INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS QUIZ 2 HINT

TA: SING-YUAN YEH

1. Calculate Z 2
1
√ dx
0 1 + x2
Solution: 15 pt
Z 2 Z tan−1 2
1
√ dx = sec θ dθ [6 pt]
0 1 + x2 0
√ 
= log 5+2 [9 pt]

Remark. You should calculate sec tan−1 2 or tan tan−1 2 [-2 pt]

2. (a) Show that ∼ is an equivalent relation defined on N × N.

(b) Show that the binary operator × is well-defined.
Solution:
(a) 10 pt Show
(i) a ∼ a (ii) a1 ∼ a2 implies a2 ∼ a1 (iii) a1 ∼ a2 , a2 ∼ a3 implies a1 ∼ a3 [2,3,5 pt]
′ ′ ′ ′ ′
(b) 10 pt Let a1 , a1 ∈ [a1 ] and a2 , a2 ∈ [a2 ]. Write ai = [(mi , ni )] and ai = [(mi , ni )] for all
i = 1, 2. First, consider a1 ∼ a′1 . We have
m1 + n′1 = m′1 + n1
Now, we hope to show a1 × a2 ∼ a′1 × a2 . Multiply n2 and m2 both sides,
m1 n2 + n′1 n2 = m′1 n2 + n1 n2
m1 m2 + n′1 m2 = m′1 m2 + n1 m2
We can get
m′1 n2 + n1 n2 + m1 m2 + n′1 m2 = m1 n2 + n′1 n2 + m′1 m2 + n1 m2
(m1 m2 + n1 n2 ) + (m′1 n2 + n′1 m2 ) = (m1 n2 + n1 m2 ) + (n′1 n2 + m′1 m2 )
Thus,
a1 × a2 = [(m1 m2 + n1 n2 , m1 n2 + n1 m2 )] ∼ [(n′1 n2 + m′1 m2 , m′1 n2 + n′1 m2 )] = a′1 × a2
By the similar work, we can get a1 × a2 ∼ a1 × a′2 .
Remark.
• You cannot write m1 − n1 , which is not well-defined, such as being negative. [-2 pt]
• You cannot assume a′1 = [m1 + k, n1 + k] because k ∈ N. [-5 pt]
• If you only consider [a1 ] × [a2 ] = [a′1 ] × [a2 ] [-2 pt]
2. Set O = [(1, 1)] and I = [(2, 1)]
(c) Show that [a] × O = O for all [a] ∈ Z = N × N.
(d) Show that [a] × I = [a] for all [a] ∈ Z = N × N.
(e) For [a] = [(m, n)] ∈ Z. find the element [b] ∈ Z such that [a] + [b] = O.
(f) Show that I > O > −I.
(g) Show that (−I) × (−I) = I.

Solution:
(c) 10 pt Let a = (m, n). We have
[a] × O = [(m, n)] × [(1, 1)] = [(m + n, m + n)] = [(1, 1)] = O ,
where m + n + 1 = m + n + 1.
Remark.
• We only know O = [(1, 1)], so we have to show (m + n, m + n) ∼ (1, 1). [-1 pt]
• You cannot write [(m + n, m + n)] = O + · · · + O = O because you don’t know O is
identity element of “+”. [-5 pt]

(d) 10 pt Do it by yourself.
(e) 10 pt b = [(n, m)]. Do it by yourself.

Remark. You cannot write (1 − m, 1 − n), which is not well-defined. [-10 pt]

(f) 10 pt Check I > O and O > −I and I > −I.

Remark. Lack of I > −I [-1 pt]

(g) 10 pt (−I) × (−I) = [(1, 2)] × [(1, 2)] = [(5, 4)] = [(2, 1)] = I, where 5 + 1 = 4 + 2.
Remark.
• If you write I = [(k + 1, k)], you should check (k + 1, k) ∼ (2, 1) in this quiz. [-1 pt]
• You cannot write I = (−2, −1), which is not well-defined. [-10 pt]

3. Calculate Z π
2
sin20 x dx .
0

Solution:
Z Z
π/2
π
π/2
sin x dx = sin x cos x0 + 19
2
20 19
cos2 x sin18 x dx
0 0
Z π/2
= 19 cos2 x sin18 x dx [6 pt]
0
Z π/2
= 19 (1 − sin2 x) sin18 x dx
0
Z
19 π/2
19 · 17 · · · 3 π
= sin18 x dx = · [9 pt]
20 0 20 · 18 · · · 4 4