Dr.

Hisham Amer

Parasitology

Definitive
Intermediate host Reservoir host Habitat Infective stage Diagnostic stage Mode of infection Treatment
host
Entamoeba Pigs, dogs and Swallowing food and water contaminated with Iodoquinol
Human - Large intestine Cyst Cyst and trophozoite
histolytica monkeys cysts and Autoinfection Metronidazole
Mature Digestion of cysts in contaminated water and
Metronidazole
Giardia lamblia Human - Cats and goats Small intestine quadrinucleate Cyst and trophozoite food
Tinidazole
cyst Direct person-to-person transmission
Ingestion of food and water contaminated
Human, cattle, cat Small intestine and may Nitazomamide
Cryptosporidium Human - Oocyst Oocyst with feces containing oocysts and
and dog affect respiratory tract Parmomycin
Autoinfection
Ingestion of food and water contaminated Tetracycline
Balantidium coli Human - Pigs Large intestine Cyst Cyst and trophozoite
with feces containing the cysts Metronidazole
Tsetse fly: Human:
Bite of tsetse fly
T.gambiense and T.gambiense Throughout the body
Metacyclic When mucus membranes or wound on the Nifurtimox
Trypanosoma Human T.rhodesiense Wild and domestic (blood, lymph, tissue Trypomastigotes
trypomastigotes surface of the skin is contaminated by feces of Benznidazole
Kissing bug: T. animals: space, C.N.S)
the bug containing metacyclic trypomastigotes
cruzi T.rhodesiense
Bite of sandfly
Immune system including
Phlebotomus sand By direct contact
Leishmania Human Most animals spleen, liver, lymph nodes Promastigote Amastigote Miltefosine
flies By direct inoculation of amastigotes
and bone marrow
By autoinoculation
Female of Mature and immature
Bite of the infective female Anopheles Primaquine
Plasmodium anopheles Human - Liver and erythrocytes Sporozoite trophozoite and
mosquito Chloroquine
mosquito schizonts
Most animals and Move around vaginal and Directly from person-to-person by sexual
Trichomonas Human - Trophozoite Trophozoite Metronidazole
birds urethral tissue transmission
Eating uncooked or undercooked infected
meat containing tissue cysts
Tachyzoites Ingestion of mature oocysts through food, Congenital infection
Domestic and Human and other Skeletal muscles, brain, Bradyzoites water, or fingers contaminated with cat feces treated with
Toxoplasma - -
wild cats mammals eyes and myocardium Sporulated Intrauterine infection from mother to fetus pyrimethamine and
oocyst (congenital toxoplasmosis) sulfadiazine
Blood transfusion or transplantation from
infected donors
Dr. Hisham Amer

Definitive
Intermediate host Reservoir host Habitat Infective stage Diagnostic stage Mode of infection Treatment
host
Encysted Ingestion of metacerceriae encysted on aquatic Triclabendazole or
Fasciola hepatica Human Lymnaea snail Cattle, sheep Liver and biliary passage Un embryonated egg
metacercariae vegetation bithional
Snails: pironella,
Heterophyes cerithidea Eating raw or undercooked fishes containing
Human Cat, dog Small intestine Metacercaria Embryonated egg Praziquantel
heterophyes Fishes: mullet, metacercaria
tilapia
Paragonimus Snail: melania Encysted Eating undercooked crab or cray fish Praziquantel
Human Cat, dog and pig Lung Eggs
westermani Crab and cray fish metacercariae containing metacercariae Bithional and niclofolan
Ingesting eggs with contaminated food and
Pig, occasionally Cysticercus Eggs and gravid water
Taenia solium Human - Small intestine Praziquantel
human cellulosae (larva) proglottids Autoinfection
Eating undercooked pork
Human:
Intestinal taeniasis:
Cysticercus Eggs and gravid
Taenia saginata Human Cow - Small intestine Eating undercooked beef praziquantel
bovis (larva) proglottids
Cysticercosis: excision
Cattle: eggs
S. haematobium: S. haematobium: veins of
bulinus snail vesical and pelvic plexuses S. haematobium: egg
S. mansoni: S. mansoni: inferior in urine
biomphalaria snail mesenteric vein and its Fork-tailed S. mansoni: egg in
Schistosoma Human - Fork-tailed cercariae penetrates human tissue Praziquantel
S. japonicum: branches cercariae stool
oncomelania S. japonicum: superior S. japonicum: egg in
amphibian snail mesenteric vein and its stool
(Fresh water snails) branches
Albendazole,
Ascaris Human or Embryonated Fertilized and
- - Small intestine Ingestion of contaminated food and water mebendazole, ivermectin
lumbricoides pigs eggs unfertilized eggs
or pyrantel pamoate
Strongyliodes Human, dogs Rhabditiform larva or Penetration of skin by filariform larva
- - Small intestine Filariform larva Ivermectin or albendazole
stercoralis or cats egg in stool Autoinfection