECT DIRECT
2. SEMI-INDIRECT Inherently efficient; basically all light is directed downward
3. GENERAL-DIFFUSE and DIRECT-INDIRECT Illumination of the ceiling is entirely due to light reflected from the floor and room
4. SEMI-DIRECT furnishings
5. DIRECT Require a light, diffuse, high-reflectance floor, unless a dark ceiling is desired for
aesthetic purposes
Distribution of Light Emitted by Luminaire Since illumination is largely independent of wall reflectance, walls may be any
Type
Upward (%) Downward (%) color.
INDIRECT 90 – 100 0 – 10
SEMI-INDIRECT 60 – 90 10 – 40
GENERAL DIFFUSE 40 – 60 40 – 60
SEMI-DIRECT 10 – 40 60 – 90
DIRECT 0 – 10 90 – 100
INDIRECT
Walls and ceiling must have a high-reflectance finish
Room illumination is diffuse, shadowless, uniform, and with low glare TYPES OF LIGHTS or LAMPS
Inefficient, since all of the useful light reaches the working plane only after a double
reflection – within the fixture and off the ceiling ELECTRICALLY POWERED LAMPS
1. INCANDESCENCE
SEMI-INDIRECT a. Incandescent Lamps
More efficient than indirect b. Halogen Lamps
Allow higher levels of illumination without glare
2. LUMINESCENCE
Employs a translucent diffusing element through which the downward
a. Electron-Stimulated Luminescence (ESL)
component shines
Ceiling is the principal radiating source, and the character of the room lighting Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)
is still diffuse b. Discharge
Fluorescent Tube
GENERAL-DIFFUSE AND DIRECT-INDIRECT
High Intensity Discharge (HID) – Low Pressure Sodium (LPS),
Fixtures distribute approximately an equal amount of light upward and downward
Provide a bright ceiling and upper wall background for the luminaire High Pressure Sodium (HPS), Metal Halide (MH)
General-diffuse fixtures (diffusing globe) emit light equally in all directions c. Solid-State Lighting
Direct-indirect fixtures have an open top, luminous side, and diffusing bottom Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Their light output has very little horizontal component
Page 8 of 10
BUILDING UTILITIES
ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING / ILLUMINATION
LIGHT SOURCE TYPES HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE (H.I.D.)
TWO MOST COMMON TYPES (INCANDESCENT & FLOURESCENT) Include mercury vapor, metal-halide, and high- and low-pressure sodium lamps
High efficacy and, with appropriate color correction
A.) INCANDESCENT Utilized in almost any application, indoor or outdoor, that does not have critical color
The least efficient of all lamps (efficacies of less than 20 lumens per watt) criteria
Efficiency increases with rated wattage (15 percent for a 10-watt lamp; 25 percent for
a 1500-watt lamp) MERCURY VAPOR (M-V) LAMPS (e.g. Street Lamps)
Color (white with a large yellow-red component); exact color depends on temperature Distinctive blue-green light
as determined by wattage; High-wattage lamps are blue; low-wattage lamps are Lamps available in clear, white, color-corrected, and white-deluxe
yellow; Dimmed lamps of a given wattage give off a yellow-red light. Efficacies higher than incandescent but lower than fluorescent lamps
Reflector lamps are a specially designed type of incandescent lamp Lamp life is extremely long (since the long life is predicated on their being left on for
long periods of time, they are not suitable for applications that are subject to frequent
SPOTLIGHTS - narrow-beam designs switching)
FLOODLIGHTS - wide beam designs; soft floodlights glass (indoor), Applicable to indoor and outdoor use, if proper attention is paid to color and fixture
hard glass (outdoor) brightness. High mounting necessary to avoid glare and to permit adequate area
Fixtures for these lamps act as a lamp holder, since beam control is built into the lamp coverage
Used in industrial spaces and stores
B.) FLUORESCENT
More efficient than incandescent lamps (20 times longer life) METAL-HALIDE LAMP (e.g. Billboards)
More light is emitted by a 40-watt fluorescent tube than by a 100-watt incandescent Basically a mercury lamp with halides of metals, such as thallium, indium, or sodium,
bulb. added. The addition of these salts causes light to be radiated at frequencies other than
Efficacy depends on their color-rendering capabilities the basic mercury colors and increases efficacy
Most efficient - warm white, cool white, and white (best for industrial, institutional, Color is much warmer than that of the mercury light
general office); economical light production
Deluxe warm white, deluxe cool white, and other “deluxe” types used where color HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM (HPS) LAMP
rendition is important and lower efficacies are acceptable. Light is a yellow-tinted color due to the sodium contained within them under high
Fluorescent light output dependent on the operating temperature of the tube, which is pressure. Complementary white sources used in conjunction can make the color of this
affected by the ambient temperature light even more acceptable
Shape – tubular, straight tubes
Standard 4-foot (1.2 m) tube - rated at 40 watts LOW-PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP
The most efficient source available, but inappropriate for general lighting because of its
General Electric’s circular fluorescent lamp called the Circlite, fits into an ordinary
distinctive deep yellow light output
incandescent socket
Very high efficacy
WARM WHITE Widely used for highway lighting, where the discernment of objects is the primary
Refers to a color temperature around 3000K, providing a yellowish-white light. objective
Use for building’s exterior applications, inside warehouses, or as after-hours security
COOL WHITE lighting
Denote a color temperature of around 4100 K. The Cool White (CW) designation is
used specifically for T12 and other fluorescent lamps
Page 9 of 10
BUILDING UTILITIES
ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING / ILLUMINATION
ASSIGNMENT No. 1 SOUND WAVE
Define SOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT (SAC)
PITCH and FREQUENCY
SOUND INTENSITY
SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS (TL)
SOUND PRESSURE
SOUND POWER
ASSIGNMENT No 1: Provide pictures and descriptions about the topic below
SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL
RESEARCH No. 1 Types of Light Fixtures applicable for
LOUDNESS Living Areas
Dining Areas
VIBRATION
T&Bs (middle-income group only)
REVERBERATION
City Halls
RESEARCH No. 1 Conference Rooms
TYPES OF VIBRATION ISOLATORS AND DAMPENERS
Lobbies for Health Centers
FOCUSED REFLECTIONS
ELLIPSE
PARABOLA
ROTUNDA EFFECT
ANTI-FOCUSING
RESEARCH No. 2
NOISE REDUCTION COEFFICIENT (NRC)
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