CHAPTER 3:

LATHE MACHINE

DJJ1043 (WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY)

By: MOHD SHAHRIL FAHMI BIN MOHD ZAINI

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 3.0 : INTRODUCTION
A Lathe Machine is a tool that rotates a work piece
on its axis in order to perform various operations.

Removes the metal from a piece of work to the

required shape & size

Tools are applied to piece to create an object

having a symmetrical axis of rotation in order to
perform actions including cutting, knurling, drilling,
facing, tuning & threading

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Lathe Machine

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WHY USE LATHE MACHINE???

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3.1: Main Parts, Operation & Working

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BED
• Main body of the machine
• Made by cast iron due to its high compressive strength and high lubrication quality.
• It is made by casting process and bolted on floor space to resist deflection & absorb
vibrations during cutting

TOOLPAST
• Bolted on the carriage
• Used to hold the tool at correct position.
• Tool holder mounted on it.

CHUCK
• Used to hold the workspace
• Bolted on the spindle which rotates the chuck and work piece
• It is 4 jaw or 3 jaw according to the requirement of machine.

HEAD STOCK
• Main body parts which are placed at left side of bed
• It is serve as holding device for the gear chain, spindle & driving pulley
• Made by cast iron

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TAIL STOCK
• Tail stock situated at right hand side of the bed
• The main function is to support the job when required
• It is also used to perform drilling operation

LEAD SCREW
• Lead screw is situated at the bottom side of bed
• Used to move the carriage automatically during thread cutting

APRON
• It is situated on the carriage
• It consist all controlling and moving mechanism of carriage

SPINDLE
It is the main part of lathe which holds and rotates the chuck

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WORK HOLDING DEVICE
Universal Chuck - 3 Jaw Chuck
• Used to hold the regular shaped work piece like
round & hexagonal
• For facing & drilling the end of the work piece

Independent Chuck - 4 Jaw Chuck

• Used for holding regular and irregular shape work pieces
• Can hold work piece precise rather than 3 jaw chuck

Collet Chuck
• Used to hold & machined small component
• Generally for work piece with a maximum diameter of
25mm

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Steady Rest
• Used to support a long work piece
which is 3 times its diameter
• To prevent work piece from bending

Follow Rest
• Suitable for small & long work piece
during parallel lathe machining
• To minimize flex under the pressure
of the cutting tools

Faceplate
• Used for clamping irregularly shaped
work piece

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3.2 WORK PIECE IN LATHE MACHINE
• A piece of material that is secured in a
fixture and machined into the final part.

• The work piece is often cut from a

larger piece of stock material and can
be a sheet (blank), a standard extruded
shape (solid bar, hollow tube, or shaped
beam), a custom extrusion, or any
prefabricated part such as a casting or
forging.

• Each work piece shape has certain

dimensions that are used in planning
the machining operations

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 3.3 TOOL BIT MATERAIL
DEFINITION
A pieces of high-strength metal usually steel, ground to make
single-point cutting tools for metal-cutting operations

Cutting tools must be made of a material harder than the

material which is to be cut & the tool must be able to
withstand the heat generated in the metal-cutting process

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 3.3 TOOL BIT MATERIAL (cont..)
1. CARBON STEEL
Contain 0.9%-1.2% of carbon
The oldest of tool material & widely use
Advantages: cheap, easily shape & sharpened
Disadvantages: Do not have sufficient hot hardness & wear resistance for
cutting at high speed when the temperature rises

2. HIGH-SPEED STEEL (HSS)

Contain: Tungsten, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum
Use to machine at higher speed & complex such as drilling
Advantages: High toughness, resistance to fracture
Disadvantages: Low hot hardness

3. STELLITE
Contain: 25%-35% chromium, 4%-25% Tungsten, 1%-3% carbon & cobalt
Use for roughing cuts at high feed & speed-twice the rates possible with
HSS
Advantages: High hardness, good wear resistance
Disadvantages: not as tough as HSS & sensitive to impact forces

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 3.3 TOOL BIT MATERIAL (cont..)
4. CERAMIC
Contain of aluminium oxide
Moderately inexpensive
Advantages: High hardness, high wear resistance, extremely resistant to
heat, desirable in high speed application
Disadvantages: High fragility (KERAPUHAN)

5. CARBIDE
Contain: Tungsten Carbine & Titanium Carbide
Consist 82% Carbide, 10% Titanium & Tungsten & 8% Cobalt
Advantages: Very hard & can stand with high temperature
Disadvantages: Low wear resistance

6. DIAMOND
Use for surface finish
High accuracy machining (0.002-0.005 mm)
Disadvantages: easy fracture low impact resistance

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3.4 SHAPE OF TOOL BITS

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 3.4 SHAPE OF TOOL BITS (cont..)

Roughing tools have a small side relief angle to leave

more material to support the cutting edge during deep cuts

Facing tools are ground to provide clearance with a center

Finishing tools have a more rounded nose to provide a

finer finish

Round nose tools are for lighter turning. They have no

back or side rake to permit cutting in either direction

Left hand cutting tools are designed to cut best when

travelling from left to right

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 3.5 ANGLES OF A TOOL BIT TIP
Different materials are best cut using slightly
different angles and the table below gives
some suggested angles for the critical

RELIEF - Telusan
RAKE - Cakar

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3.5 ANGLES OF A TOOL BIT TIP (cont..)

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3.6 LATHE MACHINE OPERATION

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TURNING
To produce straight, conical, curve or groove work piece

BORING
To enlarge a hole or cylindrical cavity made by previous process or to produce circular
internal grooves

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FACING
To produce flat surface at the end of the part & perpendicular to its axis

DRILLING
To produce a hole which may be followed by boring to improve its dimensional accuracy
& surface finish

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KNURLING
To produce a regularly shape roughness on cylindrical surface

THREAD CUTTING
To produce external / internal threads

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OFF-CENTRE TURNING
To produce various axis symmetric shapes for functional or aesthetic purpose

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