1.

When a hazard is identified in the workplace, every effort should be made to

SESSION 1 : PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT eliminate it so that employees are not harmed.
2. It can be done by isolation, substitution, administrative and engineering controls.
C O S H – CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL 3. However, if this cannot be done since employees will always be around, the use of
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is necessary.
SAFETY & HEALTH - DAY 3 4. PPE can also provide that added protection to the employee even when the hazard is
being controlled by other means.
What is PPE?
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is required for the safety of the workers and should be
Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn to considered an important aspect of the safety program in order to avoid injuries, accidents and
minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses. job related illness of the workers.
These injuries and illnesses may result from contact with chemical, radiological,
physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards. OSHS Rule 1080
Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment  1081 General Provision

1081.01 Every Employer:
The objective of the Personal Protective “shall at his own expense furnish his workers with protective equipment for the
Equipment (PPE) is to protect employees eyes, face, hands and feet, protective shields and barriers whenever necessary by
from the risk of injury by creating a barrier reason of the hazardous nature of the process or environment, chemical or
against workplace hazards. Personal radiological
protective equipment is not a substitute
for good engineering or administrative or other mechanical irritants or hazards capable of causing injury or impairment in the
controls or good work practices, but function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact”
should be used in conjunction with these
controls to ensure the safety and health  1081.02
of employees. Personal protective “All protective equipment shall be of approved design and construction appropriate
for the exposure and the work to be performed”
equipment will be provided, used, and
maintained when it has been determined  1081.03
that its use is required and that such use “The employer shall be responsible for the adequacy and proper maintenance of
will lessen the likelihood of occupational personal protective equipment used in his workplace”
injury and/or illness.
 1081.04
“No person shall be subjected or exposed to hazardous environmental
Personal protective equipment today, as in the past, makes working safer and you more condition without protection
productive.

INTRODUCTION Employer Responsibilities

Page 1
 – Live Wire, Cable, Breakers, Panel
Assesment
• Environmental
As part of the assessment employer must also determine the various Health Hazards that may – Oil & Chemical Spill (Land & Sea)
be present in your work area. – Air Pollution

• Physical
Health hazards include: – Noise
– Temperature Extremes
 Types of chemical you could be exposed to – Ionizing/Non-Ionizing Radiation
 Sources of harmful dust – Vibration
 Sources of nuclear radiation – Fire
– Ergonomic
– Falling And Flying Materials
Assess Potential Hazards
Before you start any job, asses the real and potential hazards associated with that job.
• Chemical
• Vapors
• Gases
• Dusts
Assesment
• Fumes
Employer are required to conduct an assessment to determine the various Physical Hazards • Mists
that may be present in the work area. • Acids
• Biological
Physical Hazards include • Bacteria
• Virus
 Sources of motion
 Sources of high and low temperature
• Fungi
 Sources of light and radiation • Psychosocial
 Sources of falling object
 Sources of sharp object NINE CATEGORIES OF PPE
 Sources of rolling or pinching object
 Sources of electric hazards
 Sources of floor conditions
1. HEAD PROTECTION
2. EYE PROTECTION
Hazards in the work place 3. FACE PROTECTION
4. EAR PROTECTION
• Mechanical 5. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
– Unguarded Machines 6. HAND PROTECTION
7. BODY PROTECTION
• Electrical 8. FALL PROTECTION
Page 2
 9. FOOT PROTECTION b.They should never be used on construction sites, shipyards or other
locations where more dangerous hazards are present.
c.Never substitute a bump cap for a hard hat.

4. Other head protection - hair nets, turbans

Head Protection
Classification of Helmets
1. ANSIZ89.1 defines helmet as a “ Device that
is worn to provide protection for the head or 1. Type I Helmets provide limited impact and penetration protection to the top of the
portion thereof, against impact, flying head.
particles, electrical shock, or any combination
thereof and that includes a suitable harness. 2. Type II Helmets provide limited impact and penetration protection against front, side
or rear (i.e. “lateral”) blows.
2. ANSI Z89.1 – 1986 (Revised 1997)
classifies helmets as follows: 3. Class G & E Helmets provide limited protection, as outlined in the ANSI Z89.1, 1997
standard. Class G helmets are proof-tested to 2,200 Volts. Class E are proof-tested
a. Class A (G-General) Helmets are intended to 20,000 Volts, but these should not be construed as safe contact voltages. Class C
to protect the head from the force of impact are not tested.
of falling object and from electric shock
during impact with exposed low voltage
(2,200VAC) conductors. Safety Helmets Features
b. Class B (E – Electrical) Helmets • Type and Materials
are intended to protect •
the head from the force Hard outer shell
of impact of falling -Plastic (ABS, PE)
objects and from electric shock during -Fiberglass
contact with high voltage -Kevlar
(20,000 VAC)conductors.
 Accessories
c. Class C (C – Conductive) – No Test)
Helmets are intended to protect the head  Liners/Suspension
from the force of impact of  Chinstrap
falling objects But DO NOT  Brackets
protect you from electric  Slot adapters
shocks.  Goggle retainer

3. Bump Caps Full Brim

Hard Hat
Maintenance and Care
a.They are used only in confined spaces where the hazard is limited to bumping the
head on some obstruction. • Helmets MUST be cleaned regularly for easy inspections and to help the wearer
avoid skin irritation.

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 • Clean with mild soap (no detergents) and warm water. FACE AND EYE PROTECTION
• Never store helmet on the back shelf of an automobile - not only will it be exposed to
sunlight (leading to heat and UV damage), but it could become a secondary missile in
the event of a sudden stop. 1. Welding helmets
• The helmet must be stored in a clean, dry area, not subject to extremes of heat, cold a. They protect the eyes and face against the splashes of molten metal and
or humidity. the radiation produced by arc welding.
• Recommended replacement schedule of helmets and suspension: b. Helmets should have the proper filter glass to keep ultraviolet and
* Suspension – Replace after 12 months. visible rays from harming the eyes.

* Entire Helmet – Replace after 5 years. 2. Hand Shields .

In any case, ALWAYS replace the helmet after it has withstood impact or
penetration
. b.
Recommended Head Protection in the Industry
Eye and Face Protection
Industrial operations expose the eyes to a variety of hazards, such as flying objects, splashes
of corrosive liquids or molten metals, dust, poisonous gases or fumes and harmful radiation.
Eye injuries not only disable a person but they can often disfigure the face. Flying objects such
as metal or stone chips, nails or abrasive grits cause most injuries.
a. A hand shield can be used where the protection of a helmet is not
needed, such as for inspection work, tack welding and other operations
requiring little or not welding by the user.
Frame and lens construction are similar to that of the helmet.
c. Welding goggles are available with filter glass shades up to No. 8. If
darker shades are required, then complete protection is needed because
of the danger of skin burns.
3 Safety Glasses. Safety glasses are equipped with side shields that give you
protection from hazards that may not be directly in front of you.
4. Face Shields. They offer you full face protection and are often used around
operations which expose you to molten metal, chemical splashes or flying particles.

Why Eye and Face Protection Important? 5. Goggles. They give you more protection than safety glasses because they fit closer
to your face. Use them in situation where you might encounter splashing liquids,
fumes, vapors, powders, dusts and mists.

Type of Eye Protection

Safety Glasses (Spectacles)

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 • Cleaning & Disinfection
– Eye protectors should be cleaned using a mild detergent or a suitable lens cleaner,
DO NOT use abrasive materials.
– Eye Protectors may also be sterilized using a mild solution of disinfectant

Types of Eye and Face Protection

Face Shields or Visor w/ Headgear Hoods (Chemical, Dust)

Uvex Astrospec Pulsafe Op-tema

Goggles (Chemical Welding)

Welding Mask (Helmet-Type, Handshield, Open Type)

American Allsafe 201 Blue Eagle

CGP148
Maintenance & Care
• Eye Protector should be stored after use in clean dedicated environment away from
excessive heat and moisture. Ear Protection
• Storage Temperature : 0 deg C – 40 deg C
• Relative Humidity : 30% - 80% Hazards
• Ensure before use that the eye protector is undamaged. Scratched or damaged
oculars should be replaced ensuring that instructions for fitting which accompany
replacement parts are adhere. • Excessive noise exceeding 85-90dB on an 8-hour exposure.
Types of Ear Protection
Note: Spectacles only provide limited levels of protection • Earplugs (Foam-type & Poly Mold)
Page 5
 • Earmuffs (Cap-mounted, Foldable, Fixed) • Reusable Earplugs (poly/rubber mold) plugs can be reused. The major precaution
• Canal caps (Replaceable or non-replaceable caps) that must be taken is the proper care and cleaning on a routine basis.

Hearing Protection

1. Insert (earplug) protectors

a. They are inserted into the ear canals and vary considerably in design and material.

b. Materials used are pliable rubber, soft or medium plastic, wax and cotton. Smart
Quiet Ultra Fit Air Soft
Fit
c. Because each person’s ear canal is shaped differently, these plugs become the property of
the individual to whom they were fitted. • Banded Or Canal Caps Earplug (Foam with Rubber Cover) is a semi-aural device
that consists of soft, flexible, conically shape pods that swivel to align with and enter
d. These plugs must be fitted by a trained and qualified professional. the ear canal.

2. Ear Muffs

a. They cover the external ear and provide an acoustic barrier.

b. The effectiveness of these devices varies with the size, seal materials, shell mass and
suspension of the muff as well as with the size and shape of workers’ heads.

c. Muffs are made in a universal type or in specific head, neck or chin sizes. Hearing protection Caboflex Earband
kits that can be used with hard helmets are also available.

Hearing Protectors Selection
• Disposable Ear Plugs (foam-type), are intended to be used only once then thrown
away, thus avoiding the need for cleaning or maintenance.
• Earmuffs are designed to cover the whole ear. A good fit for an earmuff is not
dependent on the shape of the ear canal but rather on the seal between the ear
cushions and the head area around the ear. Most earmuffs can be worn in three
positions - over the head, under the chin, or behind the head. Hat-mounted and
foldable models are also available.

Bilsom Clarity
(Foldable)

Max-1 MultiMax Matrix

Page 6
Maintenance and Care

 Reusable Earplugs - wash with soap and water; wipe dry with clean cloth.
 Earmuffs - clean cushions by washing with soap and water, then wipe with alcohol
pad. If the cushions become cracked due to use, they should be replaced as soon as
possible. The foam inserts can also attract dirt and can be cleaned with soap and
water.
Miller Miller DL35 Miller 216WLS
850-7
Fall Protection
Body belts are for positioning purposes only and should not be considered as fall arrest
1. Fall arrest equipment.
a. Limits fall to six (6)
feet which reduces force by
decreasing fall distance.

b. Consist of a lanyard, anchorage point

and a full body harness
Safety Belt, Safety Belt, SB36, With Rope Grab
c. A lanyard is a device made of rope or SB34
nylon strap used to tether the individual
to an anchorage point and stop the Components of the System (OPE)
individual in the event of a fall.
• Anchorage (Cross Arm Strap, Chain Cross Arm, Beam Clamp, Beam Trolley, Cable
d. Anchorage point is used for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment Anchors, Etc.)
and shall be located above the employee’s waist. • Body Wear or Full Body Harness
• Connecting Devices( Web/Rope Lanyard with shock absorbing lanyard, rope grab,
d. A full body harness is designed to retain the user in the event of a fall self retracting lifelines.
and distribute the impact forces throughout the thighs, chest and
shoulder
Fall Protection
• Fall arrest reduces force by reducing fall distance. Fall arrest equipment is required
for work at heights of 6 feet or more. It consists of a full body harness, lanyard and BODY BELTS (Work Belt)
anchorage point.
It is used to restrain a person in a hazardous work position and to reduce the probability of fall.
In the event of a fall, the forces are concentrated in the abdomen. The possibility of an internal
organ damage significantly increases. Body belts should only be used as a personal
positioning device and must not be used for fall arrest.

Inspection and Maintenance

Page 7
 • To maintain their service life and high performance, harnesses should be inspected
frequently. Inspect the harness thoroughly before each use. Regular inspection by a Hazards
competent person for wear, damage or corrosion should be a part of your safety
program. Inspect daily and replace if found in defective conditions.
• Hazards
Harness Inspection – Dust & Mist
– Vapors (Organic/Inorganic)
– Insufficient Oxygen Supply
– Gases
1. Webbing Strap - grasp webbing with your hands 6 to 8 inches apart. Bend the webbing in – Smoke
an inverted U. The surface tension resulting makes damaged fibers or cuts easier to see. – Fumes
Follow procedure for the entire length of the webbing. Inspect both sides of each strap. Watch – Acids
for frayed edges, broken fibers, pulled stitches, cuts, burns, and chemical damage. – Temperature Extremes
2. D-Rings – Check D-rings for distortion, cracks, breaks, and rough or sharp edges. The D- 1. Air Purifying Devices.
ring should pivot freely. Check the attachment point of the D-ring to make sure it is secure. a. Removes contaminants
from air as it is being breathed.
3. Buckles – On tongue buckles check that the roller and tongue move freely, and that the b. They can be used only in environment containing sufficient
tongue overlaps the buckle frame. Check outer and center bars on friction and mating buckles oxygen to sustain life.
for distortion. c. They must never be used where contaminant level exceed the respirators
accepted protection factor.
4. Stitching – Check all stitching for ripped or pulled stitches and to make sure the webbing
joints are not loose. Air Purifying Respirators
5. Pads/Lanyards – Check all pads on harness for damage. Look for any cracks or excessive
wear. Check for corrosion of lanyard D-rings.
 Mechanical Filter Respirators
MAINTENANCE AND CARE

s
CLEANING

1. Proper storage and maintenance after use are as important as cleansing the
equipment of dirt, corrosives, or contaminants. Storage areas should be clean, dry
and free of exposure to fumes or corrosive elements. Wipe off all surface dirt with a
sponge dampened in plain water. Squeeze the sponge dry.
2. Dip the sponge in a mild solution of water and commercial soap or detergent. Work
Bacou-Willson Moldex 2500, With Blue Eagle DM22C
up a thick lather with a vigorous back and forth motion. Then wipe dry with a clean Blue Eagle DM222
801 N95 Exhalation Valve Filter-Type, With Carbon
cloth. Hang freely to dry, but away from excessive heat, steam, or long period of Filter-Type
sunlight.

Respiratory Protection
Page 8
 b. This equipment is frequently used in mine rescue work and in fire fighting.
 Chemical Cartridge Respirators

Air Supplied Respirators

a. They deliver breathing air through a hose connected to the wearer’s
facepiece.

b. The air source used is monitored frequently to make sure it does not
become contaminated, say carbon monoxide.

c. The air-line respirator can be used in atmosphere not immediately

Full-Face Half-Mask dangerous to life or health
Mask
Types of Respiratory Protection
 Gas Mask With Canister
 Airline Respirator & EEBA
Gas Mask with Canister

Emergency Escape Breathing

Apparatus (EEBA)

3. Self Contained Breathing Apparatus Survivair

“Panther”
Airline Respirator
a. The wearer is independent of the surrounding atmosphere, therefore this kind of
respiratory protective equipment must be used in environments where contaminants
are immediately harmful to life.

Page 9
  SCBA (Industrial & Fire Fighting)
Respirator Fit Test
• Respirator fit tests are explained fully in the American National Standard For
Respiratory Protection, ANSI Z88.2, which is published by the American National
Standards Institute.
• A qualitative or quantitative respirator fit test must be carried out for each wearer of
the respirator to determine the amount of protection it will provide.
Maintenance and Care
• The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that respirators
be regularly cleaned and disinfected. Respirators used by more than one worker
should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected after each use. In some situations this
can often be accomplished by simply wiping the sealing area of the mask with
respirator wipe. Do not use alcohol or solvents to clean the mask. This will affect the
integrity of the facepiece, which might go unnoticed. Solvents will damage the lens
and lens coating.
• Disinfection:
 If required, the face piece can be disinfected and sterilized using household
chlorine bleach. A diluted solution of 25ml bleach in one gallon water is
recommended by the center disease control.
• Storage:
 All respirator protection products must be stored away from the
contaminated atmosphere. Cleaned and ready to use respirators can be
stored in their original packaging. Do not store facepiece, cartridge and
filters in direct sunlight, high temperatures, high humidity or any
contaminated areas.
Hand Protection
Fingers and hands are exposed to cuts, scratches, bruises and burns. Although fingers are
hard to protect because they are needed for practically all work, they can be shielded from
common injuries.
ARMS, HANDS, FINGERS
1. Heat-resistant gloves are used to protect against burns and is comfort when the hands
are exposed to sustained conductive heat.
2. Metal mesh gloves are used by those who work constantly with knives to protect them
against cuts and blows from sharp or rough objects.
3. Rubber gloves are worn by electricians. They must be tested regularly for dielectric
strength.
4. Natural rubber provides flexibility and resistance to a wide variety of acids, caustics, salts,
detergents and alcohols.
5. Nitrile gloves are excellent general duty glove and they provide protection from a wide
variety of solvents, oils, petroleum products and some corrosives. Excellent
resistance to cuts, snags, punctures and abrasions.
6. Neoprene provides moderate abrasion resistance but good tensile strength and heat
resistance. Compatible with many acids, caustics and oils.
7. Vinyl gloves are particularly useful when petroleum products are handled.
8. Leather gloves are able to resist sparks, moderate heat, chips and rough objects. They
provide some cushioning against blows. They are generally used for heavy duty work. Chrome-
tanned leather or horsehide gloves are used by welders.
9. Chrome-tanned cowhide leather gloves with steel-stapled leather patches or steel staples
on palms and fingers are often used in foundries and steel mills.
10. Cotton fabric gloves are suitable for protection against dirt, slivers, chafing or abrasion.
They are not heavy enough to use in handling rough, sharp or heavy materials.
11. Heated gloves are designed for use in cold environments, such as deep freezers and can
be part of a heated-clothing system
Types of Gloves
• Heat Resistant (Aluminized, Kevlar)
• Cut Resistant (Kevlar, Leather, Metal Mesh)
Page 10
  Chemicals
 Radiation

Types of Body Protection (Protective Clothing)

 Vest (traffic, life)
 Jackets (welding, working, thermal)
 Aprons (chemical, working)
Metal Mesh

Coveralls (chemical, working, thermal)

Lineman’s With
Leather Latex Rubber,
Protector
With Orange

• Lineman’s (Rubber)
• Working (Knitted Cotton, Leather,
Combination Leather, Maong and
Cotton)
• Welding (Leather)
• Chemical (Neoprene, Nitrile, Butyl, Vinyl,
Latex)
Tychem QC Tychem QC Hooded Tyvek
Kevlar Terry Aluminized

Body Protection

(Protective Clothing)

• Hazards
 Heat
 Splashes from hot metal
 Impacts
 Cuts Nitrile
Neoprene
Page 11
 Types of foot Protection

 Safety Shoes with Steel Toe and Midsole

 PVC Rubber Boots (chemical, working)
Full Body Suits (Fire, Heat temperature)  Metal-free Shoes
 Gaiters or Leggings
• Fireman’s Boots
• Thermal (Cold) Boots
• Lineman’s Boots

Wet Works
Conditions in dairies and breweries, rubber boots and shoes, leather shoes with wood soles or
wood-soled sandals are effective.

Wood soles have been so commonly used by workers handling hot asphalt that they are
sometimes called “paver’s sandals”.

Safety shoes are selected on the basis of hazards involved and are
properly fitted.

These safety shoes are classified according to hazards:

Nomex Flame- Fireman’s Apparel Aluminized Suit
Resistant They are available for use where there are specific electrical hazards or fire and explosion
hazards.

Protecting Extremities Protection Test of Safety Footwear

1. Impact-Resistance:
Feets and Legs a). ANSI Z41: 2005
Class 1-75 ft-lbs, 1-50 ft-lbs, 1-30 ft-lbs
About a quarter of a million disabling occupational foot injuries take place each year. b). CE EN345-1
Class 200 Joules
This points to the need for foot protection in most industries and the need for supervisors to
see that their workers wear this gear. 2. Compression Test:
a). ANSI: Z41: 2005
All safety shoes have toes reinforced with a steel toe cap. Compressive Load: 1,136.4 kgf
b). CE EWN345-1
Page 12
 Compressive Load: 15,000 Newtons Explain why a certain type of PPE was selected.

3. Electrical Resistance Test: Discuss the capabilities and limitations of the PPE.
a). ANSI Z41: 2005
Test Voltage: 14,000V for one minute showing no leakage current in excess of 5.0 Demonstrate how to use, adjust and fit the PPE.
mA
b). CE EN345-1 Practice using the PPE.
Conductive maximum resistance: 100K
Explain company policy on its enforcement.
Types of Foot Protection
Discuss how to deal with emergency.
1.Must be regularly cleaned and treated with good proprietary cleaning products.
Discuss how to maintain the PPE.
2. Do not use any caustic cleaning agents.

3. Always wear safety shoes dry, never wet. Expensive VS. Cheap PPE
4. Wear safety shoes in the correct working environment. The rule to follow when specifying or buying safety equipment is to insist on the best and to
deal only with reputable firms.
Employer Responsibilities
Don’t take a chance on inferior items just because they may be less expensive.
PPE should conform to established standards.

PPE RESISTANCE
Program to Introduce PPE
 Write a policy on usage of the PPE and communicate to the employees as
needed.
 Select the proper type of equipment.
 Implement a thorough PPE training program.
 Make certain employees know the correct usage and maintenance of the
equipment.
TRAINING PROGRAM FOR PPE
Describe the hazard and / or condition in the work environment.

Tell what has been / can be / cannot be done about it.

Page 13
Expect resistance in implementing a PPE program:

SESSION 2: DEMOLITION AND EXPLOSIVES SAFETY

Demolition is complete or partial dismantling of a building or structure by pre-planned
and controlled methods or procedures

SAFE DEMOLITION REQUIRES ADEQUATE PLANNING

• Why Plan?
– Identify the hazards
– Meet Legislative Requirements
– Ensure Appropriate Equipment
– Ensure Safe Disposal of Materials
Overcoming Objections.
– Determine Appropriate Methods of Demolition
One of the biggest problems that supervisors face is overcoming the objections of some – Determine Cost of Demolition
workers who have to wear such protective equipment.
• Key Areas for Planning
Try to be objective and see the entire picture. Workers have common concern regarding – Type of Construction
PPE: – Type of Structure (Ht., Use)
 Proper fit and comfort are important. No one wants to wear something – State of Structure
if he does not feel comfortable.
– Structure Hazards
 Appearance should be considered.
 Workers will want to know how easily PPE can be cleaned and – Hazardous Substances
maintained. – Location of Services
Objections are overcome by using common sense, empathizing, and understanding – General Conditions of Adjoining Structures
basic principles about protective equipment. – Access and Egress
– Suitability of Site for Equipment
Selling the need for PPE.
• Demolition Technique
If people can be made to see the need for such protection, the job will be much easier. When
looking at PPE, picture the vulnerability to injuries of the human body. – Sequential – gradual reduction of height in reverse order to its
construction
– Induced – key structural members are weakened or removed,
Cost of Equipment. causing the whole part of the structure to collapse

Companies differ in their policies on PPE. Some sell on a shared-cost basis with employees. • Methods of Demolition
Others supply them free.
 Manual – use of hand held tools
Bottom line remains the same, there is still no substitute for safety.  Mechanical – use of heavy equipment, wires and chain,
power shear, etc
Page 14
  Explosives – use of explosives – Equipment damage

• Work plan  Fall

– Technique and Method of Demolition – Falling through fragile roofing material
– Sequence of Work Operation – Falling through openings
– Estimate of Time of Completion – Falling from open edges
– Equipment to be Used – Falling out of elevating work platforms
– Proposed Access and Egress – Failure of equipment
– Public Protection – Falling from roof or other elevated area
– Bracing and Shoring – Lift shafts
– Disconnection of Services – Collapse of flooring
– Methods of Handing/Disposal of Demolished Materials – Collapse of ground
– PPE Requirements – Tripping over debr
– Demolition Personnel and Supervisor
• Being Hit/Trapped/Crushed by Objects
• Procedure – Falling debris (from service ducts and lift shafts)
 Manual Demolition – Accidental/uncontrolled collapse of a structure
 All utilities shut off – Use of equipment (crane lifting loads)
 All glasses removed – Failure of structural members (load bearing steelwork)
 Shoring or other measures implemented
 Protection of workers from fall • Manual Handling
 Stairs to be demolished last – Using equipment
– Operating equipment
• Equipment – Manual demolition
 Cranes – Lifting material
 Bulldozers – Clearing up
 Excavators – Loading trucks/bins
 Work Platform
 Wrecking Ball • Hazardous Substances
– Lead
 lead based paint, tanks containing lead based petrol
• Hazards Associated with Demolition
– Asbestos
– Falls
 sprayed coatings, insulation materials, fire resistant
– Being Hit/Trapped/Crushed by Objects
walls/partitions, cement sheets, flooring materials
– Manual Handling
– PCBs
– Hazardous Substances and Dangerous Goods
 Transformer oils
– Noise and Vibration
– Electric Shock
 Dangerous Goods
– Fires and Explosions
Page 15
  Flammable liquids/vapors and sludge from industrial process and – Disconnect service to the demolition site
confined space – Ensure there are no sparks or ignition sources where there is risk of
fire or explosion
 Noise and Vibration – Ensure separation between the public and demolition activities
 Equipment  Substitution
 Falling debris – Use power shears, in place of grinding or oxy-acetylene cutting,
 Explosives where there is a risk of fire
 Isolation
 Electric Shocks – Install screens on equipment to protect from dust and noise
– Live wires from structures – Install barriers and fences
– Mark off hazardous areas
 Fires and Explosions  Engineering Control
– Install safe working platforms (scaffolds and elevating work
– Flammable materials platforms)
– Welding or cutting – Install edge protection to open edges of landings, stairways and
– Leaks of explosives gases from accident damage of pipes fixed platforms
– Arson especially when the site is unattended – Use shoring and bracing to support loads
– Modify tools or equipment
 Equipment – Provide guarding to machinery or equipment
– Electrocution – Provide shatterproof/guarded windscreens on equipment
– Plant failure – Install anchor points for fall arrest systems
– Dropping material – Spray water to suppress dust
– Equipment striking persons – Use chutes for dropping debris
– Noise and Vibration
– Noise and vibration – Use cranes for lowering loads
– Flying particles – Install vehicle buffers where equipment is exposed to an open edge
– Dust and other airborne hazards – Provide flash arresters on gauges and hoses of welding equipment
– Falling objects onto operators
– Structural collapse of floors
– Welding and cutting hazards  Administrative Control
– Falls – Limit the amount of time a person is exposed to a particular hazard
– Implement and document safe working procedures for all hazardous
 Hierarchy of Control
tasks
– Elimination
– Train and instruct all personnel
– Substitution
– Identify hazardous substances prior to work
– Isolation
– Implement procedures
– Engineering Control
– Implement safe procedures for handling hazardous substances
– Administrative Control
– Implement procedures
– Personal Protective Equipment
– For disconnecting service to the site
 Elimination
– Use lookouts at the site
Page 16
 – Implement confined space entry procedures – Walls and floors shall be shored or braced
– Ensure all loads to be lifted are accurately calculated • Shut off, cap or control all
– Electric
 Personal Protective Equipment – Gas
 Safety Helmets – Steam
 Harnesses and lanyards – Sewer
 Boots • Always notify utility company in advance!!
 Gloves
 Respirators • If needed for operation, temporarily relocate and protect them.
 Hearing Protectors • Determine if any hazardous chemicals, gases, explosives have been
used in pipes or tanks.
 Storage
– All explosives must be accounted for • Test and purge prior to beginning demolition
– Follow manufacturer’s instructions
• Remove glass if there is a chance of fragmentation!
– Detonators should be stored in a separate magazine
– Storage should be fire and bullet-resistant • Start at top and work down!
• Employee entrances
 Proper Use – Sidewalk shed or canopy
– Operation between Sunup & Sundown – 8 feet out from building
– Precaution on the use of mobile radio transmitting equipment – 2 feet wider than entrance
– Suspension of operation during electrical storm
• Sustain a load of 150 pounds per square foot
 Demolition
• Protect wall openings to 42 inches
 Preparation
 Barricading of property (distance equal to 1 ½ times of
• Cover all unused floor openings
height of structure)
 Protection of adjoining property
• Not using chutes?
 Disconnect existing gas, electric and other service
– Protect area debris is dumped into
 Removal of glass
– 42 inches high
– At least 6 feet from edge
Preparation for Operation
– Use warning signs at each level

• Perform engineering survey Stairs, Passageways & Ladders

– Competent person
– Determine condition of framing, floors and walls • Entirely close off unused access
– Eliminate possibility of unplanned collapse • Periodically inspected
o • Maintained in a clean and safe condition
• Structures damaged by fire, flood, explosion, etc. • Properly illumin
Page 17
Chutes
• Do not drop material outside exterior walls without protection!
• Chutes shall be
– Entirely enclosed
– No openings higher than 48 inches
– Openings below top floor must be kept closed when not in use
• Fall protection- substantial guardrail at 42 inches
• No spaces between openings in floor and edge of chute
• Substantial strength to prevent failure of chute
• Mechanical equipment or wheelbarrows require a toe board!
– Planks laid together over solid bearings
– Overlap ends at least one foot
Equipment Removal of Walls and Floors
• Be sure the floor can hold the equipment!
• Floor openings must have curbs or stop-logs to prevent rapid descent of
equipment!!
• Equipment must comply with OSHA’s subpart N and O
– (Cranes, Derricks) (Motorized and Mechanical Equipment)

Storage
Removing Material Through Floor Openings
• Do not exceed allowable floor loads
• No larger than 25% of floor area • Do not allow falling material to endanger stability of structure
• Weakened floors shall be shored to carry demolition load • Leave support beams in place!
• Block off storage area where material is being dropped whenever material is
Masonry, Wall and Chimney Removal not being physically removed.

• Prevent from falling on building floors in amounts that exceed the safe Mechanical Demolition
carrying capacities of the floor.
• Employees can not work on top of walls when weather conditions create a • Keep workers out when balling or clamming operations commence!
hazard • Wrecking balls may not exceed 50% of the cranes rated load
• Prevent from falling on building floors in amounts that exceed the safe • Maximum angle of wrecking ball operations shall not exceed 25% of the
carrying capacities of the floor. nominal breaking strength of the line
• Employees can not work on top of walls when weather conditions create a • Ball must be attached with a swivel-type connection
hazard • Cut all steel members prior to pulling over walls
• Walls shall be left in stable condition at the end of each shift • Ornamental stonework and cornices shall be removed prior to pulling walls
• Wall sections higher than one story require lateral bracing over
• Floor openings within 10 feet of wall shall be planked solid OR keep workers • Competent person must continuously inspect to detect hazards.
out of area • Using explosives- use subpart U
• Walkways or ladders shall be provided to enable employees to reach any • (Blasting and the Use of Explosives)
scaffold or wall
Safety Strikeout!
Manual Removal of Floors
• An American company and a Japanese company once had a boat race.
• Safe walkways must be provided
– At least 18 inches wide Blasting and Explosives
– Formed of wood 2 inches thick
Page 18
General
• Handlers must be Authorized AND Qualified
• No smoking, matches, open flames, firearms or sparks!
• Cannot handle when under influence of liquor, narcotics or dangerous drugs
• Full accountability of explosives is required!
• Do not abandon explosives or blasting agents
• In case of fire, do not fight the fire, evacuate to a safe distance!
• Perform operations between sunup and sundown
• Use warning signs such as flags, barricades, visual and audible warning
signs
• Damaged and deteriorated blasting supplies shall not be used
• Fiber boxes and packing material shall be burned in an appropriate burning
area, not reused!
• Delivery shall be to and by authorized persons in approved areas
• Loading and firing shall be supervised by a competent person
• Blasting near overhead lines must be coordinated with their owners
• Blasting shall be fired electrically whenever possible
 Explosives
– By Competent Person
 Precautions from:
– Smokes, matches & open flames
– Radio Frequency for Electrical Detonator
 Transport of Explosives
– Vehicles shall have tight floors covered w/ wood
– Explosives and Blasting implements shall not be transported with
other materials
Blasting Caps
• Suspend operations during electrical storms
• Post signs too turn off radios 1,000 feet away
• Turn off and lock mobile radio transmitters which are less than 100 feet away
Blaster Qualifications
• Must be able to give and understand written and oral orders
• Must be qualified
– Training
– Knowledge
– Experience
• Knowledgeable in each type of blasting method used
Transporting Explosives
• Drivers must be physically fit and know transport regulations
• No smoking or carrying matches
• Don’t mix explosive and other cargo
• Vehicles must be in good condition
• Mark the vehicle with a sign reading “Explosives” in red letters
• No motor vehicle carrying explosives shall be left unattended
Underground Transportation
• Do not leave in transit explosives unattended
• Powder cars shall be pulled not pushed
• Trucks used underground require weekly electrical check
• Auxiliary lights hooked to electrical system on trucks is prohibited
• Hoist operators must be notified of the cargo
• Explosives only lifted in a powder car, no other materials in the car
• Powder car is specially constructed and marked with “Explosives” in four inch
letters
• No person in the shaft while explosives are being carried
Loading of Explosives
• Establish procedures before loading is started
• Holes must freely admit the explosives
• Only tamp with wood or plastic
• No drilling until all holes are checked for unexploded charges
• No explosives shall be left unattended!
• Equipment shall not be operated within 50 feet of loaded holes
• Warning signs must be maintained at all approaches
• Blaster must keep an accurate, up to date record of explosives
Electric Blasting
• Do not use electric blasting caps around extraneous electricity!!
Page 19
 • Blaster must survey for extraneous electrical currents  After Blasting
• Caps must be of same style/function and manufacturer – Disconnect fining from blasting machine
• Connecting wires must be insulated single solid wire – Allows dust and smoke to subside
• Insulation shall be adequate and in good condition – Inspect if all charges have been exploded
• Power circuit shall NOT be grounded Inspection after Blasting
• Blasting machines shall be tested periodically
• Blaster is in charge of blasting machines, no one else may connect the wires! • After firing- immediately disconnect
• Immediately after firing- disconnect the wires! • Allow 15 minutes in tunnels for smoke and fumes to dissipate
• Inspect to verify that all charges have been exploded
Safety Fuse
Misfires!!
• Use of hammered or injured fuse is forbidden
• Do not hang fuse on nails which may bend them • Get all employees out of danger zone
• Do not carry primers or detonators on the person • Do not attempt to extract explosives
• No more than 12 fuses lit at a time • Insert new primer- attempt to re-blast
• No less than 30 inches of safety fuse • If re-firing is a hazard- remove explosive by washing out with water
• “Drop fuse” technique is prohibited
• Always have sufficient time to get to safety Misfire- Cap & Fuse

Detonation Cord • Stay clear of charge for one hour

• Only handle under the direction of the person in charge of blasting
• Detonation cord is an explosive! • Search for unexploded munitions
• Avoid damaging cord • Trace all wires
• No loops, sharp kinks or angles
• Inspect all connections before firing
• Ready the blast…. THEN bring out the detonators

Firing the blast

• Station flagmen as needed

• The blaster shall determine the firing time
• Give a warning signal

Firing the blast- warning signals

• WARNING - A 1 minute series of blasts given 5 minutes prior to blast

• BLAST - A series of short blasts 1 minute prior to the blast
• ALL CLEAR- A prolonged blast following the inspection of blast area

Page 20
 SSESSION 3: SAFETY AND HEALTH INSPECTION Importance of Safety Inspection

Inspection is the quality control of accident prevention as such, it is one of the procedures of  Inspection is one of the principal means of locating potential causes of accidents
any well established and properly program on accident prevention. and help in determining what safeguards are necessary to correct hazardous
conditions & acts that will prevent the occurrence of accidents and personal injuries.
• It is a pretty much established fact that inspection is the best method of carrying out  Safety inspection promotes better public and employee relations.
the second fundamental principle of accident prevention - "determine the accident  Safety inspection can be valuable in pointing out areas, operations, or methods
facts” which require emphasis in supervisor or employee training.
• The most important step in identifying and eliminating hazards in the workplace is  Safety inspections help sell the safety program to employees. Also, regular plant
through creating a systematic Safety Inspection. inspections encourage individual employees inspect their immediate work areas.
• Safety inspections can reveal hazards and following through the necessary corrective
actions will result in a safer workplace
• Reasons for Workplace Inspections
Why do we Conduct Safety Inspection?
 Identification of hazards.
 Assess the potential losses from these hazards.
 Select control measures designed to eliminate or reduce the hazards to an
acceptable level.
Safety Pyramid FATALITY  Monitor the effectiveness of control measures.
 Review compliance with established standards.
LOST WORK DAY CASE

OSHA RECORDABLES Workplace Inspection

FIRST AIDS
 The workplace inspection addresses the work process and primarily considers
NEAR MISSES/ EARLY
aspects of the work activity and how they compare with a set of predetermined
REPORTING
standards.
 Workplace inspections must look at the relationships between the people, the
UNSAFE BEHAVIOR/ equipment and the procedures in determining if standards are being met and
CONDITIONS maintained.

The Workplace Inspection Team

 Members of the health and safety committee
 Supervisors and managers
 Safety staff or first aid people
 Government and workers representatives

Page 21
 • Congestion of traffic or working space.
HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS • Unsafe distribution of objects around agent.
• Biophysical hazards - those that affect the quality of the general work environment. • Use of unsafe storage containers.
• Mechanical hazards - those associated with the operation of machinery. • Faulty ventilation of stored materials.
• Electrical hazards - those associated with electrical circuits & components. • Poor housekeeping.
• Chemical hazards - those related to the storage, transfer, production or use of • Improperly secured against sudden movement such as falling, slipping, rolling,
chemical tipping, sliding, etc.

What to Look for During Inspections 5. Practice and Procedures

1. Guarding and Protection Devices • Safety rules and safe operating procedures being followed.
2. Functional Defects • Correct use of plant, tools and equipment
3. Work environment • Correct use and maintenance of personal protective equipment.
4. Material Storage and Personnel Exposure • Relevant information available on hazardous materials.
5. Practice and Procedures • All workplace hazards clearly defined in written procedures.
6. Structural Defects and Hazardous Conditions • Employees provided with proper training for the job.

1. Guarding and Protection Devices 6. Structural Defects and Hazardous Conditions

• Missing or inadequate guards • Sharp edges, jagged, splintery, etc., conditions.
• Lack of support, bracing or shoring. • Slippery conditions (for gripping or walking).
• Missing or faulty warning or signal device. • Dull, irregular, mutilated, etc., conditions.
• Missing or faulty automatic control device. • Uneven, rough, poked, or with holes.
• Missing or faulty safety device. • Flammable or explosive characteristics.
• Corroded or eroded conditions.
2. Functional Defects
• Susceptibility to breakage, collapse, etc. Requisites for inspection:
• Susceptibility to tripping, falling, etc. • Knowledge of relevant standards, regulations and codes –the inspector must have
• Susceptibility to rolling, sliding, slipping, etc. sound knowledge of relevant standards, regulations and codes, be it of the
• Leakage of gases, fumes or fluids. government or of the company.
• Lack of adequate electrical grounding. • Sound knowledge of the plant / area – an inspector should be familiar with every
• Operation that is too fast or too slow. corner and nook of the place he will be inspecting.
• Low voltage leaks. • Knowledge of a systematic inspection steps – in order for the inspector to come
up with an accurate findings of his inspection, he should be systematic with his
3. Work Environment rounds. Incomplete inspection would mean leaving some areas or some points
• Flammable or explosive fumes or gases. unnoticed and uncovered. This will also give an unfair and imbalanced results of
• Insufficient illumination. inspection.
• Excessive glare from light source • Knowledge of a method for reporting, evaluating and using the data –Inspection
• Hazardous dusts or atmospheric particles. results may not only for the supervisors guidance and the management compliance
• Hazardous or uncomfortable temperature condition of government regulations, but can sometimes be used for legal cases and court
• Excessive noise. settlements. The inspectors’ method of reporting and data evaluation, may bring
destruction to the company or to the accident victim, when not done properly.
4. Material Storage and Personnel Exposure
• Unsafe storage that permits easy contact by persons with equipment.
Classification of Inspections
Page 22
 • Planned and • Allow different people to conduct equally thorough inspections.
• unplanned inspections • Provide written documentation that an inspection was done and which hazards were
discovered.
2 TYPES OF PLANNED INSPECTION
Creating Checklists:
• General Inspection 1. Write down every potential hazard within the category that you know exists in your work area
• Critical Part Inspection
2. Check the written sources you have available to add any hazards that you did not think of
Types of Inspection 3. Have employees review your list to make sure you have included all the hazards and
identified the locations of each one
• General inspections relate to checks on matters such as housekeeping, chemical
use, handling techniques, use of personal protective equipment, machine guarding
and noise exposure. General inspections tend to cast a wide net and require careful
attention in defining the scope of the inspection for the results of the inspection to be
meaningful.
Written records:

• Critical inspections are more specific and often of a more technical nature than • Previous inspection reports
general inspections. A critical inspection would be used to check cranes, lifting • JHA
devices, electrical systems, noise levels from a particular source(s), explosives • Maintenance records
handling, chemical storage, lighting levels around walkways and a wide range of • MSDS
other factors that have a direct influence on the employees safety. • Accident investigation reports
• Work environment monitoring

INSPECTION CHECKLISTS
A sketch or layout
• The checklist is a widely used instrument and is ideal as a starting point in workplace
inspections. allows you to distinguish between;
• The important criteria when using checklists is that they must be flexible enough to
allow items that are not listed on the check sheet to be considered. • similar pieces of equipment
• Checklists are only a guide to assist in the process of inspections; they must not set • similar safety devices
the agenda, but rather be part of it. • other checklist items
• The checklist is beneficial in providing a means of measuring performance against a
predetermined standard. In order to achieve some reliability, there must be
consistency. Scheduling

1. Determine how much time is required for each type of inspection

Advantages of Using Safety Inspection Checklists 2. Inspect as often as possible.
3. Stay on the task
• Prevent overlooking hazards during an inspection. 4. Take notes – Fill Up your checklist
• Ensure consistency of every inspection. 5. Complete and specific remarks
Page 23
 6. Make your inspection efforts useful in the future as a health and safety Class “B” Hazard - A condition or practice with the potential of serious injury or illness
resource (resulting in temporary disability) or property damage that is disruptive, but less severe than
Class “A”.
• Daily
• Weekly Example 1 - Slippery oil condition observed in main aisle way.
• Bi-weekly
• Monthly Example 2 -Broken treads at bottom of office stairs.
3. Make sure each inspection is thorough
4. If conditions do not improve, or if hazards occur between inspections, increase the
frequency. Class “C” Hazard - A condition or practice with the potential for minor (non-disabling) injury or
5. If no hazardous conditions are found, do not decrease the frequency of inspections. illness or non-disruptive property damage.
6. Stick to the schedule
Example 1 -Carpenter observed handling rough lumber without gloves.
Involving Employees
Example 2 -Strong rancid odor from cutting oil circulating in bed of large lathe.
• Increases the chance that the hazards are corrected quickly
• Increases the amount of attention to SHE conditions in the area Steps for Conducting an Audit:
• Increases total manpower
• • Observe the area, the people and their activities.
Conducting the Inspection • Interview employees; make audit interactive.
• Complete the Checklist forms.
• Stay on the task • Complete the follow-up procedures.
• Take notes – Fill Up your checklist
• Complete and specific remarks For Safe Acts and Conditions:
• Make your inspection efforts useful in the future as a health and safety resource
• Praise the safe acts and conditions you observed and compliment the employee.
Recommending Corrective Actions Give personal praise and thanks.
• Engage the employee in a conversation about the job and its safety aspects,
• Aimed toward reducing or eliminating the hazard including any safety concerns.
• Priority-based • Be specific; consistent, match recognition to the accomplishment.
• • Listen to reactions.
• Thank or reward the employee for his/her commitment to working safely.
Hazard Classification • Personalize the feedback

Class “A” Hazard - A condition or practice with the potential for permanent disability, loss of
life or body part, and/or extensive loss of structure, equipment or material.
Example 1 - barrier guard missing on a large press brake for metal shearing operation.
Example 2 - maintenance worker observed servicing large sump pump in unventilated deep pit
with gasoline motor running.
For Unsafe Conditions:
• Ask questions to explore or clarify what you observe.
• Discuss the possible consequences of the unsafe condition.
• Identify safer ways to improve or repair the condition.
• Call Action Line to have it fixed immediately.

Page 24
For Unsafe Acts: 2. Explain what and why and how.
3. Review the safe alternative.
• When it is safe to do so, stop the work immediately. Give it one-on-one. 4. Make your contact private. .
• Identify the observed at-risk behavior(s) 5. Get his reasons for acting unsafely.
• Ask questions to explore or clarify what you have observed. 6. Get agreement on future practice.
• Discuss the possible consequences, express concern for individual welfare.
• Identify safe behavior. Help the observe identify a new method or solution. Offer Review the form for your site or area and record:
suggestions, if needed, and get agreement.
• The date, time, area observed, and the participants.
There are several factors necessary for effective safety observation. The inspector Must: • Safe acts, unsafe acts, and conditions observed.
• Corrective actions required, owners, and estimated completion dates.
1. Be selective - An inspector might look over a department first for safety second for • A tally of observations and deviations from the expected.
improvement of operations
THE INSPECTION REPORT
2. know what to look for - The more a supervisor or safety professional knows about a
job and a worker's responsibilities, the better an observer he will be.  Write clearly or, when possible, have the report type written.
 Coding of item is of benefit.
3. Practice Observing -. The more often a parson looks with conscious intention to  Additional contacts frequently help.
observe, the mere he will see at each fresh trial. Like all skills, observation improves with  Simply follow-up reports.
practice.  File report properly

4. Keep An Open 'Mind' - One way to increase open-mindedness is not to judge facts in
advance. The inspector must not deny the fact, no matter what conclusion it may seem to lead
to. The inspector must keep his mind open, at least until he has all the facts.

5.Do Not Be Satisfied With General Impressions - A clean shop, or a careful

routine, may still contain hidden hazards,

6. Guard Against Habit and Familiarity - Asking questions What, Where, When, How,
and (especially) Why will often help uncover the real meaning of the situation.

7. Record Observations Systematically - All notes should be dated, with space for
comment on action taken and ,on results of the action. The notebook can serve both as a
reminder and as a record of progress.

8. Prepare a Checklist- A systematic check for litter, obstructions, handling of flammables,

condition of firefighting equipment, and so on, will uncover tangible problems that can he
corrected. '

Here are a few pointers that might help:

1. Be firm, but friendly.
Page 25
 SESSION 4: FALL PROTECTION
Introduction
Course Goal
This course:
+ Is required for employees who work at elevated heights or use ladders.
+ Teaches fall protection and prevention.
+ Practices proper use of fall protection gear and ladders.
+ Complies with OSHA standards.
Course Objectives
+ Describe working conditions where fall protection is required.
+ Identify the components of a Fall Arrest System.
+ Demonstrate how to put on and remove a full body harness.
+ Know how to inspect and care for personal fall arrest systems before
and after use.
+ Identify safe and unsafe ladder practices.
+ Describe correct practices when ascending and descending a ladder.
+ Describe correct practices for using extension ladders.
Why Fall Prevention/Protection?
Statistics:
+ About 40,000 deaths/disabling injuries result from falls per year in the
US.
+ Falls are the #1 cause of fatalities in the construction industry.
+ In 1997, the Phil. construction industry accounts for 478 work accident
cases involving 16,575 construction workers. In 1996, of the 479
accident cases reported, 194 or 40.50% were classified as struck/hit by
falling objects & fall from heights with 52 (11 %).
OSHS Fall Protection Policy
+ Railings are required at permanent elevated locations greater than or
equal to:
4 48 inches.(Federal OSHA)
4 30 inches. (CAL OSHA)
All employees shall be protected from falls of six feet or more by the use of an
approved Fall Arrest System.
 Construction work is traditionally a hazardous occupation, wherein various
work phases involved have its own corresponding hazards. Since majority of
the work is located in high places, falls are so significant and need a lot of
attention.
 Most falling accidents could be traced in excavation, scaffolding, ladder,
temporary structure, roofing and opening.
 Likewise alarming, are falling materials that cause damage to properties and
even serious injuries and death to pedestrians.
Where do you find Fall Protection and Ladder Safety Guidelines at your Site?
Evaluating the Risk
• The Occupational Safety and Health Standard (OSHS) requires that a worker
must be protected from falling a vertical distance of 6 meters (20 ft) or more.
• It is important to undertake a complete risk evaluation in each phase of the
construction work in order to identify potential sources of fall accidents.
• This evaluation can be done in the form of a job hazard analysis, where the
work task is broken down into a number of distinguishable steps.
• The steps are then analyzed to determine the hazards and identify
preventative measures to protect against the hazards.
Categories of Fall
• Fall accidents can be classified as, fall…
 to work surface
 against an object
 from moving vehicle/equipment
 from stairs, ramps, and ladders
 from edge of work level
 into/through an opening
 from one work level to the other
Page 26
Control Measures
• Ideally, the choice of a protection system will be one that removes the risk of
falling entirely.
• For example, it is preferable to provide a fixed barrier to prevent a worker
from falling, than personal protective equipment (safety harness and lifeline).
In this way, the worker is never in a position where an actual fall may occur.
Otherwise, the worker must rely on the PPE system to safely arrest the fall.
Fall Protection Systems Categories
1. Surface protection (non-slip flooring)
2. Fixed barriers (handrails, guardrails)
3. Surface opening protection (removable covers, guardrails)
4. Travel restraint systems (safety line and belt)
5. Fall arrest systems (safety line and harness)
6. Fall containment systems (safety nets)
1. Surface Protection Against Slipping & Tripping Hazards
– Ensure that good housekeeping practices are instituted at the
workplace.
• It is important to keep the work area free of equipment and
materials that are not required for the task at hand.
• Oil spills, mud, scraps & other debris must be cleared up
immediately.
– Floors that may become slippery due to the work operations should
be provided with a non-slip type surface or coating that will provide a
secure walking surface.
• Footwear with special soles may be also required.
2. Edge Protection Using Fixed Barriers
 A fixed barrier must be capable of stopping a worker from
proceeding past the edge of a work level or into a floor opening.
 Barriers may be permanent or temporary, depending on the
circumstances at the workplace.
 Types include: guardrails, handrails, warning barriers, & ladder
cages.
Engineering Controls
Engineering controls has been added to protect employees from falls:
+ Guardrail System.
+ Guardrail System in Hoisting Areas.
+ Warning Lines.
What is a Guardrail system?
A guardrail system protects employees from fall hazards. It consists of:
+ Handrail.
+ Midrail.
+ Toe boards.
• Guardrail - is a permanent or portable structural system consisting of a top
rail, mid-rail and toe board secured to vertical posts intended to stop a worker
from inadvertently stepping off a working level and falling to a level below.
– Variations of guardrail include: wood slat, wire rope, steel frame,
safety fencing, tube and clamp, perimeter netting and others.
– Any of these variations is acceptable, as long as the system meets
the basic design specifications
Guardrail specifications include:
– At least 1m from the floor level to the upper surface of the top rail
– Vertical post should be at least 2 meters apart
– The complete structure shall be capable of withstanding a load of at
least 100 kgs. applied from any point of the top rail.
– Toeboard shall be at least 15 cm. (6 in.) in height. It shall be not
more than 6 mm. (0.3 in.) clearance above the floor level.
• For wood railings - top rails & post of at least 5 cm. X 10 cm. & immediate
rails of at least 5 cm. X 5 cm. or by 2 cm. x 10 cm.
• For pipe railings - top rails & post of metal pipes of at least 30 mm. Diameter.
• For structural metal railings - top rails & post of angle iron of at least 38 mm. x
38 mm. x 5 mm. & intermediate railings of angle iron of at least 32 mm. x 32
mm. x 3mm.
• All working platforms, runways, and ramps from which workers are liable to
fall a distance of more than 2 meters (6 ft), a strong guardrail shall be
provided. Prior to and during the installation, it is essential that a safety
Page 27
 harness and an independent lifeline, properly secured to an adequate fixed
anchor is used by each and every worker who may be exposed to the risk of
falling.
• Note: Where a guardrail is temporarily removed, warning signs or warning
tape should be used to mark off the hazard area.
• Warning Barrier - is used to indicate to workers that they are approaching a
hazardous work area, where a potential to falling exists. The warning barrier
is used where it is not reasonably practicable to provide fixed barrier
protection, or a guardrail has been temporarily removed from an area.
• This system may utilize a cable, rope, or a fence system that is set up at least
2 meters from the work surface opening or edge. The effectiveness of this
type of system is increased when high visibility flagging or other means is
used to mark the warning barrier.
• Note: A warning system is not a substitute for guardrailing as it is usually of
lesser strength and offers no protection to the worker who must go near the
edge of a work area. Workers who are required to go beyond the warning
barrier must use a travel restraint or fall arrest system. Lifelines must not be
tied to the warning system or barricade.
What is a Warning Line System?
A barrier erected to warn employees:
+ That they are approaching an unprotected roof side or edge.
+ That work is taking place without the use of a guardrail, body harness
or safety net system
+ Installed at least 3 ft. from the edge
Guidelines for Warning Lines
+ Warning lines must be posted at least 6 feet away from the edge. (See
note.)
+ Warning lines must consist of ropes, wires, or chains.
• Handrail - on the open side of stairs, ramps and other similar means of
access, proper handrail must be provided.
– a means of support to a worker moving up and down the accessway.
Handrails should be designed the same as a guardrail.
• Ladder Cage - is a permanent structure attached to a ladder that provides a
barrier between the worker and the surrounding space. The worker would be
able to secure to the rung or side rail of the ladder at any time during the
climbing of the ladder.
– it does not provide complete fall protection on its own. It should be
used in conjunction with a full body harness and lanyard.
• Surface Opening Protection - Guardrails/ Floor Coverings
– Surface openings in floors and other walking surfaces where
workers have access, must be protected by guard railing or secured
wood or metal covers.
– The covering must be capable of supporting all loads to which it may
be subjected.
– The covering must also be identified to indicate that there is an
opening below.
Surface Opening Protection - Guardrails/ Floor Coverings (con’t.)
• When plywood is used to cover openings, the minimum thickness shall be
19mm (3/4") with proper support for the plywood.
• If work must be undertaken near unprotected openings from which a worker
could fall 2 meters or more, access must be restricted to workers who are
wearing full body safety harnesses and lifelines secured to proper anchorage.
• As soon as the necessary work is completed, the opening should be
protected by guard railing or adequate covering.
• Remember: If a fixed barrier or surface cover is removed for any reason,
proper travel restraint or fall arrest systems must be provided for any worker
who becomes at risk of falling.
Travel Restraint Systems - Safety Belts/Lifelines/ Lanyards/ Anchorage
• A travel restraint system is intended to limit a worker's movement so the
worker is unable to reach a location where there is a risk of falling.
• The restraint system is made up of a safety belt (or safety harness), lifeline
and/or lanyard and anchor.
• The safety belt is secured to a lifeline having a fixed length that is attached to
a secure anchor. The length of the lifeline is such that the worker can only
proceed to within approximately 1 meter of an opening or edge.
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 • Under no circumstances should a travel restraint system be rigged so that a + Capable of supporting 5,000 lbs or 2 times the arresting force per employee.
worker is in a position to fall. + Designed and built to hold the maximum force of the fall arrest.

Fall Protection Devices and Systems 2. Lifeline –

– This is the part of the system that is attached to the anchor point and
Fall Protection Devices the user of the system.
– Lifelines must have sufficient strength to support a weight of 1140
+ Positioning Device System kgs. (2,500 lbs.) without breaking. Lifelines must be properly
+ Fall Arrest System secured to the anchorage point and be protected from abrasion or
+ Fall Restraint System damage along their full length. Lifelines may run vertically or
horizontally (installed between two or more anchors), depending on
Fall Arrest Systems the application.
• A fall arrest system does not prevent a fall, it reduces the chance of injury – Temporary lifelines are made of wire or synthetic rope.
when a fall takes place. – Permanent systems may be made of rigid steel or aluminum rails,
• A complete fall arrest system consists of an anchorage point, lifeline, fall wire ropes, or similar materials.
arrestor, lanyard, shock absorber, and full body safety harness.
3. Fall arrestor (rope grab) –
• Note: A fall arrest system must be rigged to limit the fall of a worker to a – This is a device that automatically locks onto the lifeline when a fall
maximum of 1 meter (3 feet). occurs.
– It is fitted between the lifeline and lanyard and normally slides freely
Specifications for a Fall Arrest System on the lifeline until there is a sudden downward motion.
– When this sudden motion occurs, the fall arrestor "grabs" the lifeline
and holds firmly.
1. Anchorage point –
– anchorage points shall be located as high as equipment permits it, Self-Retracting Lifelines and Lanyards
as it is dangerous to work above the point of anchorage.
– Belt anchors shall be made of metal machined from bar stock,
forged or heat treated, capable of supporting a pull of 2730 kgs. A Lanyard that:
(6,000 lbs.) applied in any direction. + Automatically limits free-fall distance to less than two feet.
– If the anchor is exposed to the elements, it must be corrosion + Must be designed, constructed and tested according to the
resistant. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) or other approved
testing agencies.
What is an Anchorage Point?
4. Lanyard –
– A lanyard is an approved device located between the fall arrestor
A secure point of attachment for Personal Fall Arrest systems.
and the worker's safety harness.
Anchorage Point Guidelines – Lanyard must incorporate a shock absorber and be fitted with double
An Anchorage point must be: action devices.
+ Located at or above the employee’s waist. –
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5. Shock absorber –
– This is a device that limits the force applied to the user when a fall
occurs.
– It is designed to absorb the kinetic energy of the fall as the worker is
stopped. The shock absorber prevents both injuries to the worker
and the amount of force transferred to the lifeline and anchor.
– A shock absorber may be a separate device or built into the lanyard
design.
What is a Lanyard?
A flexible line made of nylon rope, wire or nylon strap with a locking type small hooks
at each end for connecting the body harness to a lifeline or anchorage point to stop the
employee in the event of a fall.
Lanyard Guidelines
A Lanyard must:
+ Be inspected prior to use.
+ Be protected against being cut or abraded.
+ Have a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 lbs.
+ Be the appropriate length.
+ Be attached to an anchorage point, not to itself, unless it is an approved
Tie-Back Lanyard.
6. Full body safety harness –
– This is a device designed to contain the torso and pelvic area of a
worker and to support the worker during and after a fall.
– Body type harnesses of the parachute type should be used.
– The harness should be connected to the lanyard or lifeline at the
dorsal (back) position.
– If a lifeline and rope-grab device is used on steeply sloping surfaces,
the user needs to have the device located in front.
– This will allow safe manual operation of the mechanism
What is a Full Body Harness?
Harness straps secured about the employee in a manner that distributes the fall arrest
forces throughout the body.
Guidelines for a Full Body Harness
+ The attachment point of a body harness is located in the center of the
wearer’s back near shoulder level.
+ Snap hooks shall be a double locking-type.
+ Body belts are not allowed on site.
7. Fall Containment Systems
• Safety Net –
– Where it is impractical to provide a fixed barrier or fall arrest system,
an alternate solution is the provision of safety nets.
– Safety nets are used most often where it is difficult or impossible to
arrange for guardrailing or to provide a proper anchoring and lifeline
system for fall arrest.
– The most common applications for safety nets are bridge work and
structural steel erection.
Safety nets requirements include:
• It must be constructed of materials of sufficient strength to catch a falling
person or debris.
• There is sufficient tension and clearance to prevent a falling person against
contacting any surface or structure below the net.
• It shall be installed so that it extends 2.5 m. (8 ft.) beyond the edge of the
work area & not further than 7.5 m. (25 ft.) below the working surface.
• No welding or oxy cutting is performed above safety nets.
• Nets are inspected after installation, relocation or repair.
• Perimeter safety nets are in position before any work is commenced.
Specifications for a Fall Arrest System
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 • Safety Mesh
– Safety mesh, which is securely fixed, provides fall protection for roof
installers and
– offers long term protection against falling for maintenance and repair
works.
– Safety mesh should be used in conjunction with appropriate edge
protection, guardrails or fall arrest systems and devices.
– It should not be used for access to or egress from a work area or as
a working platform.
• Note: When installing safety net or safety mesh, elevating work platforms,
scaffolding or fall arrest systems should be used.
Fall Protection Devices and Systems
Inspection of a Fall Arrest System
+ Hold the harness by the back dee-ring, grasp a strap and run your hand
along the entire length checking for cuts or damaged fibers. (Use this
procedure for all webbing and straps)
+ Check Dee-Rings and their metal or plastic wear pad for any distortion
or cracks. The dee-ring should pivot freely.
+ Inspect all hardware looking for any loose grommets, distortion,
cracking or sharp edges.
+ Attachments of Buckles and Dee-rings: Look for any unusual wear,
frayed or cut fibers, or distortion of hardware.
+ Inspect for Frayed or Broken Strands; see chart below for damage to
webbing.
+ Friction and Mating Buckles: inspect for distortion, the outer and center
bars must be straight.
+ Lanyard Inspection: begin at one end and work to the opposite, slowly
rotate the lanyard so the entire circumference is checked; look for
knots, burrs, cut or fraying material.
+ Shock Absorbing Lanyard; ensure that the stitching along the top and
the bottom of the shock absorber is intact
+ Hardware: Look for distortions, cracks, corrosion, or pitted surfaces in
Snaps and Thimbles. Ensure that the snap hook is properly opening
and closing.
Care for the Fall Arrest System
+ After a fall arrest, equipment subjected to a fall will be removed from
use to ensure that it cannot be reused.
+ Clean equipment after use with mild soap and water. Do not use harsh
chemicals or solvents. Rinse with fresh water.
+ Hang equipment in a cool, dry area that is dark and well ventilated. (UV
light and excessive heat will cause failure in the equipment.
Ladder Safety
Why is this Ladder Positioning Unsafe?
“No matter how quickly a job can be done, there is always time to fall.”
Why Ladder Safety Training?
Each year in the U.S, accidents involving ladders cause an estimated 300 deaths and
130,000 injuries requiring emergency medical attention. Note: Figures taken from U.S.
National Safety Council
Types of Ladders
Most portable ladders are designed as “one-person” equipment with proper strength to
support the worker and his tools and materials. There are 3 types:
+ Type 1 Industrial - Heavy-duty with a load capacity not more than 250
pounds. This type is used at Intel.
+ Type 2 Commercial - Medium-duty with a load capacity not more than 225
pounds.
+ Type 3 Household - Light-duty with a load capacity of 200 pounds.
5 Basic Rules of Ladder Safety
Rule # 1: Select the right ladder for the job.
+ Choose the type and size of ladder for your intended specific purpose.
+ Regardless of the type, the ladder must have a label certifying that it complies
with specifications of ANSI or other approved inspection agencies.
Rule # 2: Inspect the ladder before you use it.
+ Make sure the ladder is rated to hold your weight.
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 + Check for loose or damaged rungs, vertical support rails or braces.
+ Check for loose screws, bolts, hinges and other hardware.
+ Make sure the ladder rungs have non-skid footing for stability to reduce
slippage while you work.
+ Check the ladder rungs for grease and dirt which could cause slipping.
+ If the ladder has any type of defect, it must be repaired or replaced. Never
use a defective ladder.
Rule # 3: Set up the ladder with care.
+ If you must set the ladder in a high traffic area, use a barricade, cones or an
attendant to prevent collisions.
+ Post notifications or block any nearby door that opens towards you.
+ The area around the base should be kept uncluttered, and the ladder should
be set on a solid, level surface.
+ The locking device on some ladders may present a pinching hazard, so keep
fingers clear when setting up the ladder.
+ Make certain the spreaders on stepladders are locked in place.
Rule # 4: Climb and descend ladders cautiously.
+ Use both hands, and face the ladder.
+ Keep your belt buckle centered between the vertical support rails at all times
(Belt Buckle Rule).
+ If you need tools, carry them in a tool belt or raise and lower them with a hand
line.
+ To avoid slipping, always check the bottoms of your shoes for slippery
substances.
+ In the event of Clean Room work, booties should be tightly secured to the feet
so they do not snag, slip, or fold under and present tripping or slipping
hazards.
Rule # 5: Sensible ladder safety.
+ Always maintain the center line of your body between the ladder’s vertical
support rails while working.
+ Never climb higher than the second rung from the top of a stepladder without
fall protection equipment.
+ No matter what kind of ladder you are using, never leave an open ladder
unattended. It could fall unexpectedly and injure someone.
+ While working on the 2nd rung, keep 3 points of contact on the ladder at all
times.
+ When working safely from the 3rd rung or below, 2 points of contact are
allowed.
When is Fall Protection Required with Ladders?
When using a stepladder to access an elevated location, you can use the 1st rung
ONLY:
+ With a full body harness and lanyard that is tied-off to an approved anchorage
point.
+ With a buddy stabilizing the ladder at all times.
+ If the work activity causes imbalance or requires pushing, pulling or lifting, a
full body harness and lanyard must be used and attached to an approved
anchor point.
+ If an approved anchorage point in not available and the work being performed
is over 6 feet, the buddy system must be used.
Ladder Transportation: 2 Person Carry Rule
+ Use two people to carry ladders that are greater than 8 feet long.
+ Carry the ladder close to your body at elbow height and be aware of your
surroundings.
+ If one person is carrying an 8 foot ladder, the travel distance cannot be more
than 50 yards and only on the same floor level in areas not crowded.
Ladder Storage Area
+ Store ladders in well-ventilated areas and laying down sideways to prevent
sagging and warping.
+ Secure ladders to wall brackets or chain them to the wall in a closed position.
+ In construction areas, store ladders away from high traffic and in a closed
position.
+ All ladders must be inspected before each use. All hardware, bracing, rungs
and vertical support rails must be in good working condition before using.
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 + All ladders must be thoroughly inspected on an annual basis. SESSION 5: TEMPORARY STRUCTURES
These are structures built to aid in the construction of a permanent project.
Administrative Controls Temporary structures are used to facilitate the construction of buildings, bridges,
tunnels, and other above- and below ground facilities by providing access, support,
and protection for the facility under construction, as well as assuring the safety of
workers and the public. Temporary structures are either dismantled and removed
Retraining Requirements for Fall Protection and Ladder Safety when the permanent works become self-supporting or completed, or they are
incorporated into the finished work. Temporary structures are also used in inspection,
Retraining is required when changes in: repair, and maintenance work.
+ The workplace renders previous training obsolete.
+ The fall protection and ladder safety or equipment to be used renders BARRICADES & SCAFFOLDS
previous training obsolete.
+ The employee’s use indicates a need to retrain. AGENDA
+ Codes and/or regulations render previous training obsolete.
• Types of barricade
Work Hazard Analysis • Types of scaffolds
• Competent persons
+ Sites must provide assessment methodology for determining risk potential for • Interior Hang scaffold/ Catches
tasks requiring fall protection. • Access &Egress /platform
+ Prior to any task involving work at heights, a visual assessment of the work • Tube & Coupler Scaffold
area must be done to identify hazards involved and precautions necessary to • General Requirements
complete the work safely. • Q&A
+ The site must use pre-task planning which identifies free fall distances and/or
swing fall hazard, length of lanyards appropriate for the job, etc. Barricades - To isolate or protect an unsafe work area from other workers, pedestrian
or vehicle traffic.

Road Construction Barricade

Three types of road construction barricades:

• Heavy - used to close streets, provide buffer zones, and mark work area
obstructions. An optional light may be attached.
• Light - used to mark the work area. An optional light may
be attached.
• A-Frame - may be used to channel traffic and mark the work
area. An optional light maybe attached.
Barricades should be made of reflective materials and they must
never be placed in the line of traffic without warning.

Page 33
Barricade Tapes
BARRICADING BY HAZARD CATEGORY

Color of Hazard Action Example

Tape Classification
Yellow Occupational Do not cross until Overhead work
(Caution) Hazard hazard is identified and Trip hazard
safe passage/access is
assured.
Use to identify the
presence of a possible
hazard

Red High/Imminent Never cross. Energized Electrical

(Red) Danger If access is required, Work
Fatality coordinate with contact Overhead suspended
Prevention person identified on load
barricade signage Critical high pressure
test
Chemical introduction
Fall exposure

What Is a Scaffold?

o Scaffold - is defined as an elevated, temporary work platform. There are

three basic types of scaffolds. 1. Supported, 2. Suspended, 3. Others:
Man lifts etc.
o Common Hazards Associated With All Scaffolds
o Falls from elevation, due to lack of fall protection;
o Collapse of the scaffold, caused by instability or overloading;
o Being struck by falling tools, work materials, or debris; and
o Electrocution, principally due to proximity of the scaffold to
overhead power lines.

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Types of Scaffolds

Fabricated or Frame scaffolds

o The most common type of scaffold because they are versatile,

economical, and easy to use.
o These are frequently used by residential & building contractors.
Their modular frames can also be stacked several stories high
for use on large scale construction jobs.

Page 35
 o Scaffold erectors must be trained by a 3rd party training center & fall
protection trained.

Competent person

o Qualified, trained and authorized to stop unsafe activity

o Must have the ability to identify and anticipate hazards
o Must understand the concepts of fall protection, scaffold inspection,
assembly & disassembly
o Required to be on the job site when scaffold is erected, dismantled or
altered

Types of Scaffolds

Interior hung scaffold

o A suspension scaffold consisting of a platform suspended from the

ceiling or roof structure by fixed length supports.
o The best scaffold to use inside Intel’s interstitial areas.
Falling object protection

o Nothing that can cause tripping, fall or slip is allowed to accumulate on

the platform.
o Protect employees by using
o Hardhats
o Debris nets
o Canopy
Toe boards

o 4 inches high
o Withstand force of 50 lbs.
o Gaps not more than 1/4 inch and fastened above platform

Guardrail systems

Training o Shall be 2” X 4” or the equivalent (2” nominal diameter for tubular

scaffolds
Page 36
 o Top rail – 39 to 45 inches Classification of scaffolds
o Withstand force of 200 lbs
o Mid rail – installed halfway between the toprail and platform
o Withstand force of 150 lbs I. Supported Scaffolds
Supported scaffolds are platforms supported by legs, outrigger
beams, brackets, poles, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support.
Access
o Safe access needed at 2 ft. above or below an access point.
o OSHA & Intel forbids climbing cross bracing as a means of access. II. Suspended Scaffolds
A suspension scaffold contains one or more platforms suspended by
ropes or other non-rigid means from an overhead structure.
Stairway type ladder:

o Bottom step is not more than 24 inches above scaffold. III. Other Scaffolds
Man lift, etc..
o Has rest platform at maximum interval of 12 feet.
o Minimum step width of 16 inches.

Attachable & Built in ladder:

o Rest platform at 35-ft interval
o Intel – 20 ft interval

Platform

Planking

Scaffold platforms can be either sawn or laminated lumber planks or

prefabricated aluminum and plywood platforms.

o Must be fully decked or planked

o No gaps greater than 1 inch between platform & uprights.
o Maximum opening of 9 1\2 inches
o Platforms & walkways must be at least 18 inches wide.
o Makeshift devices but not limited to barrels, boxes, hollow blocks shall
not be used on scaffold to increase the working level.

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Tube and Coupler
Tube and coupler scaffolds are
so-named because they are
built from tubing connected by
coupling devices. Due to their
strength, they are frequently
used where heavy loads need
to be carried, or where multiple
platforms must reach several
stories high.
SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
1. Foundation
a. Scaffold shall be
capable of supporting
without failure at least 4
times the maximum
intended load.
b. Timber sills at least 23
cm wide by 3.8 cm thick
will be required to
spread the load. A sill
shall extend under at
least two post.
SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
c. Where scaffolding is
erected on a solid
bearing such as rock or
concrete, small timber
pads may be used in
place of sills and nailed
to prevent the base
plates sliding off.
d. If used to compensate
variations in ground
levels, the screw jacks
shall not be adjusted
more than two-thirds of
the total length of the
thread.
SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
2. Post
a. Posts shall be pitched
on 15 cm (6 in.) by 15
cm (6 in.) steel and at
least 0.64 cm (1/4in.)
thick. All post shall be
vertical.
Page 38
SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS AND REQUIREMENTS

b. The inner row posts

shall be placed as
closed as possible to
the face of the building
structure. The outer row
shall be positioned
depending on the load 4. Bearers
requirements of the
scaffold. a. Bearers should be
installed between post
3. Runners and securely fixed to the
post with standard
a. Runners shall be couplers.
securely fixed to post
with standard couplers
and shall be horizontal.

SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS

AND REQUIREMENTS
b. Runners shall be
vertically spaced no
more than 2.0 meters
(6 ft. 6in.) to give
adequate headroom
along the platform.
4. Bearers
a. Bearers should be
installed between post
and securely fixed to the
post with standard
couplers.
AND REQUIREMENTS
5. Board Bearers
a. Board bearers shall be
installed between
bearers to accommodate
differences in planks
length.
6. Bracing
a. Longitudinal diagonal
bracing shall be
installed at approx 45˚
angle from near the
base of the first outer
post upward to the
extreme top of the
scaffold.
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 SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
7. Ties
a. All supported scaffolds
except tower and mobile
shall be securely tied to
a building or structure
throughout their length
ts
9.1 m and height to prevent
movement of the
scaffold.
b. Ties shall occur at the
7.9 mts top of the scaffold and
at least every 7.9 mts
(26 ft.) vertically and 9.1
mts (30 ft.) horizontally
and at each end of the
scaffold.
SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
8. Flatform Unit
a. All platform units shall be
closed planked for the
full width of the scaffold
structure.
b. Planks shall be extend
over their end supports
by not less than 15 cm
(6 in. and not more than
30.5 cm (12in.).
b. Planks shall be secured
in position to prevent
displacement by strong
winds.
SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
9. Guardrail and
Toe board system
a. Guardrail shall be
installed at open sides
and ends of all scaffold
to prevent fall.
b. Top rails shall no less
than 0.91 meters (39 in.)
and no more than 1.14
meters (45 in.) above the
working surface and can
withstand force of 200
lbs.
AND REQUIREMENTS
c. Mid rails must be
installed halfway
between the top rail and
platform and can
withstand force of 150
lbs.
d. Toe boards shall not be
less than 10 cm. (4in.) in
height by 2.5 cm (in.)
thick.
Page 40

SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
10. Access
a. Access to a working
platform is best achieved
by providing a separate
ladder tower or a
cantilevered access
platform so as not to
obstruct the working
platform and to minimize
the risk of persons falling
through gaps in the
guardrail system or
platform units. Access
should be provided to
working platforms.
SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
11. Scaffold Ladders
a. Scaffold ladders provide
the means of access and
egress for scaffolds.
(Straight and extension
ladders)
12. Workmanship
a. Scaffolding shall be
erected, altered and
dismantled by
experienced men working
under the direction of a
competent supervisor.
SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
13. Inspections
a. All scaffolds shall be
inspected by a
competent supervisor,
safety officers, and/or
civil engineers before it
is used and after
adjustments,
modifications, adverse
weather conditions, etc.,
to measure that is safe.
If safe to use, attach the
Green Scaffolding Tag, if
unsafe to use, attach the
Red Tag.
General Requirements
o All scaffolding will be erected and maintained in accordance with state
and federal OSHA standards (Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part
1926, Subpart L) & International Scaffold Sign-off Guideline.
o Scaffolds shall be erected, moved, dismantled, or altered only under the
supervision and direction of a competent person qualified in scaffold
erection, moving, dismantling or alteration. Such activities shall be
performed only by experienced and trained employees selected for
such work by the competent person.
o Scaffolds and scaffold components shall be capable of supporting,
without failure, its own weight and at least 4 times the maximum
intended load.
o Scaffold products from different manufactures shall not be mixed on a
scaffold, unless they are specifically designed to be used together.
o Guardrails, midrails, and toe boards shall be installed on all open sides
and ends of platforms 6 ft. above the working surface (floor).
Page 41
o Guardrails shall be 2” X 4” or the equivalent (2” nominal diameter for o Cantilevered or outrigger scaffolds must have documentation to
tubular scaffolds) approximately 42” in ht. with a midrail. Supports shall demonstrate safe loading conditions.
be at intervals not to exceed 8 ft. o All suspended scaffolds require independent safety lines for each
o Toe boards shall be of 4” in height. employee. Employees must use a full body harness when working from
o Scaffold planks shall extend over their end supports not less than 6 any suspended scaffold.
inches or more than 12 inches. o Personal fall arrest system used on scaffolds shall be attached by a
o Any scaffold including accessories such as braces, brackets, trusses, lanyard to a vertical lifeline, horizontal lifeline, or scaffold structural
screw legs, ladders, etc. damaged or weakened from any cause shall be member.
immediately repaired or replaced.
o Timber planking is allowed for the scaffold and shall have a minimum of
1,500 fiber (stress grade) construction grade lumber.
o Scaffold erectors will be required to be certified by the third party
trainer and to follow Intel Fall Protection procedures. Any exception will
be discussed with EHS.
o Never erect a scaffold within 10 feet of power lines.
o Use of a scaffold by multiple contractors must be approved by the EHS.
Each contractor will be responsible to inspect and ensure the scaffold
is in safe condition prior to any employee working on the scaffold.
These types of systems should be inspected daily by EHS.
o Any scaffold that exceeds 12 feet requires a scaffold plan or drawing be
submitted to the EHS prior to erection. The plan must be on company
letterhead and signed by the scaffold designer.
o Do not ride on rolling scaffold.
o Scaffolding will be inspected for safe conditions on a daily basis. The
contractor responsible will maintain a daily inspection permit and must
conform to the requirements on the project site.
o Straight access ladder attached to scaffolding should not exceed 20 feet
without a break or offset that would limit a potential fall exposure.
Access ladder that exceed 20 feet from the ground level should be place
inside the scaffolds frame with trap door conditions at access levels.
o Ladders shall not be used on scaffolds to increase the working level
height of employees, except on large area scaffolds where employees
have satisfied some reasonable criteria.
o Makeshift devices, such as but not limited to boxes and barrels, shall
not be use on top of scaffold platforms to increase the working level
height of employees.
o Scaffold tower, single-section, or rolling scaffolds must not exceed a
4:1 base-to-height ratio without structural bracing. Nor shall any section
of the scaffold exceed a 4:1 ratio without structural bracing.
Page 42