SHS

Core Subject:
Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Quarter 1 - Module 6

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL, Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Quarter 1 – Module 6
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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad
Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Winard Pobocan Paulba NHS

Editors: Delia V. Mendoza, Ph.D. EPS – AP, SDO Ligao

Leo Irwin C. Lindio Principal II, Paulba NHS
Iris R. Paz Principal I, Barayong NHS
Romeo B. Lorico MT II, Ligao NHS
Rachel R. Baltazar MT II, Ligao West Central ES (P)

Layout Artist: Daryl S. Prepotente IT Teacher, DPPMHS

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 LESSON 1: HUMAN SOCIETY

Introduction
As human species, we are social beings who live out our lives in the company of
other humans. We organize ourselves into various kinds of social groupings such as
nomadic bands, villages, cities and countries in which we work, trade, play, reproduce
and interact in many ways. Unlike other species, we combine socialization with
deliberate changes in social behavior and organization over time. Consequently, the
patterns of human society differ from place to place and era to era and across cultures,
making the social world a very complex and dynamic environment. This module
discusses the definition of human society. It will also describe kinship relations in the
family circle.

Objectives
Are you now ready to start your learning journey in this course? Great! Let’s take
a look at the Most Essential Learning Competency and the specific task that you need to
accomplish in this lesson.

Most Essential Learning Competency: Analyze the forms and functions of social
organizations.
This lesson provides various activities and discussions for you to understand the
human concepts, kinship in biology and kinship in anthropology, and describe the
kinship relations in the family circle and the degree of relationships that exist.

Vocabulary List
Hi there! Here are some unfamiliar words that you will encounter in this lesson.
Take a minute or two to read these words until you become familiar with them. It would
be very helpful if you will get your pen and notebook to copy the definition of the
important terms below.
1. Society - It can be traced from the Latin word “socius” which means
companionship or friendship. It is a set of inter-related, inter-dependent and
overlapping social relationships between and among a group of individuals
who are occupying a particular territory.
2. Material Culture - It refers to the objects or belongings of a group of people
such as automobiles, stores, and the physical structures where people
worship.
3. Non-material Culture - It consists of the ideas, attitudes and beliefs of a
society that are by its nature, intangible.
4. Human society- A group of people who share a common lifestyle and
organization.
5. Affinity – a kinship relationship created or that which exists between two
people as a result of someone's marriage
6. Consanguinity – it is the quality of having descended from the same ancestor.
7. Descent – it is a system of acknowledged social parentage which varies from
society to society, whereby a person may claim kinship ties with another.
8. Lineage – a group of people who share a common descent.

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 Are your done familiarizing yourself with the important terms that you will
encounter in this lesson? Great! Now, it’s time for you to have some warming up activity
before you proceed to the lesson proper.

Pre-Test
Before you start your learning adventure, try to answer the first task below. This
task will give you an overview of what you will learn as you go along the way in this
module. Are you ready? Great!
Discover your prior knowledge on the topic. The pre – test shall give valuable
information about what you already know about the topic and your readiness to start a
new lesson.
Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. This kinship is based on marriage.
a. Consanguineal
b. Affinity
c. Social
d. Fictive Kinship
2. It is composed of interacting individuals.
a. Human society
b. Sub-Culture
c. Kinship
d. Family relations
3. Any publicly recognized social entity such that being a lineal descendant of a
particular real or mythical ancestor is a criterion of membership.
a. Descent
b. Descent Group
c. Lineage
d. Fictive Kinship
4. It is a system of family lineage in which the relatives on the mother’s side and father’s
side are equally important for emotional ties or for transfer of property or wealth.
a. Matrilineality
b. Patrilineality
c. Bilateral Descent
d. Unilineality
5. It is tracing of descent through the female line.
a. Matrilineality
b. Patrilineality
c. Bilateral Descent
d. Unilineality
You are now about to read the first lesson of this module. While reading, try to jot
down some important concepts that you might find useful in the succeeding lessons.
Remember to use a separate notebook for your notes.

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Learning Activities

Clipart-library.com

What is the story behind your name? How is your relationship with your parents,
grandparents and siblings? Do you feel a kinship with people other than your immediate
family?
Kinship is one of the main organizing principles of society. It is one of the basic
social institutions found in every society. This institution establishes relationships
between individuals and groups. People in all societies are bound together by various
kinds of bonds.
Definition of Human Society

Humans generally do not live alone isolated from each other. Instead, individuals
tend to live in communities with other people related by ethnicity, nationality, religion or
some other cultural element. That’s human society!
Let us look at some of its definitions.
A human society is a group of people involved in persistent social interaction or
a large social grouping having the same geographical or social territory, typically subject
to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
Society is composed of interacting individuals and interacting groups sharing a
common culture. In sociological terms, society refers to a group of people who live in a
definable community and share the same culture.
A human society is composed of a large number of people who form relatively
organized, self- sufficient, enduring body.
Society is composed of interacting individuals and interacting groups sharing a
common culture.
Kinship in Human Society

Kinship refers to the culturally defined relationships between individuals who are
commonly thought of as having family ties. All societies use kinship as a basis for
forming social groups and for classifying people. However, there is a great amount of
variability in kinship rules and patterns around the world. In order to understand social
interaction, attitudes and motivations in most societies, it is essential to know how their
kinship systems function.

Kinship connections are in turn based on two categories of bonds: those created
by MARRIAGE and those that result from DESCENT.

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AFFINITY Bond (by marriage)
Husband - Wife Mother – in – law
Father – in – law Sister – in – law

CONSANGUINITY Bond (by blood)

MotherFather Grandparents Aunts
Children Grandchildren Uncles Cousins

FICTIVE kinship (social courtesy)

Godparenthood Adoption of children

Degree of Kinship

Any relationship between two individuals is based on the degree of closeness or

distance of that relationship. This closeness or distance of any relationship depends
upon how individuals are related to each other. Kinship has three degrees which can be
explained in the diagram below.

Degree of
Kinship

Secondary
Primary Kinship Tertiary Kinship
Kinship

Primary Secondary Secondary Tertiary

Primary Affinal Tertiary Affinal
Consanguineal Consanguineal Affinal Consanguineal

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 • It refers to direct relations
• Two Kinds:
• Primary Consanguineal Kinship - Directly related to
PRIMARY KINSHIPS each other by birth. Examples: Parents and children,
siblings
• Primary Affinal Kinship - Direct relationship formed as
a result of marriage. Example: husband and wife

• It refers to the primary kins of primary kin.

• Two Kinds:
• Secondary Consanguineal Kinship - Refers to the
primary consanguineal kin's primary consanguineal
SECONDARY KINSHIP kin. Example: relationship between grandparents and
grandchildren
• Secondary Affinal Kinship - Refers to one's primary
affinal kin's primary kin. Examples: relationships
between an individual and all his/her sisters-in law,
brothers-in-law and parents-in-law.

• It refers to the primary kin of primary kins primary kin

or secondary kin.
• Two Kinds:
• Tertiary Consanguineal Kinship - it refers to an
individual's primary consanguineal kin (parents), their
primary kin (parent's parents) and their primary kin
(parent's parent's parents). Example: relationship
TERTIARY KINSHIP between great grandchildren and great grandparents,
relationship between great grand uncles and aunts
and great grand nieces and nephews.
• Tertiary Affinal Kinship -it refers to primary affinal
kin's primary kin's primary kin or secondary affinal
kin's primary kin or primary affinal kin's secondary
kin.

DESCENT – refers to the existence of socially recognized biological relationship

between individuals in society.
LINEAGE – refers to the line through which descent is traced.

KINSHIP BY BLOOD

UNILINEALITY - A system of determining descent groups in which one belongs

to one's father's or mother's line, whereby one's descent is traced either exclusively
through male ancestors (patrilineal) or exclusively through female ancestors
(matrilineal).

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 MATRILINEALITY -It is tracing of descent through the female line.

PATRILINEALITY - It is also known as the male line or agnatic kinship, a

common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is
traced through his or her father's lineage.

BILINEAL DESCENT - A system of family lineage in which the relatives on the

mother's side and father's side are equally important for emotional ties or for transfer of
property or wealth.

Kinship by Marriage
MONOGAMY- A form of relationship in which an individual has only one partner
during his or her lifetime or at any one time (serial monogamy).
MARITAL MONOGAMY - refers to marriages of only two people.
SOCIAL MONOGAMY - refers to two partners living together, having sex with
each other and cooperating in acquiring basic resources.
SEXUAL MONOGAMY - refers to two partners remaining sexually exclusive with
each other and having no outside sex.
GENETIC MONOGAMY – refers to sexually monogamous relationships with
genetic evidence of paternity.
POLYGAMY - It involves marriage with more than one spouse.
POLYGYNY – When a man is married to more than one wife at a time.
POLYANDRY – When a woman is married to more than one husband at a time.
GROUP MARRIAGE – A marriage that involves multiple husbands and wives.

Importance of Kinship in Society

1. KINSHIP AND ITS RELATION TO FAMILY, PROPERTY AND LAND – The
sons, grandsons and other kin who are related by blood and marriage, have their
economic interests in land.
2. KINSHIP AND MARRIAGE – The rules on marriage are applicable to all the
kin of the family.
3. AND RITUALS – The role and importance of the kin members lies in the
degree of close relationships among them.
Are you done reading the lesson? Great! Now, try answering the activities below to
check if you really understood the lesson. Make sure to get a passing score in order to
move to the next activity. Are you ready? Let’s go!

Practice Task 1
Instruction: Write Agree if the statement is correct and write Disagree if the statement is
wrong.
_______________1. Human society is characterized by social relations.
_______________2. A collaborative society makes its members benefits in many ways.
_______________3. A society is not necessarily illustrated as an economic, social,
industrial or cultural infrastructure.
_______________4. Society is a varied collection of individuals.
_______________5. Human society is unique.

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_______________6. Kinship does not consider people related by both descents.
_______________7. Family relations can be represented concretely or abstractly.
_______________8. Degrees of relationship are not identical to heirship.
_______________9. A relationship may be relative like a father in relation in a child.
_______________10. Kinship is an integral part of the social structure.

Good job! Let’s move on to the next activity.

The next activity will test if you have understood the difference of
enculturation, acculturation and deculturation by means of analyzing the situations in
each item. Are you ready? Great!

Practice Task 2
Instructions: Fill the boxes with the missing letters of the word being described
across or downward.

Clue:
1. A man is married to more than one wife at a time.
2. A woman is married to more than one husband at a time.
3. A form of relationship in which an individual has only one partner during his or her
lifetime or at any one time.
4. It involves marriage with more than one spouse.
5. It refers to the line through which descent is traced.
6. It refers to the existence of socially recognized biological relationship between
individuals in society.
7. It is tracing of descent through the female line.
8. It is also known as the male line or agnatic kinship.

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 9. It refers to direct relations.
10. It refers to the primary kin of primary kin.
You’re doing a great job! If you scored eight (8) and above, you are

amazingly awesome. But, don’t feel bad if you got seven (7) and below. You can still
review the definition of enculturation, acculturation and deculturation and retake the task
to have an awesome score.
Practice Task 3

Answer the following questions. Write your answers on the space provided.

1. What do you mean by the statement that “human societies are characterized by
patterns of relationships”?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_________________________
2. Cite the kinship relations that exist in your family circle by means of:
a. Affinity relationship
1._______________________________________________________
2._______________________________________________________
3._______________________________________________________

b. Consanguinity relationship
1. ______________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________

3. Assuming that you are in-love with your first or second cousin, would you like to marry
him or her? Justify your answer.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
____________________

Well done buddy! You are a step closer in the final exercise. Keep going.
Post Test

Take the post test to determine your learning on the topic.

I. Read each item and choose the correct answer among the choices.

1. People related by blood are called __________.

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 A. Relatives
B. Affines
C. Consaguines
D. Kindred

2. People related by marriage are called __________.

A. Relatives
B. Affines
C. Consaguines
D. Kindred

3. Principle of descent in which people think of themselves related to both their mother's
kin and their father's kin at the same time is called ____________

A. Parallel Descent
B. Unilineal Descent
C. Bilateral Descent
D. Double Descent

4. Principle of descent in which people define themselves in relation to only one side,
either their mother's side or their father's side is called.

E. Parallel Descent
F. Unilineal Descent
G. Bilateral Descent
H. Double Descent
5. ________ systems are ones in which kinship group membership and inheritance
passes through the female line.
A. Patrilineal
B. Matrilineal
C. Patriarchy
D. Matriarchy

Congratulations for passing all the activities. I hope you have learned something new
today. Don’t stop here because this is just the starting point of your learning journey.
Keep going until you reach the end of this course.

Assignment

Where do you want to stay/reside by the time you get married? In your parent’s
house? In the house of your parent’s spouse? In the residential area/compound where
your parents reside? In your grandparent’s house or live separately in a distant place?
Support your answer.

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 LESSON 2: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROUPS

Introduction
It is just but normal that individuals sometimes idolize someone. It could be our
parents, celebrities, or anybody that he/she would like to be in the future. The
personality of an individual develops because of the influences of some social
organizations. This module will focus on the role and functions of primary and secondary
groups and how the relationships affect ones’ personality.

Objectives
Are you now ready to start your learning journey in this course? Great! Let’s take
a look at the Most Essential Learning Competency and the specific task that you need to
accomplish in this lesson.

Most Essential Learning Competency: Analyze the forms and functions of social
organizations.

This lesson provides various activities and discussions for you to articulate the
definition of groups and the distinctions of the different types of groups.

Vocabulary List
Hi there! Here are some unfamiliar words that you will encounter in this lesson.
Take a minute or two to read and comprehend these words until you finally become
familiar with them. It would be very helpful if you will get your pen and notebook to copy
the definition of the important terms below.
1. Secondary group – it refers to the categorization of relationships identified
with social groups based on the various group dynamics that define social
organization. It specifically covers the groups formed when one is at school,
in the work environment and those encountered by adults as they move
through the social world.
2. In- group – this basically covers the groups that we belong to, hence those
that we identify with.
3. Out- group – the group to which we do not belong to
4. Reference group – a group of individuals whom you compare yourself
against and may strive to be like.
5. Primary group – A group held together by intimate, face-to–face
relationships, formed by family and environmental associations and regarded
as basic to social life and culture
Are your done familiarizing yourself with the important terms that you will
encounter in this lesson? Great! Now, it’s time for you to have some warming up activity
before you proceed to the lesson proper.
Pre-Test
Before you start your learning adventure, try to answer the first task below. This
task will give you an overview of what you will learn as you go along the way in this
lesson. Are you ready? Great!

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Discussion: Complete the statement to give the meaning and sense by underlining the
appropriate word enclosed inside the parenthesis.

1. A given society may be described as the sum total of relationships among its
(benevolent, constituent, sufficient) members.

2. Social ends of kinship include the socialization of children and the formation of the
basic economic and (democratic, religious, socialistic) groups.
3. Human relations through (friendship, companionships, marriage) are called affinity.

4. Degrees of relationships are not identical to (heirship, genetic, sibling) or legal

succession.
5. When applied to human relationships, kinship is closer to (affinity, consanguinity,
solidarity).
6. The outgroup is used as a point of comparison for the (reference group, social group,
ingroup) in human society.

7. Reference groups provide the (performance, benchmarks, appearance) and contrast

needed for comparison and evaluation.
8. Individuals (compare, adjust, situate) themselves with reference groups.

9. it is used as standard for evaluating oneself and one’s behavior is known as (ingroup,
primary group, reference group).
10. The significance of ingroup and outgroup categorization was identified using a
method called (minimal, maximal, sublimal) group paradigm.
If you scored 8 (eight) and above, you can now proceed to the lesson proper.
However, if you scored 7 (seven) and below, you might want to give another shot in
answering the pre-test.
You are now about to read the second lesson of this module. While reading, try to
jot down some important concepts that you might find useful in the succeeding
lessons. Remember to use a separate notebook for your notes.
Learning Activities

The distinctions between primary and secondary groups serves to identify

between two orders of social organizations through analysis of group relationships and
their nature.
Primary Groups

A primary group is typically a small social group (small-scale society) whose

members share close, personal enduring relationships. These groups are marked by
members’ concern for another, having shared activities and culture. Example includes
family, childhood friends and highly influential social groups.

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 The concept of primary group was introduced by Charles Horton Cooley, a
sociologist from the Chicago School of Sociology, in his book Social Organization: A
Study of the Larger Mind. Although the group initially referred to cover the first intimate
group of a person’s childhood, the classification was later extended to include other
intimate relations.
Primary Groups play an important role in the development of personal identity.

1. A primary group a is group in which one exchanges implicit item, such as love,
caring, concern, animosity, support, etc. example, of these would be family groups, love
relationships, crisis support groups, church groups, etc.

2. Relationships formed in primary groups are often long lasting. They are also
often psychologically comforting to the individuals involved and provide a source of
support.
Secondary Groups

People in a secondary group interact on a less personal level than long lasting
ones. Since secondary groups are established to perform functions, people’s roles are
interchangeable. A secondary group is one you have chosen to be a part of. They are
based on interest activities. They are where many people can meet close friends or
people they would just call acquaintances. Secondary groups are groups in which one
exchanges explicit commodities, such as labor for wages, services for payments, etc.
Examples of these would be employment, vendor-to-client relationships, etc.
Outgroup (cladistics)

In cladistics or an out-group is a group of organisms that serve as a reference

group when determining the evolutionary relationship among three or more groups of
organisms. The outgroup is used as a point of comparison for the in-group.
In sociology, an outgroup is a social towards which an individual feels contempt,
opposition, or a desire to compete. Members of outgroups may be subject to outgroup
homogeneity biases, and generally people tend to privilege ingroup members over
outgroup members in many situations. The term originates from social identity theory.
Ingroups and Outgroups

In sociology and psychology, an ingroup is a social group to which a person

psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast an outgroup is a social group
with which an individual does not identify. For example, people, may find it
psychologically meaningful to view themselves according to their race, culture, gender,
age or religion. It has been found that the psychological membership of social groups
and categories is associated with a wide variety of phenomena.
The terminology was made popular by Henri Tajifel and colleagues during his
work in formulating social identity theory. The significance of ingroup and outgroup
categorization was identified using a method called the minimal group paradigm. Tajfel
and colleagues found that people can form self-preferencing ingroups within a matter of

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minutes and that such groups can form even on the basis of seemingly trivial
characteristics, such as preferences for certain paintings.
Reference Group

A reference group is a group to which an individual or another group is

compared. Sociologist call any group that individuals uses as a standard for evaluating
themselves and their own behavior as a reference group.

Reference groups are used in order to evaluate and determine the nature of a
given individual or other group’s characteristics and sociological attributes. It is the group
to which the individual relates or aspires to relate himself or herself of psychologically. It
becomes the individuals’ frame of reference and source for ordering his or her
experiences, perception, cognition and ideas of self. It is important for determining a
person’s self – identity, attributes and social ties. It becomes the basis of reference in
making comparisons or contrast and in evaluating one’s appearance and performance.

Reference groups provide the benchmarks and contrast needed for comparison
and evaluation of group and personal characteristics. Robert K. Merton hypothesized
that individuals compare themselves with reference groups of people who occupy the
social role to which the individual aspires. Reference groups are groups that people refer
to when evaluating their (own) qualities, circumstances, attitudes, values and behaviors.

Reference groups act as frame of reference to which people always refer to

evaluate their achievements, their role performance, aspirations and ambitions. A
reference group can be either from membership group or non-membership group. An
example of a reference group being used would be the determination of affluence. An
individual in the Philippines with an annual income of Php 800, 000 may consider
himself affluent if he compares himself to those in the middle of the income strata, who
earn roughly Php 240, 000 a year. If however, the same person considers the relevant
reference group to be those in the top 0.1% of households in the Philippines, those
making Php. 2.1 million or more, then the individual’s income of Php 800, 000 would
make him or her seem rather poor.

Are you done reading the lesson? Great! Now, try answering the activities below
to check if you really understood the lesson. Make sure to get a passing score in order
to move to the next activity. Are you ready? Let’s go!
Practice Task 1

Answer the following questions. Write your answers on the space provided.
1. Is your “class” a primary group or secondary group? Support your answer?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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 2. Give at least three (3) examples of in-group and out-group.
a. Examples of in-group
1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
b. Examples out-group
1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
Good job! Let’s move on to the next activity.
Practice Task 2
Direction: In your own point-of-view and understanding, explain the meaning of
the following terms or phrases.
1. Primary group
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Secondary Group
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. In-group
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. Out-group
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. Reference group
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

You’re doing a great job! If you scored eight (8) and above, you are
amazingly awesome. But, don’t feel bad if you got seven (7) and below. You
can still go back to the discussion to review your missed items.

Practice Task 3

Enumerate five reasons why you can call a person “kabarkada” or “ka-tropa”?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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Well done buddy! You are now a step closer in the final exercise. Keep going.

Post Test
Direction: Identify the terms being referred to in the following statements. Use
the terms found inside the box as your answer guide.

*affinity *kinship *secondary group

*ingroup *bond of kinship *family relations
*human society *primary group *reference group
*outgroup *outgroups

___________ 1. A large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social

territory.
___________ 2. It is a group consisting of like-minded people governed by their norms
and values.
___________ 3. Kinship relationships through marriage.
___________ 4. It can be represented concretely by a mother, brother, grandfather, etc.
___________ 5. It creates obligations between the related persons stronger than those
between strangers.
____________ 6. Members who share close, personal and enduring relationships.
___________ 7. In this group, members interact on a less personal level than a primary
group.
___________ 8. It is used as a point of comparison for the ingroup.
___________ 9. It is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies himself
as being a member.
___________ 10. It is a social group with which an individual does not identify himself.
Congratulations for passing all the activities. I hope you have learned something new
today. Keep going until you reach the end of this course.

Assignment

Differentiate in-group from out-group in terms of feeling of belongingness and

give an example.

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 LESSON 3: ROLE IN SOCIAL GROUPS AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Introduction
No man is an island. A very common adage that tells us that no one cannot live
alone. All of us have the roles or duties to perform to be able to create relationship and
be accepted by our community. This module will help us to understand the role,
relationship and functions of social groups and social institutions.
Objectives
Are you now ready to start your learning journey in this course? Great! Let’s take
a look at the Most Essential Learning Competency and the specific task that you need to
accomplish in this lesson.

Most Essential Learning Competency: Analyze the forms and functions of social
organizations.

This lesson provides various activities and discussions for you to know the meaning
of social institutions and social network, significant functions of social network and the
major social institutions.

Vocabulary List
Hi there! Here are some unfamiliar words that you will encounter in this lesson.
Take a minute or two to read and comprehend these words until you finally become
familiar with them. It would be very helpful if you will get your pen and notebook to copy
the definition of the important terms below.

Terms Definition
Social group Can be defined as two or more people who interact with one
another, share similar characteristics and collectively have a
sense of unity.
Social institution May be defined as an organizational system which functions
to satisfy basic social needs by providing an ordered
framework linking the individual to the larger society.
Cohesiveness Refers to the degree and strength of interpersonal attraction
among members of the group.
Morale Also known as esprit de corps, is the capacity of group’s
members to maintain belief in an institution or goal,
particularly in the face of opposition or hardship.
Sense of belongingness The feeling that you belong is most important in seeing value
in life and in coping with intensely painful emotions.
Commitment Is a promise or agreement to do something
Social network Is a social structure made up of set of social actors such as
individuals or organizations. Sets of dyadic ties and other
social interactions between actors.
Social role Is a set of connected behaviors, rights, obligations, beliefs
and norms as conceptualized by people in a social situation

16
 Are your done familiarizing yourself with the important terms that you will
encounter in this lesson? Great! Now, it’s time for you to have some warming up activity
before you proceed to the lesson proper.
Pre-Test
Before you start your learning adventure, try to answer the first task below. This
task will give you an overview of what you will learn as you go along the way in this
lesson. Are you ready? Great!
Instructions: Read each item and choose the correct answer among the choices.

1. Loyalty to the group emerges when there is a ___________________ among the

individuals in a group.
a. commitment
b. sense of belongingness
c. morale
d. cohesiveness

2. ______________ provide a framework of continuity and predictability that allows a

group to plan their activities more accurately
a. social network
b. institutions
c. education
d. social institutions

3. It is one of the major institutions that administers the regulatory functions of law and
order and maintains security in society.
a. health
b. family
c. economic institution
d. government

4. According to them, family is defined as a group of persons united by the ties of

marriage, blood or adoption, constituting a single household, interacting with each other
in their respective social roles of husband and wife, mother and father, son and
daughter, brother and sister and creating a common culture.
a. Burgress and Locke
b. Wood ward and Maxwell
c. Eliott and Merrill
d. Horton and Lewis

5. This an element of social interaction in which a web of relationships exists among

people either directly and indirectly.
a. social network
b. institutions
c. education
d. social institutions

17
 If you scored 4 (four) and above, you can now proceed with the lesson proper.
However, if you scored 3 (three) and below, you might want to give another shot in
answering the pre-test.

You are now about to read the third lesson of this module. While reading, try to
jot down some important concepts that you might find useful in the succeeding lessons.
Remember to use a separate notebook for your notes.
Learning Activities

Members must have roles in a group. Individual or personal roles are different from
social roles. When an individual belongs to a group, that individual has to perform his
social role. He must perform his assigned role according to the group’s norms.
Social Roles

Social role is a set of connected behaviors, rights, obligations, beliefs, and norms
as conceptualized by people in a social situation.
Performance of roles depends on the cohesiveness of the members.
Cohesiveness of members in a group is measured in four (4) ways:

Number of friends – the degree of cooperation and participation of the group on

various activities depend on the number of relatives and friends in the group. The more
relatives and friends in a group, the greater the cohesiveness.
Morale of the members- when the members have high morale in the group they have
confidence with one another and the greater would be the cohesiveness of the members
in the group.
Sense of belongingness – loyalty to the group emerges when there is a sense of
belongingness among the individuals in a group. The members even go to the extent of
protecting and defending the existence of the group.
Commitment of the members – when the members are committed to the group’s
goals, norms and activities, the members are able to work cooperatively as a team.
Thus, the greater the commitment to the group, the greater is the cohesiveness among
the members.
Institutions

Institutions provide a framework of continuity and predictability that allows to plan

their activities more accurately. In particular, institutions help us interact with each other
by imposing a sense of stability and order into the initially chaotic jumble life. We all
understand that parents and teachers need to provide a “routine” for young children, but
ironically, we adults need routines ourselves for modern civilization to be possible. We
go through our routines of going to work, buying items from the store, going home to live
with the family members. And of course, we directly communicate with each other with
the institution of language.

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Social Network
This an element of social interaction in which a web of relationships exists among
people, either directly and indirectly. For example, a student may have several networks
such as his classmates, peer groups or “barkada”, with his teachers or members of the
faculty, the library personnel in the bookstore where he buys his books, in the gym with
athletes, in the church where he performs his religious duties and others. However, the
first social network is the family and other relatives.

Significant Functions Social Network.

1. They help individuals develop opinions, choices and points of view.

2. They serve as primary source of information on any activity and concern of the
individual.
3. They influence the personality of the people.
4. They provide opportunities and control to one’s behavior. In some instances, they
serve as opportunities for growth and success.
5. They provide individuals with an important source of companionship.
6. They provide an important opportunity for economic transaction such as sharing of
tangible and intangible resources, gift giving etc.
7. They also provide rules for distributing society’s resources. Whenever resource
control is allocated equally, distribution rule becomes the basis of social stratification.
The very common distribution principle is the rule of reciprocity, which means that the
giving of gifts obligates the recipient to return something of similar value.

Social Institution

Social institutions have been created by man from social relationships in society
to meet such basic needs as stability, law and order and clearly defined roles of
authority and decision making.
Every organization is dependent upon certain recognized and established set of
rules, traditions and usages. These usages and rules may be given the name of
institutions. These are the forms of procedure which are recognized and accepted by
society and govern the relations between individuals and groups.
Definition

Woodward and Maxwell: An institution is a set of folkways and mores into a unit
which serves a number of social functions.

Horton: An institution is an organized system of social relationships which

embodies certain common values and procedures and meets certain basic needs of
society.
Landis: Social institutions are formal cultural structures devised to meet basic
social needs.

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Five major institutions in sociology are political institutions, educational
institutions, economic institutions, family and religious institutions.

1. Political institutions: Government as the political institution administers the

regulatory functions of law and order and maintains security in society. Forms of
government and its method of working depend on the accepted patterns of behavior in a
society. Development work is nowadays a major responsibility of the government. For
effective implementation of programs, government may decentralize its functioning by
creating local self-government at different level.
2. Education: is the process of socialization, which begins informally at home
and then formally in educational institutions. Education as an institution helps develop
knowledge, skill, attitude and understanding of the people and strive to make them
competent members of society. Education widens the mental horizon of the people and
make them receptive to new ideas.
3. Economic Institutions: Economy provides basic physical sustenance of the
society by meeting the needs for food, shelter, clothing and other necessary supply and
services. Economic institutions include agriculture, industry, marketing, credit and
banking system, cooperatives etc.
4. Family: is the most basic social institution in a society and is a system of
organized relationship involving workable and dependable ways of meeting the basic
social needs.
5. Religion: is the belief in the supernatural. Religion constitutes a set of beliefs
regarding the ultimate power in the universe, the ideal and proper pattern of behavior,
and ceremonial ways of expressing these beliefs. Religion also provides a foundation for
the mores of society. Taboos in various cultures have religious sanction. Religion
provides a means by which individuals can face crises and ups and downs in life with
strength and fortitude.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

 The first characteristic of social institutions is that these are patterns of behaviour
grouped around the central needs of human beings in a society.
 In all societies, the institution of family plays an important and central role.
 Social institutions are the social patterns directing human behaviour in the
performance of basic activities.
 Social institutions provide better chances for human survival.
 The central aspects of institutions are its general functions and the roles carried
out by their members.
 The basic cultural values of a society are embodied in its institutions.
 The claims of the institutions upon the members are known as loyalties.
 The institutions of a society are connected in a cross and interdependent pattern.
 Institutions are connected through the status and role of the members.
 In personality development institutions play a vital role.
 Social institutions are essential for the transmission of cultural heritage.

20
  Cultural heritage is thus transmitted through social interaction in an institution.
 The moral values of the society are embodied in its institution.
 One characteristics of social institution is each institution is a center of complex
cluster of social norms.

Definition of Family

Family is defined by Burgress and Locke as a group of persons united by the ties of
marriage, blood or adoption; constituting a single household, interacting and inter-
communicating with each other in their respective social roles of husband and wife,
mother and father, son and daughter, brother and sister, and creating a common culture.
Eliott and Merrill defined the family as "the biological social unit composed of
husband, wife and children".
Types of family

Family is the most universal group. Family is classified based on structure

(patriarchal or matriarchal) and residence.
Patriarchal family

It is the family where male is the head of family inclusive of powers. He is the owner and
administrator of the family property and right. To him all persons living in the family are
subordinated.
Matriarchal family

The authority vests in the woman head of the family. The male is subordinated to
her. She is the owner of property and rules over family. This type of family is said to
prevail among the primitive people, who led a wandering or hunting life.
Based on residence the family is classified as

a) Matrilocal family: In this type of family husband goes to live in the house of
his wife.
b) Patrilocal family: Wife goes and lives in the house of her husband.

Based on the marriage the family is classified as:

i. Monogamous family: In which man marries one woman only at one time.
ii. Polygamous family: In this kind of family one man marries many women at
one time.
iii. Polyandrous family: In. this kind of family one man marries many women
and lives with all of them or each of them alternatively.

The family is also classified based on ancestry as follows:

i. Matrilineal family: Here woman is believed to be the ancestor of the family.
ii. Patrilineal family: Here the ancestry continues through the father.

21
 Religion: is belief in super natural. Religion constitutes a set of beliefs regarding
the ultimate power in the universe, the ideal and proper pattern of behaviour and
ceremonial ways of expressing these beliefs. Religion also provides a foundation for the
mores of the society. Taboos in various cultures have religious sanction. Religion
provides a means by which individuals can face crises and ups and downs in life with
strength and fortitude.

Though family is a universal institution, its structure or form vary from one society
to another. Sociologists and anthropologists have mentioned about different types of
families found in different cultures.

Are you done reading the lesson? Great! Now, try answering the activities below
to check if you really understood the lesson. Make sure to get a passing score in order
to move to the next activity. Let’s go!
Practice Task 1
1. How many friends do you have in class, in school, and in the
community? Why do you consider them as friends?

Number of /Frequency
a. friends in class: _____________
b. friends in school _____________
c. friends in the community _____________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. How are your friends in class? Name them according to ranks (from
highest to lowest).

Name of My Friends (from highest to lowest in rank /degree):

1. ___________________ 4. __________________
2. ___________________ 5. __________________
3. ___________________ 6. __________________

3. Do you consider your peers (“barkada”) as social network? Why or why

not?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Good job! Let’s move on to the next activity.
Practice Task 2

Direction: In your own point of view and understanding, explain the meaning of
the following terms or phrases.

1. Social roles
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

22
 2. Social network
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

3. Political
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

4. Education
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

5. Family
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

6. Religion

You’re doing a great job! If you scored eight (8) and above, you are amazingly
awesome. But, don’t feel bad if you got seven (7) and below. You can still go back to the
discussion to review your missed items.

Practice Task 3
Fill out the missing letters to find the correct answer.

1. (__ __U__B __R __ F F R ___E __D __). The degree of cooperation and
participation of the group on various activities depend on the number of relatives and
friends in the group.
2. (S__N__E OF B__ L__ NG__ __ __ NE __ __). The members even go to the
extent of protecting and defending the existence of the group.
3. (M __ __A__E OF TH __ M__M __ __R __). They have confidence with one
another and if they have this confidence, the greater would be the cohesiveness of the
members in the group.
4. (C __ __M __T __ E __ T). When the members are committed to the group’s goals,
norms and activities, the members are able to work cooperatively as a team.
5. (S__C__ __L R __ __ E is a set of connected behaviors, rights, obligations, beliefs
and norms as conceptualized by people in a social situation.

Well done buddy! You are now a step closer in the final exercise. Keep going.

Post Test

Direction: Identify the terms being referred to in the following statements. Use
the terms found inside the box as your answer guide.

23
 *matriarchal *education *Eliott and Merrill
*monogamous family *education *family
*morale of the members *matrilocal family *patriarchal
*Religion

___________ 1. It constitutes a set of beliefs regarding the ultimate power in the

universe, the ideal and proper pattern of behavior and ceremonial ways of expressing
these beliefs.
___________ 2. It is the family where male is the head of family and who holds the
power.
___________ 3. The authority vests in the woman head of the family.
___________ 4. Family is defined as "the biological social unit composed of husband,
wife and children".
___________ 5. It refers to a man who marries one woman only at one time.
___________ 6.Is the most basic social institution in a society and is a system of
organized relationship involving workable and dependable ways of meeting basic social
needs.
___________ 7. When the members have high morale in the group they have
confidence with one another and the greater would be the cohesiveness of the members
in the group.
___________ 8. This an element of social interaction in which a web of relationships
exists among people, either directly and indirectly.
___________ 9. It is the process of socialization, which begins informally at home and
then formally in educational institutions
___________ 10. In this type of family, the husband goes to live in the house of his wife.

Congratulations for passing all the activities. I hope you have learned something new
today. Keep going until you reach the end of this course.

Assignment

Answer the following questions:

1. What do you think are the importance of institutions?
2. What are your thoughts about “Institutions as social constructs so humans can
create it, therefore, it can be recreated and can be destroyed?

24
 ANSWER KEY

Lesson 1
III. Practice Task 2
I. Pre-Test 1. Polygyny
1. B 2. Polyandry
2. A 3. Monogamy
3. A 4. Polygamy
4. C 5. Lineage
5. A 6. Descent
7. Matrilianeality
II. Practice Task 1 8. Patrilineality
1. Agree 9. Primary Kinship
2. Agree 10. Secondary kinship
3. Disagree
4. Agree IV. Practice Task 3
5. Agree Answers may vary
6. Disagree
7. Agree V. Post Test
8. Disagree 1. C
9. Agree 2. B
10. Agree 3. C
4. B
5.B

Lesson 2

I. Pre-Test
1. constituents
2. Socialistic
3. marriage
4. heirship
5. consanguinity
6. ingroup
7. benchmarks
8. compare
9. reference group
10. minimal

II. Practice Task I (answers may vary)

III. Practice Task 2 (answers may not be directly stated as this, as long as the idea is related
to it)

1.primary group - A primary group is typically a small social group

(small-scale meso-structure) whose members share close, personal
enduring relationships.
2. secondary group – People in a secondary group interact on a less
personal level than long lasting group.
3. ingroup - is a social group to which a person psychologically
identifies as being a member
4. outgroup - is a social group with which an individual does not
Identify with.
5. reference group - A reference group is a group to which an
individual or another group is compared.

IV. Practice Task 3 (answers may vary)

25
 V. Post Test
1. Human society
2. Human society
3. Affinity
4. Family relations
5. Bond of kinship
6. Primary group
7. Secondary group
8. Outgroup
9. Ingroup
10. Outgroup

Lesson 3
Answer Key

I. Pre-Test
1. b
2. b
3. d
4. a
5. b

II. Practice Task 1 (answers may vary)

III. Practice Task 2 (answers may not be directly stated as this, as long as the idea is
related to it)

1. Social Role- is a set of connected behaviors, rights, obligations, beliefs and norms as
conceptualized by people in a social situation.
2. Social Network- this an element of social interaction in which a web of relationships exists among
people, directly and indirectly.
3. Political Institutions - Government as the political institution administers the regulatory functions
of law and order and maintains security in society.
4. Education - is the process of socialization, which begins informally at home and then formally in
educational institutions.
5. Family- is the most basic social institution in a society and is a system of organized relationship
involving workable and dependable ways of meeting basic social needs.
6. Religion- is a set of beliefs regarding the ultimate power in the universe, the ideal and proper
pattern of behavior and ceremonial ways to expressing these beliefs.

IV. Practice Task 3

1. number of friends
2. sense of belongingness
3. morale of the members
4. commitment
5. social role

V. Post Test
1. religion 6. family
2. patriarchal 7. morale of the members
3. matriarchal 8. institutions
4. Eliott and Merill 9. education
5. monogamous family 10. Matrilocal family

26
 REFERENCES

Lesson 1

Mondal, Puja. Kinship: Meaning, Types and Other Details. Retrieved July 5, 2020 from
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/kinship-and-family/kinship-meaning-types-and-
other-details/34960
Marital Residence and Kinship. Retrieved July 6, 2020 from
http://spaces.imperial.edu/gary.rodgers/pdf/MaritalKinshipChap10.pdf
Family image. Clipart-library.com

Lesson 2

Ariola, Mariano M. (2016). Understanding Culture, Society and Politics, ISBN:978-971-9654-

34-6, Unlimited Books Library Services and Publishing Inc. pp.299-303
Antonio P. Contreras, Arleigh Ross D. Dela Cruz, Dennis S. Erasga and Cecile C. Fadrigon
(2018). Understanding Culture, Society and Politics, ISN:978-971-06-3955-7, Phoenix
Publishing House Inc. pages: 152- 153
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outgroup_(cladistics)
https://www.sociologydiscussion.com/primary-group/primary-group-meaning-and-
characteristics-of-primary-group/2226
https://study.com/academy/lesson/reference-group-in-sociology-definition-examples-
types.html

Lesson 3

Ariola, Mariano M. (2016). Understanding Culture, Society and Politics, ISBN:978-971-9654-

34-6, Unlimited Books Library Services and Publishing Inc. pp. 305-326
Rachel Mary Anne Arca Basas (2016). Understanding Culture, Society and Politics, ISBN
978-621-415-054-0, JFS PUBLISHING SERVICES, pages 108-109
Social group. Retrieved July 4, 2020 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_ group
Role. Retrieved July 4,2020 from https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role
Social Institution. eagri.org>AEXT391>lec07.pdf
Group cohesiveness pt Slide Share.net
Cohesiveness. Retrieved July 4, 2020 from https:// en.m.wiipedia.org/Group cohesiveness
Commitment. Retrieved July 4, 2020 from https://www.yourdictionary.com
https://www.google.com/search?ei=waMBX_OeN4LahwOF0IXIAQ&q=social+network&oq=S
OCIAL+NETWORK&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgAMgUIABCxAzIFCAAQsQMyAggAMgIIAD
ICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADoECAAQQzoHCAAQsQMQQzoFCAAQgwFQ-
pIJWO65CWCCzwloAHAAeACAAb8EiAHpGZIBCzUuMy4yLjAuMy4xmAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dz
LXdpeg&sclient=psy-ab
https://www.google.com/search?q=social+roles&oq=SOCIAL+ROLE&aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57j
0l6.8682j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
http://studylecturenotes.com/characteristics-of-social-
institutions/#:~:text=Social%20institutions%20provide%20better%20chances,members%20a
re%20known%20as%20loyalties.

27