Chapter 10 – Applications of integration

Solutions to Exercise 10A

1 y 3 y
y=x
1 0
3
1 2 x

–3 –1 0 1 3 x
2 2 Z 2 !
2
By symmetry, A= x + dx
Z 1
dx 1 x
A=2 √ " 2 #2
0 9 − 4x2 x
Z 1 = + 2 loge x
dx 2 1
= s !
0 2 1
3 = 2 + 2 loge 2 −
− x2 2
2 !
3
" #1 = + 2 loge 2 square units
−1 2x 2
= sin
3 0
2
= sin−1 square units 4 a y = tan−1 x.
3
i
2 y
9 π
4

–2 0 2 x
By symmetry,
Z 2
9 dx
A=2
0 4+x
2
π
" #2
−1 x
= 9 tan
2 0 π

= 9 tan−1 1 Area A can be calculated as area

of the rectangle OABC minus area
9π
= square units under the tangent curve.
4

567
 Picture 2 makes it obvious that
Z 1
2
A= cos−1 2x dx
0
Z π
2 1
x = tan y = cos y dy
0 2
π
π π π π 1
= [sin y]02
2
1
= square unit
2

Z π
π 4
ii A = − tan y dy
4 0
π
π
= + [loge cos y]04
4
π √
!
= − loge 2 square units
4

b y = cos−1 2x

i
π

1
x= cos y
2

π π

ii Comparing Picture 1 with

568
c y = cos−1 2x d y = 2 sin−1 x

i i

π π

A
B

1
x= cos y y
2 x = sin
2
π π π π
π π

D C
Z 1
ii 2 sin−1 x dy
ii By symmetry, the shaded area is 0
Z π
half that of the rectangle ABCD. y
=π− sin dy
Area of rectangle = π square units 0 2
" #π
1 y
Z
2 = π + 2 cos
∴ A= 1
cos−1 2x 2 0
−2
= (π − 2) square units
1
=π×
2
π
= square units
2

569
 ! !
x x
e y = sin −1
f y = sin −1
.
2 2

i i

π π

x = 2 sin y

x = 2 sin y π π π π π π

Z 2 Z 0
x x
Z 2 ii −1
sin dx = sin−1 dx
x −1 2 −1 2
ii sin−1
dx
0 2 Z 2
x
Z π + sin−1 dx
π 2 0 2
=2× − 2 sin y dy Z 2
x
2 0 sin−1 dx
π 0 2
=π+ 2[cos y]02 = π − 2 square units (see 6 e)
= (π − 2) square units
and

570
 0 1
c When, y = 0,
Z Z
x x
sin−1 dx = − sin−1 dx
2 2 2
−1 0
−1 + 2 =0
(by symmetry) x +1
Z π ∴ x2 + 1 = 2
π
Z 1
−1 x 6
sin dx = − 2 sin y dy
0 2 6 0 x = ±1
π y
π
= + 2[cos y]06
6 1
π √
= + 3−2
6
Z 2
x π √
! –1 0 1 x
∴ −1
sin dx = (π − 2) − + 3−2
−1 2 6
5π √ Z 1 !
= − 3 square units 2
6 Area = −1 + 2 dx
−1 x +1
Z 1 !
5 2
y =2 −1 + 2 dx
0 x +1
4 = 2[−x + 2 tan−1 x]10
9
π
!
= 2 −1 + 2 ×
–3 –2 0 2 3 x 4
By symmetry,
Z 2 = (π − 2) square units
4 dx
A=2 2
0 9−x
Z 2 4
4 2 dx =0
Z
4 dx 7 a x−
= + x+3
3 0 3−x 3 0 3+x
∴ x2 + 3x − 4 = 0
(using partial fractions)
#2 ∴ (x + 4)(x − 1) = 0
3+x
"
4
= loge ∴ x = −4 or x = 1
3 3−x 0
4
4 When x = 0, y = 0 −
= loge 5 square units 3
3 4
=−
3
6 a Hence intercepts with the! axes are:
dy 4x 4
=− 2 (−4, 0), (1, 0) and 0, −
dx (x + 1)2 3
4x
∴ − = 0 for stationary points b y = x non-vertical asymptote
+ 1)2
(x2
∴ x = 0, y = 1 is a turning point x = −3 vertical asymptote
(maximum)
Hence turning point occurs at (0, 1)

b y = −1 is a horizontal asymptote

571
 !
c 3
y y=x ∴ , 4 is a minimum turning point
2
Equations of asymptotes are:
y = 0, x = 1 and x = 2
0
8
c Range of g = R− ∪ [4, ∞)
–4 1 x
–4 Z 4
3 dx
d Area = −
3 (1 − x)(x − 2)
Z 4
dx
x = –3 =
3 (x − 1)(x − 2)
d 1 A B
Z 8
4
! = +
Area = x− dx (x − 1)(x − 2) x − 1 x − 2
1 x+3
#8 1 = A(x − 2) + B(x − 1)
x2
"
= − 4 loge (x + 3) When x = 2, B = 1
2 1
When x = 1, A = −1
64 1
= − 4 loge 11 − + 4 loge 4
Z 4 Z 4
dx dx
2 2 Area = −
! 3 x−2 3 x−1
1 4
= 31 + 4 loge square units " #4
2 11 x−2
= loge
x−1 3
8 a R\{1, 2} 2 1
= loge − loge
3 2
b 4
= loge square units
y 3

9 y 1
2
x=1 1 x=2
(1 2 , 4) –1 0 1 x
0 3 4
–3
x
–1
2

1
Z 1
2 −3
√ dx = −3[sin−1 x]02
dy 2x − 3 0 1 − x2
=
dx [(1 − x)(x − 2)]2 π
= −3 ×
2x − 3 6
∴ π
[(1 − x)(x − 2)]2 =−
2
= 0 for stationary points
3
∴ x=
2

572
 Z e Z 1
10 2 loge x
12 Area = dx = 2 u du
1 x 0
du 1
where u = loge x, =
dx x
∴ Area = [u2 ]10
= 1 square unit

13 π
Z
2
Area = sin3 2x dx
Z √
2 " #√2 0
dx x π
Area = √ = sin −1 Z
2
1 4 − x2 2 1 = (1 − cos2 2x) sin 2x dx
π π 0
= −
4 6 Let cos 2x = u
π
= square units du
12 Then = −2 sin 2x
dx
When x = 0, cos 2x = 1
11 y = tan−1 x π
and when x = , cos 2x = −1
π
2
1 −1
Z
∴ Area = − (1 − u2 )du
2 1
π #−1
u3
"
1
=− u−
2 3 1
! !
1 1 1 1
= − −1 + + 1−
2 3 2 3
π
2
= square units
3
π
√
Z 3 π
Area = tan−1 x dx
Z
2
0 14 Area = cos2 x sin x dx
Z π 0
π √ 3 du
= × 3− tan y dy Let u = cos x, = − sin x
3 0 dx
√ π
π 3 When x = 0, cos x = 1
= + [loge cos y]03
3 π
√ and when x = , cos x = 0
π 3 2
!
1
= + loge
3 2
√
π 3
!
= − loge 2 square unit
3

573
 Z 0 1 8
∴ Area = − u2 du b When x = , y =
1
4 3
x 0 0.25 0.5
3 1
" #
u
= dy
3 0 −3 0 3
dx
1
= square units Slope \ — /
3 !
1 8
Hence the turning point , is a
4 3
15 y minimum.
x = –3
c y
=2 2
x = – 12 x=1
0 3 x
3
2x 2(x + 3) − 6 1 8
( 4, 3 )
=
x+3 x+3 0 x
6
=2−
x+3
Z 3 !
6
Area = 6 − 2− dx d When y = 3, x = 0 or x =
1
0 x+3 2
1
= 6 − [2x − 6 loge (x + 3)]30 ∴ Area = ×3
2
= 6 − (6 − 6 loge 6) + (−6 loge 3) 3dx
Z 1
2
−
= 6 loge 2 square units 0 (2x + 1)(1 − x)
3 A B
= +
(2x + 1)(−x + 1) 2x + 1 −x + 1
dy 3(4x − 1)
16 a = −A + 2B = 0
dx (−2x2 + x + 1)2
A+B=3
3(4x − 1)
∴ B=1
(−2x2 + x + 1)2
A=2
= 0 for stationary points Z 1
3 2 dx
∴ 4x − 1 = 0 ∴ Area = +
2 0 −x + 1
1 Z 1
∴ x= 2 dx
4 +2
As there is only one possible value 0 2x + 1
for x above, there is only one turning !# 1
x + 21 2
"
point. 3
= − loge
2 1−x 0
3 1
= − loge 2 + loge
2 2
!
3
= − loge 4 square units
2

574
 √
17 a Z 3
2
arcsin x dx
0
√
√ 3
3 Z
2 x
= [x arcsin x]0 2
− √ dx
0 1 − x2
√
√ Z 3
3π 2 x
= − √ dx
6 0 1 − x2
√ √
3π h√ i 3
= + 1 − x2 2
6 0
√
3π 1
= + −1
dv 6 2
Let u = x and = ex √
dx 3π 1
du = −
= 1 and v = e x 6 2
dx
Z 1
c
xe x dx
0
Z 1
= xe x 10 e x dx
 
−
0

= e − (e − 1)
=1

Note: This question is undesirable

because the function is not defined at
x=0
It does return a correct answer
because of a limits argument which is
beyond this course.
dv
Let u = loge (x) and =x
dx
dv du 1 x2
Let u = arcsin(x) and =1 = and v =
dx dx x 2
du 1
= √ and v = x
dx 1 − x2

575
 Z 1
d
x loge x dx
0
#1 Z 1
x2 1 x2
"
= loge (x) − × dx
2 0 0 x 2
Z 1
x
=0− dx
0 2
" 2 #1
x
= −
4 0
1
=−
4
1
Area is
4 Note: This question is undesirable
because the function is not defined at
c’ Question changes to :
x=0
Find the area bounded by the x-axis,
It does return a correct answer
the graph of y = x loge (x + 1) and the
because of a limits argument which is
R 1 x = 0.
line
beyond this course.
0
x loge (x + 1) dx dv
dv Let u = loge (x) and =x
Let u = loge (x + 1) and =x dx
dx du 1 x2
du 1 x 2 = and v =
= and v = dx x 2
dx x+1 2 Z 1
Z 1
x loge x dx
x loge (x + 1) dx 0
0 #1 Z 1
x2 1 x2
"
#1
x2 =
"
loge (x) − × dx
= ( ) loge (x + 1) 2 0 0 x 2
2 0 Z 1
x
=0−
Z 1 2
1 x dx
− × ( ) dx 0 2
0 x+1 2 " 2 #1
Z 1 x
1 1 x 1 = −
= loge 2 − + − dx 4 0
2 0 2(x + 1) 2 2
1
1 1
= loge 2 − loge 2 +
1 =−
2 2 4 4
1
=
4

576
 e When x = 0, u = a2 . When
a 3a2
x = ,u =
2 4
Z a √
2
x a2 − x2 dx
0
Z 3a2
1 4 √
=− u du
2 a2
 √ 
 1 3 
= a  −
3 
3 8

19
dv
Let u = x and = cos(4x)
dx
du 1
= 1 and v = sin(4x)
dx 4
Z 5π
8
3π
x cos(4x) dx
8
" # 5π Z 5π
x sin 4x 8 8 1
= − sin(4x) dx
4 3π 3π 4
8 8
π
=
4 1
2x3 + 4
Z
dx
f π2 − 4 0 x2 + 1
Z 1
2x 4
= 2x − + dx
Ra √ 0 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
18 0
x a2 − x2 dx
du = [x − loge (x2 + 1) + 4 tan−1 x]10
2
Let u = a − x . Then
2 2
= −2x
dx = 1 − loge 2 + π

577
Solutions to Exercise 10B
1
y = x2 − 2x
Z
1
Area = (−x2 − x2 + 2x)dx
y = −x + 8x − 12
2 0
Z 1
∴ x − 2x = −x + 8x − 12
2 2
= (−2x2 + 2x)dx
0
2x2 − 10x + 12 = 0 #1
2x3
"
x − 5x + 6 = 0
2
= − + x2
3 0
(x − 2)(x − 3) = 0 2
=1−
x = 2, x = 3 3
1
y = 0, y = 3 = square units
hence points of intersection are (3, 3) 3
and (2, 0)
Z 3
1
Area = [(−x2 + 8x − 12) 3 a = x2
2 x2
− (x2 − 2x)]dx x = ±1
Z 3 Z 1 !
1 2
= (−2x2 + 10x − 12)dx A= 2
− x dx
2
2 −1 x
#3
−2x3
"
1
= + 5x2 − 12x "
1 x3 2
#−
3 2 = − −
28 x 3 −1
= −9 + ! !
3 1 1
= 2+ − 1+
1 24 3
= square units
3 49 4
= −
24 3
2 y = −x2 17
= square units
24
y = x2 − 2x
Z 1 Z 2
∴ − x2 = x2 − 2x 1
b B= x dx +
2
2
dx
2x2 − 2x = 0 0 1 x
" 3 #1 " #2
x = 0, x = 1 x 1
= + −
points of intersection are (0, 0) and 3 0 x 1
(1, −1) 1 1
= − +1
3 2
5
= square units
6

578
 Z a
4 12
5 Area = dx = [12 loge ]a1
y = x2 – 4 1 x
y
= 12 loge
(–2 2, 4) (2 2, 4)
∴ 12 loge a = 24
loge a = 2
–2 0 2
–4 a = e2
16
y= 2 Using CAS:
x –4

Intersections:
16
x2 − 4 = 2
x −4
x − 4 = ±4
2

√ 6 y = 4 − x2 has x axis intercepts at

x = 0, x = ±2 2
x = ±2
By symmetry,
Z 1
16
! ∴ The straight line has equation
Area = 2 x −4− 22
dx y=2−x
0 x −4
" 3 !#1 Intersections:
x x−2 4 − x2 = 2 − x
=2 − 4x − 4 loge
3 x+2 0
! x2 − x − 2 = 0
1 1
= 2 − 4 − 4 loge (x + 1)(x − 2) = 0
3 3
! x = −1, y = 1 is a point where the
22 parabola and a straight line meet.
= 8 loge 3 − square units
3 Z 2
Using CAS:
a A= [(4 − x2 ) − (2 − x)]dx
−1
Z 2
= (2 + x − x2 )dx
−1
#2
x2 x3
"
= 2x + −
2 3 −1
! !
8 3 1
= 6− − − +
3 2 3
10 7
= +
3 6
9
= square units
2

579
 Z −1
b
b B= [(2 − x) − (4 − x2 )]dx
−2
Z −1 y = cosx y = sin(2x)

= 2
(x − x − 2)dx
−2
#−1
x3 x2
"
= − − 2x
3 2 −2 π π

7 2
= +
6 3
11
= square units
6
c Intersection:
3 sin 2x = cos x
Z
C= [(2 − x) − (4 − x2 )]dx
2 2 sin x cos x = cos x
" 3 2
#3
x x cos x = 0
= − − 2x
3 2 2 π
x=±
11 2
= square units (C = B by symmetry)
6 1
sin x =
2
π
7 a x=
6
√
3
y = 2 sinx
y=
π
2
Z
6
y
Area = π
(cos x − sin 2x)dx
−2
Z π
π π π π 2
+ π
(sin 2x − cos x)dx
6
y = sin(2x)
" # π6
1
= sin x + cos 2x
2 π
−2
Z π # π2
Area =
"
(2 sin x − sin 2x)dx 1
0 − sin x + cos 2x
" #π 2 π
1 6
= −2 cos x + cos 2x 1 1 1
2 0 = + +1+
2 4 2
1 1
=2+ +2− 1 1 1
2 2 −1+ + +
2 2 4
= 4 square units 1
= 2 square units
2

580
c y d
y=6–x
y= x
A (4, 2)

y=1 ( -1 , 1 ) (1,1)

0 1 5 6 x
To find the coordinates of point A:
√
x=6−x
√
Let x = u
Then u2 + u − 6 = 0, u > 0
(u − 2)(u + 3) = 0 By symmetry,
1 !
u=2
Z
∴ 2 dx
Area = 2 −1
1 + x2
∴ x = 4, y = 2 0
Z 4√ = [4 tan−1 x − 2x]10
Area = x dx
1 = (π − 2) − 0
Z 5
+ (6 − x)dx − 4 = π − 2 square units
4
e
(4 is the area of the rectangle)
" #4 " #5 π
2 3 x2
= x 2 + 6x − −4
3 1
2 4 π
!
2 25
= (8 − 1) + 30 − π
3 2
− (24 − 8) − 4
π
14 35
= + − 16 − 4
3 2 π
1
= 2 square units π
6
Alternatively, Z 1
2
Area = sin−1 (x)dx
0
Z π
π 6
= − sin(y)dy
12 0
π
π
= + [cos y]06
12
√ !
π 3
= −1+ square units
12 2

581
f To find the coordinates of A,
1 2 3
(x + 1) = 2
3 x +1
(x + 1) = 9
2 2

x2 + 1 = 3
y = 1 – sin(x) √
x= 2
π π π π π π π π π π π π

y=1
By symmetry,
√ Z 2" #
y = cos(2x) 3 1 2
Area = 2 − (x + 1) dx
0 x2 + 1 3
#√2
√ 2 x3
"
By symmetry, = 6[tan x]0 −
−1 2
+x
"Z π 3 3
6 0
Area = 2 (cos 2x − 1 + sin x)dx √
√ √
4 2 2 2
0 = 6 tan−1 2 − −
π 9 3
Z
2 √
√
+ π
(1 − sin x − cos 2x)dx] = 6 tan−1 2 −
10 2
6
9
" # π6 ≈ 4.161 square units
1
= 2 sin 2x − x − cos x
2 0
" # π2 8 a f (x) = xe x
1
+ 2 − sin 2x + x + cos x ∴ f 0 (x) = e x + xe x = (x + 1)e x
2 π
6
√ √ √ b f 0 (x) = 0 when x = −1 ∵ e x , 0
3 π 3 3
=2 − − +1+
4 6 2 4 c y
√
π 3 π
!
− − +
6 2 2
√
π
!
3
=2 − +1 0
6 2
x
π √
!
= + 2 − 3 square units (–1, – 1e )
3

g y 1 d f 0 (−1) = 0
y = 3 (x2 + 1)
3 Hence,
when x = −1, the equation of the
1
1
3 tangent is y = −
e
A ( 2, 1)
3
y=
x2 + 1

– 2 0 2 x

582
 Z 0 Z 1
1 1
e Area = + xe x dx ∴ Area = 1 − ey−1 dy +
e −1 0 2
1 3
= + [xe x − e x ]0−1 = − [ey−1 ]10
e 2
1 1 1 3
= −1+ + = − 1 + e−1
e e e 2
! !
3 1 1
= − 1 square units = + square units
e 2 e
Z f (x) = f (x)
0 x
Note: Z −e
⇒ f (x)dx = f 0 (x)dx 3(x − 1)
10 a (x − 1)(x − 2) =
Z x
− e x dx A : x = 1, y = 0 ⇒ (1, 0)
= f (x) − e x + c 3
B: x − 2 =
x
= xe x − e x + c
x − 2x − 3 = 0
2

(x − 3)(x + 1) = 0
9 a f (x) = 1 + loge x
x = 3, y = 2 ⇒ (3, 2)
dy 1
= C : x = −1, y = 6 ⇒ (−1, 6)
dx x
dy Using CAS:
When x = 1, =1
dx
∴ m = −1
y − 1 = −(x − 1)
∴ y = −x + 2
b
b y y = loge x + 1
y=2–x y
y = (x – 1)(x – 2)
A
(1, 1)
C (–1, 6)
C y=3
0 e–1 B 2 x
R1 1 2 B (3, 2)
Area = e−1
(1 + loge x)dx +
2
2 x
!
1 0
Note: Area of triangle ABC = A (1, 0)
2

583
 Z 3"
3(x − 1) 3 4
c Area = ∴ sin x0 = , cos x0 =
1 x 5 5
16 9
∴ Area = 7 −
#
−
− (x − 1)(x − 2) dx 5 5
=7−5
Z 3 !
3
= 3 − − x + 3x − 2 dx
2
= 2 as required
1 x
x3
"
= 3x − 3 loge x − 12 a The graphs of y = 9 − x2 and
3
1
#3 y= √ intersect when:
3x2 9 − x2
+ − 2x
2 1
1 9 − x2 = √
15
!
13
! 9 − x2
= − 3 loge 3 − 3
2
!
6 ∴ (9 − x2 ) 2 = 1
1
= 5 − 3 loge 3 square units ∴ 9 − x2 = 1
3
∴ x2 = 8
√
11 Intersection: ∴ x = ±2 2
√
3 cos x = 4 sin x When x = ±2 2, y = 1
3 Hence the coordinates √of the points
∴ tan x =
4 of√intersection are (−2 2, 1) and
3 (2 2, 1)
x0 = tan−1
4 π
Z x0 Z
2
Area = 4 sin x dx + 3 cos x dx
0 x0
π
= −4[cos x]0x0 + 3[sin x] x20
= −4 cos x0 + 4 + 3 − 3 sin x0
= 7 − 4 cos x0 − 3 sin x0
3 opposite
Since tan x0 = =
4 adjacent
4
x0
3
5

584
b Required area 13
Z 2√2
1
= 2
√ 9−x − √ dx 2
y=x
−2 2 9 − x2
" !#2√2
1 3 x
= 9x − x − sin−1
3 3 −2√2
y=x+2
√ 1 √
"
= 9 × 2 2 − (2 2)3
3
√ !#
2 2
− sin−1
3
√ √
"
1
− 9 × −2 2 − (−2 2)3 Intersection:
3
√ !# x2 = x + 2
−2 2 ∴ x2 − x − 2 = 0
− sin−1
3
√ √ ! ∴ (x − 2)(x + 1) = 0
√ 16 2 −1 2 2
= 18 2 − − sin ∴ x = −1 or 2
3 3
√ √ ! Required area
√ 16 2 2 2
+ 18 2 − − sin−1 Z 2
3 3 = x + 2 − x2 dx
√ √ ! −1
√ 32 2 2 2
= 36 2 − − 2 sin−1
" #2
1 2 1 3
3 3 = x + 2x − x
√ √ ! 2 3 −1
76 2 2 2
= − 2 sin−1
" #
1 2 1 3
3 3 = (2) + 2 × 2 − (2)
2 3
≈ 33.36 " #
1 1
The area of the shaded region is − (−1) + 2 × −1 − (−1)
2 3

33.36 square units, correct to two 2 3

decimal places. 8 1 1
=2+4− − +2−
3 2 3
9
=
2
The area enclosed by the graphs of
9
y = x2 and y = x + 2 is square units.
2

585
14 Required area Using CAS:
Z 3
10
= − e x−3 dx
1 1+x
2

= [10 tan−1 x − e x−3 ]31

= (10 tan−1 3 − e0 ) − (10 tan−1 1 − e−2 ) b Total area of shaded regions
= 10(tan −1
3 − tan −1
1) − 1 + e−2
Z 4 Z 2√5
= 3.77181 . . . = f (x)dx − f (x)dx
0 4
The required area is 3.772 square units, Z 4
√
8 5
correct to three decimal places. = √ − x dx
Alternatively, CAS: 0 36 − x2
Z 2√5 √
8 5
− √ − x dx
4 36 − x2
#4
√
" !
−1 x 1 2
= 8 5 sin − x
6 2 0
#2√5
√
" !
x 1
√ − 8 5 sin−1 − x2
6 2 4
8 5
15 a f (x) = √ −x √ 4
!
1
36 − x2 = 8 5 sin−1 − (4)2
√ 6 2
8 5 √ !
When f (x) = 0, √ −x=0 "
√ 2 5
2
√ 36 − x − 8 5 sin−1
8 5 6
∴ √ =x
1 √ 2 √
! !
36 − x2 −1 4
√ √ − (2 5) − 8 5 sin
∴ 8 5 = x 36 − x2 2 6
√ √ 1
!#
∴ (8 5)2 = (x 36 − x2 )2 − (4)2
2
∴ 320 = x2 (36 − x2 ) "
√
! #
−1 2
∴ 320 = 36x2 − x4 = 2 8 5 sin −8
3
√ !
∴ x4 − 36x2 + 320 = 0 √ 5
− 8 5 sin −1
+ 10
∴ (x2 − 16)(x2 − 20) = 0 3
√
" !
∴ x2 = 16 or 20 = 8 5 2 sin −1 2
√ 3
∴ x = ±4 or ± 2 5 √ !#
5
but x ≥ 0 − sin−1 −6
√ 3
∴ x = 4 or 2 5 = 5.06203 . . .
√
Therefore, a = 4 and b = 2 5

586
The total area of the shaded regions 16 The graphs of y = cos2 x and y = sin2 x
is 5.06 square units, correct to two intersect where sin2 x = cos2 x
decimal places. ∴ tan2 x = 1
Using CAS: ∴ tan x = ±1
π 3π 5π 7π
∴ x= , , ,
4 4 4 4 Z π
4
Total area of shaded regions = 8 cos2 x − sin2 x dx
0
Z π
4
=8 cos 2x dx
0
" # π4
1
= 8 sin 2x
2 0

π
" #
= 4 sin − sin 0
2
= 4 square units

587
Solutions to Exercise 10C
Set your TI CAS calculators Calculation c
mode to Approximate.
Set your Casio ClassPad to Decimal mode.

1a,b

3 a and b

c and d

2a,b

588
 Z 1
e and f 1
b f (x) = dt, 0 < x < 1
x t
= [loge t]1x
= loge 1 − loge x
= − loge x
Z x
c f (x) = et dt, x ∈ R
0

= [et ]0x
g and h = e x − e0
= ex − 1
Z x
d f (x) = sin t dt, x ∈ R
0

= [− cos t]0x
= −[cos x − cos 0]
= 1 − cos x
Z x
i and j 1
e f (x) = dt, x ∈ R
−1 1 + t2
= [tan−1 (t)]−1
x

= tan−1 (x) − tan−1 (−1)

−π
= tan−1 (x) −
4
π
= tan−1 (x) +
4
Z x
1
f f (x) = √ dt, −1 < x < 1
0 1 − t2
= [sin−1 (t)]0x
Z x
1
4 a f (x) = dt, x > 1 = sin−1 (x) − sin−1 (0)
1 t
= [loge t]1x = sin−1 (x)

= loge x − loge 1
5 TI and CP: follow instructions given in
= loge x
Example 16 and 17

589
a Set Xmin = −2π,
Xmax = 2π,
Ymin = −2,
Ymax = 2

d Set Xmin = −π,

Xmax = π,
Ymin = −2,
Ymax = 2
b Set Xmin = −π,
Xmax = π,
Ymin = −2,
Ymax = 2

e Set Xmin = 0,
Xmax = 12,
Ymin = −0.2,
Ymax = 1
c Set Xmin = −1.5.
Xmax = 1.5
Ymin = −1
Ymax = 1

590
Solutions to Exercise 10D
Z 4
1 y b V=π (2x + 1)2 dx
0
4
π 1
= × [(2x + 1)3 ]40
2 3
π
= (729 − 1)
–2 0
Z 22 x 6
364π
Area = 2 (4 − x2 )dx = cubic units
0 3
#2
x3
"
1
= 2 4x − c Since 2x − 1 = 0 when x = ,
3 0 Z 4 2
V = π 1 (2x − 1)2 dx
!
8
=2 8−
3 2
π
32 = [(2x − 1)3 ]41
= square units 6 2
3 Z
4 π
Volume = π x2 dy = (343 − 0)
6
0
343π
4 = cubic units
Z
=π (4 − y)dy 6
0
Z π
#4 2
y2
"
= π 4y − d V=π sin2 x dx
2 0
0
Z π
= π(16 − 8) 1 − cos 2x
2
=π dx
0 2
= 8π cubic units # π2
π
"
1
= x − sin 2x
4
2 2 0
√
Z
2 a V=π ( x)2 dx π π
!
0 = −0
Z 4 2 2
=π x dx π2
0 = cubic units
π 24 4
= [x ]0
2 Z 2
= 8π cubic units e V=π (e x )2 dx
0
Z 2
=π e2x dx
0
π
= [e2x ]20
2
π 4
= (e − 1) cubic units
2

591
 Z 3 Z 2
f V=π 2
(9 − x )dx c V=π x dx
−3 0
#3 π 22
x3 =
"
[x ]0
= π 9x − 2
3 −3
= 2π cubic units
= π[(27 − 9) − (−27 + 9)]
√
= 36π cubic units d y = a2 − x2 ⇒ x2 + y2 = a2 , y ≥ 0
Hence y is a semi-circle with centre
√ (0, 0) and radius a.
Z 3
3 V=π (x2 − 1)dx
1
" 3
#√3
x
=π −x
3 1
√ √
" !#
1
= π ( 3 − 3) − −1
3
2π
= cubic units
3 Z a √
V = 2π ( a2 − x2 )2 dx
0
Z 4
1 #a
4 a V=π x3
"
dx
1 x
2 = 2π a x −2

" #4 3 0
1
= −π a3
!
x 1 = 2π a −
3

! 3
1
= −π − 1 4πa3
4 = cubic units
3
3π
=cubic units e Same as d, with a = 3
4 4π(3)3
Z 1 ∴ V=
3
b V=π (x2 + 1)2 dx
0 = 36π cubic units
Z 1
=π (x4 + 2x2 + 1)dx 1
0
f Since x ≥ 0 volume is the same as
2
x5 2x3
" #1 of e,
=π + +x ∴ V = 18π cubic units
5 3 0
! Alternatively,
1 2
=π + +1
5 3
28π
= cubic units
15

592
 Z 3
6 y
V=π 9 − x2 dx
0 sin x
A
3 3
" #
x
∴ V = π 9x −
3 0
0 cos x x
∴ V = π(27 − 9)
Intersection:
∴ V = 18π cubic units
cos x = sin x
√
π 2
5 Intersection: ∴ x= , y=
4 2
5 = x2 + 1 Z π
4
x2 = 4 ∴ V=π (cos2 x − sin2 x)dx
0
x = ±2 Z π
4
=π cos 2x dx
0
π
π
= [sin 2x]04
2
π
= (1 − 0)
2
π
= cubic units
2
Z 2
V=π (25 − (x2 + 1)2 )dx Z 4
−2 16
2
7 V=π 4
dx
1 x
Z
= 2π (24 − 2x2 − x4 )dx " #4
0 16π 1
#2 =−
4x3 2x5 3 x3 1
"
= π 48x − −
3 5
!
0 16π 1
=− −1
3 64
" #
32 64
= π 96 − −
3 5 16π 63
=− ×−
"
1 2
# 3 64
= 32π 3 − − 21π
3 5 = cubic units
4
1088π
= cubic units
15
8 y
y2 = x

y = x2

0 1 x

593
 Z 1 Z π
V=π (−x + x)dx
4 2 x
10 V = π tan2 dx
0 0 2
" 5 2 1
# π
x x Z
x
!
=π − + =π
2
sec − 1 dx 2
5 2 0 0 2
#π
!
1 1 π
=π −
"
x 2
2 5 = 2π tan − π[x]02
2 0
3π
= cubic units π2
10 = 2π −
2
π
9 Intersection: = (4 − π) cubic units
√ 2
x= 6−x
∴ x2 = 6 − x, x > 0 11
∴ x2 + x − 6 = 0, x > 0
y = sin(2x)
∴ (x − 2)(x + 3) = 0 y = sinx

∴ x = 2, x > 0
y

π π π

0 2 6 x
Z 2 Z 6
V=π x2 dx + π (6 − x)dx
0 2 Intersection:
π 32 x
" 2 6
# sin x = sin 2x
= [x ]0 + π 6x −
3 2 2 ∴ sin x = 2 sin x cos x
8π sin x = 0, x = 0
= + 18π − 10π
3
1 π
32π cos x = , x =
= cubic units 2 3
3 Z π
3
Area = (sin 2x − sin x)dx
0
" # π3
1
= − cos 2x + cos x
2 0
1 1 1
= + + −1
4 2 2
1
= square units
4

594
 Z π Z 1 Z 1 !
3
V=π 2 2
(sin 2x − sin x)dx V=π 1
(3x + 1)dx − 3x dx
0 −3 0
π #1 ! #1
3x2 3x2
Z ! " "
3 1 − cos 4x 1 − cos 2x
=π − dx =π +x −
0 2 2 2 1
−3
2 0
π
π
Z !
3 3 1 1 3
= (cos 2x − cos 4x)dx =π +1− + −
2 0 2 6 3 2
# π3 7π
π
"
1 = cubic units
= sin 2x − sin 4x 6
4 2 0
√ √ !
π 3 3
= + 1
Z
4 2 4 14 a V = π (4y2 + 4)dy
√ 0
3π 3
=
#1
cubic units y3
"
16 = 4π +y
Note: the following identity was used. 3 0
cos(2kx) = 1 − 2 sin2 (kx) 1
!
= 4π + 1
3
Z 4
1 16π
12 V = π 2
dx = cubic units
b x 3
" #4
= −π
1 b Since y = loge (2 − x),
x b 2 − x =Z ey and x = 2 − ey
2
V=π (2 − ey )2 dy
!
1 1
=π − 0
b 4
! Z 2
1 1 =π (4 − 4ey + e2y )dy
∴ π − = 3π
b 4 0
" #2
1 1 1
∴ − =3 = π 4y − 4e + e2y y
b 4 2 0
4
∴ b=
!
1 4 1
13 = π 8 − 4e + e + 4 − 2
2 2
e4
!
23
13 y =π − 4e2 + cubic units
2 2
2
1
15 a y = ex
dy
–1 0 x = ex
1 dx
3
dy
When x = 1, =e
dx
Therefore, the tangent has equation
y − e = e(x − 1)

595
 2
∴ y = ex
Z
∴V=π (x2 − 2x)2 dx
y
y = ex
0
Z 2
y = ex =π (x4 − 4x3 + 4x2 )dx
e 0
#2
x5 4x3
"
=π − x4 +
5 3
0 x
Z 11
" # 0
32 32
=π − 16 +
Area = (e x − ex)dx 5 3
0 " #
#1 1 1 1
ex2 = 32π − +
"
= e − x
5 2 3
2 0
16π
= cubic units
" ! #
1
= e − e − (1) 15
2
π
!
e Z
x
= − 1 square units 17 V = π cos2 dx
2 0 2
Z π
1 1 + cos x
=π
Z
dx
b V=π (e2x − e2 x2 )dx 0 2
0
π
" 3 1
# = [x + sin x]π0
1 2x 2x 2
=π e −e π
2 3 0 = (π − 0)
" ! !# 2
1 2 1 2 1
=π e − e − π2
2 3 2 = cubic units
2
π π Note: the following identity was used.
= e2 −
6 2 cos(2kx) = 2 cos2 (kx) − 1
π 2
= (e − 3) cubic units
6
18 y
16 y (2, 4) 2 (2, 2)
4 (1, 2)

(1, 3)
0 3 x
0 1 2 x
The volume generated by the given
region is the same as the volume
generated by the region defined by
x2 − 2x ≤ y ≤ 0, when it is rotated about
the x axis.

596
 Z 2 Z loge 2
V=π 2 2
[(3x − x ) − 4]dx 20 V = π (e x − 1)2 dx
1 0
Z 2 Z loge 2
=π (9x2 − 6x3 + x4 − 4)dx =π (e2x − 2e x + 1)dx
1 0
#2 #loge 2
3x4 x5
" "
1 2x
= π 3x − + 3
− 4x = π e − 2e + xx
2 5 1 2 0
" ! " !#
32 1
= π 24 − 24 + −8 = π (2 − 4 + loge 2) − −2
5 2
!# !
3 1 1
− 3− + −4 = π loge 2 − 2 + 2 −
2 5 2
!
8 23 !
=π − + = π loge 2 −
1
cubic units
5 10 2
7π
= cubic units
10 Z loge 2
21 V = π e−4x dx
19 To find the intersection of two curves, 0
π log 2
solve the equation x2 + 3x − 4 = 0. = − [e−4x ]0 e
4
∴ (x + 4)(x − 1) = 0
π 1
!
∴ x = 1, x = −4 =− −1
4 16
∴ x = 1, ∵ x ≥ 0 15π
Z 1 Z 2 ! = cubic units
64
∴ V=π 3x dx + 2
(4 − x )dx
0 1

3x
" 2 1
# "
x3
#2 22
=π + π 4x −
2 0
3 1
!
3 8 1
=π +8− −4+
2 3 3
!
3 7
=π +4−
2 3
19π
= cubic units
6

597
 Z π Z 1
4
V=π 2
4 tan x dx V= πy2 dx
π 0
−4
Z 1
π
= 4π 1 − x dx
Z
4
∴ V = 4π π
sec2 x 0
−4 " #1
1
− 1 dx = 4π x − x2
2 0
using tan x + 1 = sec x
2 2
1
!
π = 4π 1 −
2
∴ V = 4π[tan x − x] 4 π
−4
Z = 2π cubic units
using sec2 x dx = tan x + c
b y2 = 4(1 − x) rotated about the y axis
π y
" !
∴ V = 4π 1 −
4
π
!#
− −1 + 0 x
4
π
!
∴ V = 4π 2 − y2 = 4(1 − x)
2
= 4 − 4x
∴ V = 8π − 2π2 cubic units
∴ 4x = 4 − y2
y2
23 a y2 = 4(1 − x) rotated about the x axis ∴ x=1−
4
(bounded by the y axis) When x = 0, y2 = 4(1 − 0)
y
=4
∴ y = ±2
2
0 x
Z
V= πx2 dy
−2

When y = 0, 4(1 − x) = 0 2 !2
y2
Z
=π 1− dy
∴ 1−x=0 −2 4
2
y2 y4
Z
∴ x=1 =π + dy 1−
−2 2 16
#2
y3 y5
"
=π y− +
6 80 −2

598
 1
" !
8 32 b y= √
=π 2− + rotated about the y axis
6 80 x2 + 9
!# (bounded by the x axis and x = 4)
8 32
− −2 + − y
6 80
1 x=4
3
!
8 4
=π 4− +
3 5
32π –4 0 4 x
=
15 1 1
Ratio of volumes When x = 0, y = √ =
9 3
32π 1
= 2π : y= √
15
x2 + 9
= 30π : 32π p 1
∴ x2 + 9 =
= 15 : 16, as required to show. y
1
∴ x2 + 9 = 2
y
1
24 a y = √ rotated about the x axis 1
x2 + 9 ∴ x2 = 2 − 9
(bounded by the y axis and x = 4) y
Consider the volume in two parts.
y 1 1
x=4 When x = 4, y = √ =
42 + 9 5
Z 1
1 3
0 4 x ∴ V = π × 4 × + 1 πx2 dy
2
5
5
1
Z 4 Z
16π 3
V= πy dx
2
= +π y−2 − 9 dy
0 5 1
5
Z 4
1 16π 1
=π dx = + π[−y − 9y] 31
−1
0 x +9
2
5 5
π 4
Z
3 " !
= dx =
16π
+ π −3 − 9 ×
1
0 9+x
3 2
5 3
!#4
π
"
−1 x
!#
= tan − −5 − 9 ×
1
3 3 0 5
π
" ! #
−1 4
" #
= tan −1
− tan (0) 16π 34
3 3 = + π −6 +
5 5
π −1 4
!
= tan 16π 4π
3 3
cubic units = +
5 5
20π
=
5
= 4π cubic units

599
 R 40
x2
!
25 V = 0
πx2 dy 26 a y =b 1− 2
2 2
a
!
x − 20
Now y = 40 loge !2
10 b 2
! =b −
2
x
y x − 20 a
∴ = loge Z a
40 10
y
∴ V= πy2 dx
x − 20
∴ e 40 = −a
10 Z a !2
b 2
y =π b − 2
x dx
∴ x − 20 = 10e 40 −a a
y " !2 #a
∴ x = 20 + 10e 40 1 b 3
=π b x−
2
x
3 a
y 2 −a
!
∴ x = 20 +
2
10e 40 "
1 b 3
!2 !
= π b2 a − a
y y 3 a
= 400 + 400e 40 + 100e 20 !2 !#
Therefore, 1 b 3
Z 40 y y
− −b a +
2
a
3 a
V=π 400 + 400e 40 + 100e 20 dy !
0 2 2
Z 40 y y
= π 2ab − ab
2
3
= 100π 4 + 4e 40 + e 20 dy
0 4πab2
" #40 = cubic units
y y 3
= 100π 4y + 160e 40 + 20e 20
y2
!
0
b x =a 1− 2
2 2
= 100π[(160 + 160e + 20e ) 2
b
− (0 + 160 + 20)]
!2
a 2
=a −
2
y
= 100π(20e2 + 160e − 20) b
Z b
= 2000π(e2 + 8e − 1) ∴ V= πx2 dx
= 176 779.371 . . . −b
!2
Z b
If the bucket were filled to the brim, it a 2
=π a − 2
y dy
could hold 176 779 cm3 , to the nearest −b b
cubic centimetre. " !2 #b
1 a 3
=π a y−
2
y
3 b −b
" !2 !
1 a 3
= π a2 b − b
3 b
!2 !#
1 a 3
− −a b +
2
b
3 b

600
 dy
!
2
= π 2a b − a2 b
2 28 a When = 0,
3 dx
9
4πa2 b 2− 2 =0
= cubic units x
3
9
∴ x2 =
2
27 a The equation of the line PQ is √
3 3 2
given by ∴ x = ±√ = ±
2−6 2 2
y−6= (x − 2) !
6−2 3 9
∴ y = 2 ±√ +
−4 2 3
= (x − 2) ±√
4 2
= −x + 2 √ √
= ±3 2 ± 3 2
∴ x+y=8 √
= ±6 2
Z 6 !2 3 2
12 ,6 2
b i V=π 2
(8 − x) − dx 2
2 x
Z 6
=π 64 − 16x + x2 y = 2x
2

− 144x−2 dx
" y=9
x
1
= π 64x − 8x2 + x3
3
#6
+ 144x−1
3 2
2 − ,−6 2
" 2

= π (384 − 288 + 72 + 24) Z 3

!# b V=π y2 dx
8 1
− 128 − 32 + + 72 !2
3 Z 3
9
! =π 2x + dx
512 1 x
= π 192 −
3 Z 3
81
=π 4x2 + 36 +
dx
64π x2
= cubic units 1
3 " #3
4 3 81
!2 = π x + 36x −
Z 6
12 3 x 1
ii V = π 2
(8 − y) − dy
2 y
64π
= cubic units as in part i.
3

601
 " √
3
= π (36 + 108 − 27)
Z
2
V=π x2 dy
!# 0
4 √
− + 36 − 81 Z
2
3
4y2 + 1
3 =π dy
! 0 4
131
= π 117 + √
3
3 Z
2 1
=π y2 + dy
482π 4
= cubic units 0
√
3 3
3
" #
y y 2
=π +
Z 3 3 4 0
29 V = π y2 dx √
3π
2
=
Z 3 4
=π (loge x)2 dx
2
Using CAS: R2
32 V = πy2 dx
2 Z0
4x2
V=π dx
0 (x + 2)
2

du
Let u = x + 2, x = u − 2, =1
dx
Thus the volume is 2.642 cubic units Z 4
4(u − 2)2
correct to three decimal places. =π du
2 u2
Z 4
16 16
π =π 4− + 2 du
Z
3 2 u u
30 V = π 16 − 4 sec2 x dx " #4
0 16
π = π 4u − 16 loge u −
u 2
= π[16x − 4 tan x]03
= π(12 − 16 loge 2)
16π2 π
= − 4π tan = 4π(3 − 4 loge 2)
3 3
16π 2 √
= −4 3
3
4π √
!
= 4π − 3 cubic units
3

√
3
31 V = π
R
0
2
x2 dy
4y2 + 1
4x2 − 1 = 4y2 ⇒ x2 =
4
Therefore,

602
 π Z π
33 V = π 0 x dy V=π
R
2 2
y2 dx
y = sin−1 (2x2 − 1) Z
0
π
1
⇒ 2x2 − 1 = sin y ⇒ x2 = (sin y + 1) =π 2 − cos2 x dx
2 0
Z π " #π
2 2 3x 1
V=π x dy =π − sin 2x
0 2 4 0
π
π 2 3π2
Z
= (sin y + 1) dy =
2 0 2
π π
= − cos y + y 02
2 R3
π π 35 V = π Z02 y2 dx
= ( − (−1)) π
2 2 V=π y2 dx
π2 π 0
= + Z π
6 − 4x
4 2 =π dx
π2 + 2π 0 4+x
2
= Z π
4 6 4x
=π − dx
0 4+x 4 + x2
2
Rπ " #π
34 V = π 0
y2 dx =π
3x 1
− sin 2x
2 4 0
! !
4 −1 3
= π(4 loge + 3 tan )t
5 4

603
Solutions to Exercise 10E
s
Z 1  dx 2  dy 2 c
L= +
s
1 a dt Z 6  dx 2  dy 2
0 dt dt L= + dt
dx 0 dt dt
x=t⇒ =1 dx
dt x=t⇒ =1
3 dy 1 dt
Now y = 2x 2 ⇒ = 3t 2 1 3 dy 1
dt Now y = (t2 + 2) 2 ⇒ = t(t2 + 2) 2
Z 1√ 3 dt
∴L= 1 + 9t dt Z 6p
0 ∴L= 1 + t2 (t2 + 2) dt
Z 1 1 0
= (1 + 9t) 2 dt Z 6 √
0 = 1 + t4 + 2t2 dt
2 3 1 0
= (1 + 9t) 2 Z 6
27 0
= t2 + 1 dt
2 3 2 0
= 10 2 −  t3 6
27 27
2 √ = +t
= (10 10 − 1) 3 0
27 = 78
√
20 10 − 2
=
27 s
s Z 1  dx 2  dy 2
Z 3  2  2
dx dy 2 a L= + dt
b L= + dt 0 dt dt
0 dt dt
dx
dx Now x = t − 1 ⇒ =1
x=t⇒ =1 dt
dt 3 dy 3 1
dy Also y = t 2 ⇒ = t2
Now y = 2t + 1 ⇒ =2 dt 2
dt Z 1r
9t
∴L= 1 + dt
Z 3√
∴L= 1 + 4 dt 0 4
0 Z 1
9t 1
3 √ = (1 + ) 2 dt
Z
= 5 dt 0 4
0 1 3 1
 √ 3 = (9t + 4) 2
= 5x 27 0
0
√ 1 3 3
=3 5 = (13 2 − 4 2 )
27
1 √
= (13 13 − 8)
27

604
 s
b Z loge 3  dx 2  dy 2
L= +
s
Z 1  dx 2  dy 2 c dt
L= + dt loge 2 dt dt
0 dt dt dx
dx Now x = et ⇒ = et
Now x = t3 + 3t2 ⇒ = 3t2 + 6t dt
dt 2 3t dy 3
dy Also y = e 2 ⇒ = e2
Also y = t3 − 3t2 ⇒ = 3t2 − 6t 3 dt
dt Z loge 3 √
Z 3p ∴L= e2t + e3t dt
∴L= (3t2 + 6t)2 + (3t2 − 6t)2 dt loge 2
0 Z loge 3
= et (1 + et ) dt
p
Z 3 p
= 18t2 (t2 + 4) dt loge 2
0
du
√ Z 3 p Let u = 1 + et ⇒ = et
=3 2 t2 (t2 + 4) dt Z 4
dt
0 1
√ Z 3 p L= u 2 du
=3 2 t (t2 + 4) dt 3
0 2 3 4
du = u2
Let u = t2 + 4, = 2t 3 3
dt
√ Z 16 √
3 2 3 p du = −2 3
L= (u dt 3
2 0 dt
√ Z Z √3  2  2
s
3 2 dx dy
=
p
34 (u du d L= + dt
2 1 0 dt dt
√ 
3 2 2 3 1 1 dx
= u2 3 Now x = t2 ⇒ =t
2 3 4 2 dt
√ √ 1 dy
= 13 26 − 8 2 Also y == t3 ⇒ = t2
3 dt
Z √3 √
∴L= t2 + t4 dt
0
√
Z 3 √
= t 1 + t2 dt
0
du
Let u = 1 + t2 ⇒ = 2t
dt
1 4 1
Z
L= u 2 du
2 1
1  2 3 4
= u2
2 3 1
1 16 2 

= −
2 3 3
7
=
3

605
3 5
π
s s
Z 1  dx 2  dy 2 Z
2
 dx 2  dy 2
L= + dt L=4 + dt
0 dt dt 0 dt dt
dx dx
Now x = 3 sin 2t ⇒ = 6 cos 2t Now x = cos3 t ⇒ = −3 cos2 t sin t
dt dt
dy dy
Also y = 6 cos 2t ⇒ = −6 sin 2t Also y = sin3 t ⇒ = 3 sin2 t cos t
dt dt
Z π q Z π p
6 2
∴L= 36 cos2 (2t) + 36 sin2 (2t) dt ∴L=4 9 cos4 t sin2 t + 9 sin4 t cos2 t dt
0 0
Z π Z π q
6 2
= 6 dt = 12 cos2 t sin2 t(cos2 t + sin2 t) dt
0 0
π
=π
Z
2 p
= 12 cos2 t sin2 t dt
0
s Z π
Z 2π  dx 2  dy 2 2
4 L= + dt = 12 | cos t sin t| dt
dt dt 0
0
π
π
Z
dx 2
Now x = t − sin t ⇒ = 1 − cos t = 12 cos t sin t dt since 0 ≤ t ≤
dt 0 2
dy π
Also y = 1 − cos t ⇒ = sin t
Z
2 1
dt = 12 sin 2t dt
Z 2π q 0 2
∴L= (1 − cos t)2 + sin2 t dt =6
0
Z 2π √
= 2 − 2 cos t dt 6 s
0 Z π  dx 2  dy 2
√ Z 2π √ L= + dt
= 2 1 − 1 cos t dt 0 dt dt
0
dx
=8 Now x = et sin(2t) ⇒ = 2et cos(2t) + et sin(2t)
dt
dy
Also y = et cos(2t) ⇒ = et cos(2t) − 2et sin(2t)
dt
Z π√
∴L= 5e2t dt
0
Z π√
= 5et dt
0
h√ iπ
= 5et
0
√
= 5(eπ − 1)

606
7 s
Z 2π  dx 2  dy 2
L= + dt
0 dt dt
dx
Now x = 8 cos(t) + cos(8t) ⇒ = −8 sin(t) − 8 sin(8t)
dt
dy
Also y = 8 sin(t) − sin(8t) ⇒ = 8 cos(t) − 8 cos(8t)
dt
Z 2π p
∴L= 128(sin t sin 8t − cos t cos 8t + 1) dt
0
Z 2π
= 128(− cos(9t) + 1) dt
p
0
r
Z 2π
9t
= 128(−(1 − 2 sin2 ) + 1) dt
0 2
r
Z 2π
9t
= 256 sin2 dt
0 2
Z 2π
9t
= 16| sin | dt
0 2
Z 2π
9t
= 16 sin
dt
0 2
" #2π
32 9t
= − cos
9 2 0
32
= ×2
9
64
=
9

607
8 9
π
1
s s
Z
2
 dx 2  dy 2 Z
4
 dx 2  dy 2
L= + dt L= + dt
0 dt dt 0 dt dt
t3 dx dx
Now x = ⇒ = t2 Now x = 4 cos t + cos 2t ⇒ = −4 sin t − 2 sin 2t
3 dt dt
√ dy 2 − 2t2 Also y = sin 2t + 4 sin t + 2t ⇒ dy = 2 cos 2t + 4 cos t + 2
Also y = sin−1 t + t 1 − t2 ⇒ = √ dt
dt 1 − t2 Z π p
Z 1 p 4
2 ∴L= 16(cos2 t + 2 cos t + 1) dt
∴L= t + 4(1 − t ) dt
4 2
0
0 Z π p
Z 1 p 4
2 = 4 (cos t + 1)2 dt
= t4 − 4t2 + 4) dt 0
0 Z π
4
Z 1 p
2 = 4| cos t + 1| dt
= (t2 − 2)2 dt 0
0 Z π
4
Z 1
2 2
= 4 cos t + 4 dt
= |t − 2)| dt 0
π
0
Z 1 = [4(− sin t + t)]04
2
= 2 − t2 dt 1 π
0
= 4( √ + )
2 4
#1 √
t3 =2 2+π
"
2
= 2t −
3 0
1
=1−
24
23
=
24

608
Solutions to Exercise 10F
s s
Z 8 !2 Z 3 !2
dy dy
1 a A = 2π y 1+ dx b A = 2π y 1+ dx
0 dx 0 dx
3 1
y= x y= x+4
4 3
s s
Z 8 !2 Z 3 !2
3 1
A = 2π y 1+ dx A = 2π y 1+ dx
0 4 0 3
s Z 3 r
Z 8
3 3
!2 1 10
= 2π x 1+ dx = 2π ( x + 4) dx
0 4 4 0 3 9
r 2π 3 1
Z √
= ( x + 4) 10 dx
Z 8
3 25
= 2π x dx 3 0 3
0 4 16 √
2 10π 3 1
Z
Z 8
15 = ( x + 4) dx
= π x dx 3 0 3
8 0 √ " #3
" #8 2 10π 1 2
15 x2 = x + 4x
= π 3 6 0
8 2 0 √
2 10π 3
= 60π = ( + 12)
3 2
√
2 10π 27
= ×
3 2
√
= 9 10π

609
 s
Z 1
dy
!2 e
c A = 2π 1+
s
y dx Z 1
dy
!2
0 dx A = 2π y 1+ dx
3 −1 dx
x √
y=
4 y= 4 − x2
s
1 !2 s
3x2
Z !2
Z 1
A = 2π y 1+ dx −x
4 A = 2π y 1+ √ dx
0
s −1 4 − x2
Z 1 3 !2 s
x 3x2 Z 1 √ −x
!2
= 2π 1+ dx = 2π 4− x2 1+ √ dx
0 4 4
s −1 4 − x2
s
16 + 9x4
Z 1 3
x Z 1 √ 4 − x2 + x2
= 2π dx = 2π 4 − x2 dx
0 4 16
−1 4 − x2
π 1 3p
Z Z 1
= x 16 + 9x4 dx = 4π 1 dx
8 0
−1
du
Let u = 16 + 9x4 , = 36x3 = 8π
dx
π
Z 25
√ f
= u du
s
Z 1 !2
8 × 36 16 dy
#25 A = 2π 1
y 1+ dx
π
"
2 3 dx
= u2 2
8 × 36 3 16 x3 1
y= +
61π 6 2x
= s
432 Z 1 !2
2x2 1
d A = 2π 1 y 1 + − 2 dx
s 2 2x
Z 1 !2 2
dy
A = 2π 1+
s
y dx
x8 + 2x4 + 1
Z 1 3 !
dx x 1
√
0 = 2π 1 + dx
6 2x 4x4
y= 4 − x2 2
x +3 4
Z 1 4
= 2π 1 (x + 1) dx
s !2
Z 1
−x 12x3
A = 2π y 1+ √ dx 2
0 4 − x2
(x + 3)(x4 + 1)
Z 1 4
= 2π 1 dx
s !2
Z 1 √ −x 12x3
= 2π 4 − x2 1+ √ dx 2
0 4 − x2 263π
s =
256
1 √ 4 − x2 + x2
Z
= 2π 4− x2 dx
0 4 − x2
Z 1
= 4π 1 dx
0

= 4π

610
 4 d First x = 2y − y2
p
2 a First x = y
3 s dx 1−y
Z 10 !2 = p
dx dy y(2 −sy)
A = 2π x 1+ dy
0 dy Z 1
dx
!2
Z 10 r A = 2π x 1+ dy
4 16 0 dy
A = 2π y 1+ dy
0 3 9 Z 1q s
 1 − y 2
Z 10
20 A = 2π 2y − y2 1 + p dy
= 2π y dy 0 y(2 − y)
0 9 Z 1q
=
2000π = 2π 2y − y2 + 1 − 2y + y2 dy
9 0
Z 1 √
4(y − 3) = 2π 1 dy
b First x = − 0
3
dx
=−
4 = 2π
dy 3 s
Z 4 !2 y3
A = 2π x 1+
dx
dy e First x =
dy 3
0 dx
s =y 2
Z 4  4 2 dy
4(y − 3)
A = 2π y 1+ −
s
− dy Z 2
dx
!2
0 3 3 A = 2π x 1+ dy
Z 4 0 dy
20(y − 3)
= 2π − dy Z 2 3q
y
0 9 A = 2π 1 + y4 dy
160π 0 3
= du
9 Let u = 1 + y4 ⇒ = 4y3
√ dy
c First x = y
π 17 √
Z
dx 1 − 1 A=
= y 2 6 1
u du
dy 2
π √
s
!2
= (17 17 − 1)
Z 9
dx
A = 2π x 1+ dy 9
4 dy
s
Z 9  1 1 2
1
A = 2π y 2 1 + y− 2 dy
4 2
Z 9 r 1 
1
= 2π y 2 1 + y−1 dy
4 4
Z 9 p
1
= 2π 4y + 1 dy
4 2
π √ √
= (37 37 − 17 17)
6

611
 s
f We use the inverse function approach. Z 4
dx
!2
dy A = 2π x 1+ dy
y = x2 ⇒ = 2x 1 dy
dx s s
Z 3 !2 Z 4
dy 1  1 1 2
A = 2π x 1+ dx A = 2π y 2 1 + y− 2 dy
1 dx 1 2
Z 3 √ Z 4 r 1 
1
= 2π x 1 + 4x2 dx = 2π y 2 1 + y−1 dy
1 1 4
du Z 4 p
Let u = 1 + 4x2 ⇒ = 8x = 2π
1
4y + 1 dy
dx
1 2
π 37 1
Z
A=
Z 4p
u 2 du
4 5 =π 4y + 1 dy
π √ √ 1
= (37 37 − 5 5) π √ √
6 = (17 17 − 5 5)
6

3 a We use the inverse function approach. s

dy Z 1
dy
!2
y = x2 ⇒ = 2x 4 A = 2π x 1+ dx
dx dx
Z 2
s
!2 0
dy
A = 2π x 1+ dx y = 1 − x2
1 dx Z 1 q
Z 2 √
A = 2π x 1 + (−2x)2 dx
= 2π x 1 + 4x2 dx 0
1 Z 1 √
Let u = 1 + 4x ⇒ 2 du
= 8x = 2π x 1 + 4x2 dx
dx 0

π 17 1
Z du
A= u 2 du Let u = 1 + 4x2 , = 8x
4 5 dx
π π 5√
Z
√ √
= (17 17 − 5 5) = u du
6 4 1

b First x = y
√ π  3 5
= u2
dx 1 − 1 6 1
= y 2 π √
dy 2 = (5 5 − 1)
6

5 x = 4 cos 2t and y = 4 sin 2t

dx dy
= −8 sin 2t and = 8 cos 2t
dt dt

612
 Z π Z 1 √
2
A = 2π (2t) 4t2 + 4 dt
p
A = 2π 4 sin 2t 64 sin2 2t + 64 cos2 2t dt
0 0
π Z 1 √
= 8π t t2 + 1 dt
Z
2
= 2π 32 sin 2t dt 0
0
π du

2 Let u = t2 + 1, = 2t
= 32π − cos 2t dt
0 Z 2
1
= 32π(1 + 1) A = 4π u 2 du
1
= 64π 8π  3 2
A= u2
3 1
8π √
6 a x = 6 + 2t2 and y = 4t = (2 2 − 1)
dx dy 3
= 4t and =4
dt Z 4 dt√ c x = 3t − t3 and y = 3t2
A = 2π (4t) 16t2 + 16 dt dx
= 3 − 3t2 and
dy
= 6t
0 dt dt
Z 1
Z 4 √ p
= 32π t t2 + 1 dt A = 2π (3t2 ) (3 − 3t2 )2 + 36t2 dt
0 0
Z 1
du p
Let u = t + 1, = 2t
2
= 2π (3t2 ) 9 − 18t2 + 9t4 + 36t2 dt
dt 0
Z 17 1
1 Z
A = 16π
p
u 2 du = 2π (3t ) 9 + 18t2 + 9t4 dt
2
1 0
32π  3 17 Z 1
A= u2 = 2π (3t2 ) × (3 + 3t2 ) dt
3 1
0
32π √ 1
=
Z
(17 17 − 1)
3 = 2π (9t2 + 9t4 ) dt
0
b x = 1 − t2 and y = 2t 48π
dx dy =
= −2t and =2 5
dt dt

613
 π
d x = t and y = t2 − 2
Z
2 p
dx dy A = 2π (3 + 2 cos t) 4 sin2 t + cos2 t dt
= 1 and = 2t 0
dt Z 3 dt√ Z π
2 p
A = 2π (t) 1 + 4t2 dt = 2π (3 + 2 cos t) 4 sin2 t + 4 cos2 t dt
0 0
π
du Z
Let u = 4t2 + 1, = 8t = 4π
2
(3 + 2 cos t) dt
dt
0
π 37 1
Z
π
A= u 2 du = 4π [3t + 2 sin t]02
4 1
π  3 37 3π
A= u2 = 4π × ( + 2)
6 1 2
π √ = 6π2 + 8π
= (37 37 − 1)
6
√ √ g x = 4t and y = t2 − 2 loge t
1
e x = t + 3 and y = t2 + 3t dx
= 4 and
dy
= 2t −
2
2 dt
dx dy √ Z dt tr
= 1 and =t+ 3 3
4
dt Z √3dt √ q A = 2π (t2 − 2 loge t 4t2 + + 8 dt
√ 0 t2
A = 2π (t + 3) t2 + 2 3t + 4 dt Z 3
1p 2
0
= 4π (t2 − 2 loge t) × (t + 1)2 dt
√ du √ 0 t
Let u = t2 + 2 3t + 4, = 2t + 2 3 3
dt
Z
1
Z 13
1
= 4π (t2 − 2 loge t) × × (t2 + 1) dt
t
A=π u 2 du 0
Z 3
1 1
3 13
= 4π (t2 − 2 loge t) × (t + ) dt
2π  t
A= u2 0
After a solid bit of algebra
3 1
2π √ = 4π(28 − 9 loge (3) − (loge (3))2
= (13 13 − 1)
3
f x = 3 + 2 cos t and y = 4 + 2 sin t = 7 x = cos t and y = 4 + sin t
dx dy dx dy
= −2 sin t and = 2 cos t = − sin t and = cos t
dt dt dt Z π dt p
A = 2π (4 + sin t) sin2 t + cos2 t dt
0
Z π
= 2π 4 + sin t; dt
0
 π
= 2π 4t − cos t
0

= 2π(4π + 1 − (−1))
= 4π(2π + 1)

8 x = cos3 t and y = sin3 t

614
 dx
s
= −3 cos2 t sin t
Z h
rx r2
dt 10 A = 2π 1 + 2 dx
dy 0 h h
and = 3 sin2 t cos t
dt Z h
rx √ 2
Z π = 2π h + r2 dx
2 p
2
A = 2π sin3 t 9 cos4 t sin2 t + 9 sin4 t cos2 t dt 0 h
0 √ Z h
Z π 2πr
2 p = 2 h2 + r2 x dx
= 6π sin t cos t cos t + sin t dt
4 2 2 h 0
√
0
= πr h2 + r2
Z π
2
= 6π sin4 t cos t dt
0
11 Rotate √ the semicircle defined by
du
Let u = sin t, = cos t y = r2 − x2 about the x-axis. Con-
dt sider the section of the semicircle
Z 1
= 6π u4 du between x = a and x s = b where a > b
a √
0 x2
Z
 u5 1 A = 2π r 2 − x2 1 + 2 dx
= 6π b r − x2
5 0 Z a√
6π = 2π r2 − x2 + x2 dx
= b
5 Z a√
= 2π r2 dx
b
9 x = a cos2 t and y = a sin2 t Z a
dx
= −2a cos t sin t and = 2π r dx
dt b
dy = 2πr(a − b)
= 2a sin t cos t
dt
Z π Let h = a − b
2 p
A = 2a2 π sin2 t 8 sin2 t cos2 t dt
0
π 12 Calculator:
√ Z
2
= 4 2a π 2 2
sin t sin t cos t dt
0
π
√ Z
2
= 4 2a π 2
sin3 t cos t dt
0
du
Let u = sin t ⇒ = cos t
4π √
! !
dt −1 2
9 5 cos + 10
√ 2 Z 1 3 5 3
A = 4 2a π u du
0
√
= 2πa2 13 Rotating the circle (x − R)2 + y2 = r2
aboutpthe y-axis
y = r2 − (x − R)2
dy x−R
=−p
dx r2 − (x − R)2
Now consider,

615
 s
Z R+r
dy
!2 The torus has area:
A = 2π x 1+ dx
R−r dx 4π2 rR
s
Z R+r
(x − R)2
= 2π x 1+ 2 dx
R−r r − (x − R)2
Z R+r
xr
= 2π p dx
R−r r2 − (x − R)2
du
Letu = x − R, x = u + R, and =1
dx
u+R
Z r
A = 2πr √ dx
−r r2 − u2
Z r Z r
u R
= 2πr √ dx + 2πr √ dx
−r r2 − u2 −r r2 − u2
Z r
R
= 2πr √ dx
−r r2 − u2
The first integral is clearly zero
r
−1 u

= 2πrR sin
r −r
= 2π2 rR

616
Solutions to Technology-free questions
6 4
u+2
Z Z
1 x
∴ √ dx = 1
du
− 3 x−2 1
u2
Z 4 1 1
= u 2 + 2u− 2 du
1
" #4
2 3 1
= u 2 + 4u 2
First find the points of intersection A and 3 1
x
B of y = √ and y = 3. 2 2
!
x−2
x = ×8+8− +4
√ =3 3 3
x−2 16 2 2
√ = +4− =8
∴ x=3 x−2 3 3 3
2 1
∴ x2 = 9(x − 2) ∴ Area = 9 − 8 =
3 3
∴ x2 − 9x + 18 = 0
∴ (x − 3)(x − 6) = 0 π
Z
2 π
2 a (1 − cos x)dx = [x − sin x]02
∴ x = 3 or x = 6 0
Therefore,
Z A = (3, 3) and B = (6, 3). π
6
x = −1
Area = 3− √ dx 2
3 x−2 π
Z 6
x
= [3x]3 −
6
√ dx
3 x−2
Z 6
x π
=9− √ dx
3 x − 2
Z 6 π
x Z 1 Z
2
For √ dx, b x dy = |OABC| − y dx
3 x−2 0 0
let u = x − 2 ∴ x=u+2 π π
!
= − −1 =1
du 2 2
=1
dx

617
 Z π
4
3 a V=π sec2 x dx
0
π
= π[tan x]04 = π
Z π
4
b V=π sin2 x dx
0
π
π
Z
4 Z 8
= (1 − cos 2x)dx e V=π (1 + x)dx
2 0 0
# π4 #8
π x2
" "
1
= x − sin 2x =π x+ = 40π
2 2 0 2 0
π π 1 π
!
= − = (π − 2)
2 4 2 8 Z 4 √
4 V=π (1 + x)2 dx
Z π 1
4
c V=π 2 4 √
Z
cos x dx
0 =π (1 + 2 x + x)dx
π 1
π
Z
4 #4
= 1 + cos 2x dx 4 3 x2
"
2 0 = π x + x2 +
3 2
# π4 1
π π
"
1 119π
= x + sin 2x = (π + 2) =
2 2 0
8 6
d To find the intersection of the two Z 3
graphs, solve the equation 5 a V=π (1 + x2 )dx
x2 = 4x 0
#3
x3
"
∴ x = 0 or x = 4 =π x+
Z 4 3 0
V=π ((4x)2 − (x2 ))2 dx = 12π
0
Z 4
=π (16x2 − x4 )dx
0
#4
16x3 x5
"
=π −
3 5 0
2048π
=
15

618
 √
Z 10
Z 2
b V = πr h − π
2
x dy2 b V=π (8x − 4x2 )dx
1 0
√ #2
4x3
"
√ 10
Z !
= π 9 10 − (y2 − 1)dy = π 4x − 2

1
3 0
#√10 ! 16π
√ =
" 3
y
= π 9 10 − −y 3
3 1
√ !
20 10 2 8 a
=π −
3 3
−
Z π
4
6 V=π −π
sec2 x dx
4
π −
= π[tan 4
x] −π
4
Z 1
b Area = (1 − x2 − x + x3 )dx
= 2π −1
#1
x3 x2 x4
"
= x− − +
3 2 4 −1
4
=
−π π 3

9 a
7 a Let 8x = (2x)2 x2 + y2 = 2
= 4x2 ∴ x2 = 2 − y2
∴ 0 = 4x(x − 2) Also, at A and B, x2 = y
∴ x = 0 or x = 2 ∴ 2 − y2 = y
∴ y = 0 or y = 4 ∴ y2 + y − 2 = 0
Therefore A = (0, 0) and B = (2, 4).
∴ (y − 1)(y + 2) = 0
∴ y = −2, 1
but y>0
∴ y=1
When y = 1, x = ±1
√
∴ A(−1, 1), B(1, 1) and C = (0, 2).

619
 Z b2
b By symmetry,
Z 1 ii V2 = π ydy
V = 2π 2
(2 − x − x )dx 4 0
0 πb 4
" 3 5 1
# =
x x 2
= 2π 2x − −
3 5 0 b
44π b4 b5
= V1 = V2 when =
15 2 5
∴ 5b − 2b = 0
4 5

10 a y = 2x − x2 ∴ b=
5
since b > 0
2
= x (2 − x)

12 a

Z 2
b Area = (2x − x2 )dx dy 8x
b =− 2
0
#2 dx (4x + 1)2
x3
"
4 1 1
= x − 2
= When x = , y=
3 0
3 2 2
dy
Z 2 and = −1
c V=π (4x2 − 4x3 + x4 )dx dx
0
∴ equation of tangent
! is
1 1
y− =− x−
#2
4x3 x5
"
=π −x +
4 2 2
3 5 0
y = −x + 1
16π
=
15 Z 1 !
2 1
c Area = − (1 − x) dx
Z b 0 4x2 + 1
11 a i V1 = π x4 dx # 12
x2
"
0 1 −1
= tan (2x) − x +
πb 5 2 2
= 0
5 π 1 1 π−3
= − + =
8 2 8 8

620
13 a to the graph of y = 2 + x − x2

− = −(x − 2)(x + 1)
Asymptotes are x = −1, x = 2, y = 0
−
1 1
y-axis intercept . y = also when
2 2
x=1 Z
1 !
− 1 1
Area = − dx
0 2 2 + x − x2
Z 1
1 1 1
3
= + −
Z
dx
b Area = ( f + g − f + g)dx 2 0 2 (x − 2)(x + 1)
1
Z 3
=2 g(x)dx
1
Z 3
9
=2 dx
1 x
Z 3
1
= 18 dx Using partial fractions,
1 x 1 A B
= +
= 18[loge |x|]31 (x − 2)(x + 1) x − 2 x + 1
= 18 loge 3 ∴ 1 = A (x + 1) + B(x − 2)
1
When x = 2, A = and when
14 Find the x-axis intercepts for 3
1
x2 − 5x + 4 x = −1, B = −
y= 3 Z
x 1 1 1 dx 1 1 dx
Z
y = 0 when x = 1and x = 4 ∴ Area = + −
Z 4 ! 2 3 0 x−2 3 0 x+1
4 !#1
Area = − x − 5 + dx
"
1 1 x−2
1 x = + loge
" 2 #4 2 3 x+1 0
x 1 1
=− − 5x + 4 loge |x| = + loge 14
2 1 2 3
1 1
!
1
= − 7 − 15 + 4 loge 4 = − loge 4
2 2 3
= 7.5 − 4 loge 4

15 The graph can be drawn as a reciprocal

621
 Rπ Z 2π
16 V = π 04 x sin2 (2x) dx
p
L= π
(2 − 2 cos t)2 + (2 sin t)2 dt
Integrating by parts.. 3
dv 1 − cos 4x Z 2π
Let u = x and = sin2 2x =
p
dx 2 = π
4 − 8 cos t + 4 cos2 t + 4 sin2 t dt
du x 1
= 1and v = − sin 4x 3
dx π 2 8 Z 2π √
Z
4 = π
8 − 8 cos t dt
π x sin2 (2x) dx 3
0
#π Z π √ Z 2π √
=2 2 π
" 
 x2 x 4 4 x 1  1 − cos t dt
= π  
 − sin 4x − − sin 4x dx 3
2 8 0 0 2 8 r
√ Z 2π 2 t
 
 π2 Z π4 x 1
  =2 2 π 1 − (1 − 2 sin ) dt
 2
= π  − − sin 4x dx  3
32 0 2 8 r
√ Z 2π 2 t
 

 π2 " x2 # π  =2 2 π 2 sin dt
1 4 2
= π  − + 3

cos 4x 
32 4 32 0
Z 2π t
= 4 π sin dt
π2 π2 2
!
1 1
=π −( − − 3
32 64 32 32  t 2π
= −8 cos π
π2
!
4 2 3
=π + √
64 64 3
π(π2 + 4) = −8(−1 − )
= 2
√
64 =8+4 3

17 x = 2t − 2 sin t and y = 2 − 2 cos t

dx dy 18 x = cos3 t and y = sin3 t
= 2 − 2 cos t and = 2 sin t dx dy
dt dt = 3 cos2 t sin t and = 3 cos t sin2 t
dt dt
Z π q
4
L=3 (cos4 t sin2 t + sin4 t cos2 t dt
0
Z π
4 p
=3 cos2 t sin2 t cos2 t + sin2 t dt
0
Z π
4
=3 cos t sin t dt
0
Z π
3 4
= sin 2t dt
2 0
3
=
4

622
 (e2 − 1)π 2π
R1 Z q
19 V = π 0 x e x dx =
2 2
Using L= (a2 sin2 θ + b2 cos2 θ dt
4 0
integration by parts twice. Z 2π p
= a2 (1 − cos2 θ) + b2 cos2 θ dt
0
20 x = a cos θ and y = b sin θ s
2π
b2
Z !
dx dy
= −a sin(θ) and = b cos(θ) =a 1 − 1 − 2 cos2 θ dt
dθ dθ 0 a
Z 2π √
=a 1 − e2 cos2 θ dt
0

623
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 2 D Let the upper curve of the shaded
1 C y= √
4 − x2 region be f (x). Let the lower curve
of the shaded region be g(x).
Since the region is rotated about the
x-axis, the rule for determining the
volume of the solid of revolution is
given by:
R2
V = π 0 ([ f (x)]2 − [g(x)]2 )dx
6
Since f (x) = √ and g(x) = 2
5 + x2
Z 2 !2
6
1
∴ V=π − (2)2 dx
Z
√
V=π y2 dx 0 5+x 2
0 Z 2 !2
Z 1 6
∴ V=π
1
dx ∴ V=π √ − 4 dx
0 4 − x2 0 5 + x2
Z 1
1 3 B The points of intersection occur
∴ V = −π dx
0 x2 − 4 when,
1
1
sin2 x = cos2 x
Z
1
∴ V = −π dx 2
0 (x + 2)(x − 2) 1
Using partial fractions, ∴ sin2 x = (1 − 2 sin2 x)
1 1 1 2
= −
(x + 2)(x
Z −1 2) 4(x − 2) 4(x + 2)
1
∴ sin2 x = − sin2 x
π 1 1 2
∴ V= − dx
4 0 x+2 x−2 ∴ 2 sin2 x =
1
πh i1 2
∴ V = loge (x + 2) − loge (x − 2) 1
4 0
∴ sin2 x =
π
"
x+2
!#1 4
∴ V = loge 1
4 x−2 0 ∴ sin x = ±
2
π
∴ V = (loge (−3) − loge (−1)) π 5π 7π 11π
4 ∴ x= , , ,
6 6 6 6
π
!!
−3
∴ V = loge
4 −1
π
∴ V = loge (3)
4

624
 Rπ
Using CAS: 5 C A = 2 π−a sinx dx
h iπ
∴ A = 2 − cos x
π−a

∴ A = 2[− cos π − (− cos(π − a))]

∴ A = 2[1 + cos(π − a)]
∴ A = 2[1 − cos a]
since cos(π − θ) = − cos(θ)
Using CAS:

Observations from the given graph:

i The blue line is y = sin2 x

6 E y = sin3 x
1
ii The red line is y = cos 2x
2
iii There are 4 lots of the shaded
π
" #
region over the interval x ∈ 0,
6

iv There are 2 lots of the shaded π π

region
" over#the interval
π 5π
x∈ ,
6 6

Hence, the total area of the shaded Z a

region is: A= sin3 x dx
Z π 0
6 1
A=4 cos(2x) − sin2 x dx Z a
0 2 ∴ A= sinx. sin2 x dx
Z 5π 0
6 1 Z a
+ 2 π sin2 x − cos(2x) dx ∴ A= sin x(1 − cos2 x)dx
2
6 0
let u = cos x
4 C For a rotation about the x-axis use, du
then = − sin x
V = π y dx
R
2 dx
R e3 and when x = 0, u = 1
∴ V = π e2 [loge (x)]2 dx
x = a, u = cos a

625
 Z cos a !
x
∴ A= (u2 − 1)du 9 C y = cos
1 2
" #cos a
1
∴ A = u3 − u
3 1
! !
1 1
∴ A= 3
cos a − cos a − −1
3 3
2 1
∴ A= − cos a + cos3 a π π π π π π π π
3 3
7 B For a rotation about the x-axis use,
V = π y dx
R
2

R 1 x2
∴ V=π 0 dx
4 − x2 Z π !
By long division, x
x2 1 1 A= cos dx
= − −1 0 2
4 − x2 Z x + 2 x − 2 " !#π
1
1 1 x
∴ V=π + − 1dx ∴ A = 2 sin
2 0
0 x+2 2−x
π
" #1 !
∴ V = π loge (x + 2) − loge (2 − x) − x ∴ A = 2 sin −0
2
0
#1 ∴ A = 2(1)
x+2
" !
∴ V = π loge −x
2−x ∴ A=2
0

∴ V = π[(loge (3) − 1) − (loge (1) − 0] 10 E y = cos x

∴ V = π(loge (3) − 1)

8 D By close inspection response D is a

false statement.
Rb
Note that a f (x)dx = F(b) − F(a)
where F is any antiderivative of f .
π π
However,
Rb
a
[ f (x)]2 dx , [F(b)]2 − [F(a)]2
This is because the square needs
to be absorbed into f (x) before
integrating.
For a rotation about the y-axis use,
Z y=a
V=π x2 dy
y=b

y = cos x ∴ x = cos−1 y
Z 1
∴ V=π (cos−1 y)2 dy
0

626
 1 dy 1 dv
11 C If y = then =− 2 Let u = 2x2 and = sec2 x tan x
x sdx x dx
!2 du 1
Ra1 dy Then = 4x and take v = sec2 (x)
A = 2π 1 1+ dx dx 2
x dx Z π
4
2x2 sec2 x tan x dx
s !2
Ra1 1
= 2π 1 1 + 2 dx 0
x x " #π Z π
1 4 4
= 2x × sec2 x
2
2x sec2 x dx
s
Ra1 x4 + 1
! −
= 2π 1 dx 2 0 0
x x4 π
√ iπ Z
4
R a x4 + 1
h
= x2 × sec2 x 4 − 2x sec2 x dx
= 2π 1 dx 0
0
x3 π
π2
Z
π 4
R = ×2− 2x sec2 x dx
12 A 0 2x2 sec2 x tan x dx.
4
16 0
We start with integration by parts. Z π
π2 4
= − 2x sec2 x dx
8 0

627
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a

−
− 0

Asymptotes y = 1, x = −2
1
Axis intercepts y = and x = −1
2
Z 2 !
1
b Area = 1− dx
0 x+2
= [x − loge |x + 2|]20
= 2 − loge 2
Z 2 !2
1
c Volume = π 1− dx
0 x+2
Z 2 !
2 1
=π 1− + dx
0 x + 2 (x + 2)2
" #2
1
= π x − 2 loge |x + 2| −
x+2 0
!
9
= π − 2 loge 2
4

2 a f (x) = x tan−1 (x)

1
f 0 (x) = x × + tan−1 (x)
1 + x2
x
= + tan−1 (x)
1 + x2

628
 Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
x
b tan (x)dx =
−1 0
f (x)dx − dx
0 0 0 1 + x2
Z 1
x
= [x tan−1 (x)]10 − dx
0 1 + x2
π 1
Z
x
= − dx
4 0 1 + x2
Let u = 1 + x2 .
du
Therefore, = 2x and when x = 0, u = 1 and when x = 1, u = 2.
dxZ
1
1 21
Z
x
∴ dx = du
0 1+x
2 2 1 u
1
= [loge u]21
2
1 1
= (loge 2 − loge 1) = loge 2
2 2
π 1
Z 1
Therefore, tan−1 (x)dx = − loge 2.
0 4 2
π
c At the point of intersection, tan−1 (x) = . Therefore, x = 1.
4
−

π
4

0
π 1
Z
Required area = × 1 − tan−1 (x)dx
4 0
π π 1
!
1
= − − loge 2 = loge 2
4 4 2 2

d i g(x) = (tan−1 (x))2

1
g0 (x) = 2 tan−1 (x) ×
1 + x2
2 tan−1 [x]
=
1 + x2
ii When x > 0, tan−1 (x) > 0 and 1 + x2 > 0
Therefore, g0 (x) > 0

629
 iii

π2
4
−

e y = tan−1 (x)
∴ x = tan y
∴ x2 = tan2 y
and when x = 1, y = tan−1 (1)
π
=
4
Z π
4
V=π (1 − x2 )dy
0
Z π
4
=π (1 − tan2 y)dy
0
Z π
4
=π (2 − sec2 y)dy
0

Now
π
= π[2y − tan y]04
π π
" ! #
=π − tan − (0 − tan 0)
2 4
π
!
=π −1
2
π
!
The required volume is π − 1 cubic units.
2

d
3 a i (x loge x) = loge x + 1 product rule
dx
Z Z
∴ loge xdx = x loge x − 1 dx

= x loge x − x + c

630
 d
ii (x(loge x)2 ) = (loge x)2 + 2 loge x
dx
Z Z
∴ (loge x) dx = x(loge x) − 2 loge x dx
2 2

= x(loge x)2 − 2x loge x + 2x + c using a above

b −

y = e−x y = ex

c Rearrange y = e x , x = loge y
When x = 0, y = 1 and when x = 2, y = e2
Z e2
V=π (loge y)2 dy
1
2
= π[y(loge y)2 − 2y loge y + 2y]e1
= π(4e2 − 4e2 + 2e2 − 2)
= 2π(e2 − 1)
≈ 40 cm3
A full glass contains approximately 40 mL of liquid.
Z 1
4 a V=π ydy
0
π
= cubic units
2
dV 1
b Given = R, y = .
dt 4
y2
Now V = π when depth is y units.
2
dV
∴ = πy
dy
dy dy dV
∴ = ×
dt dV dt
1
= ×R
πy
R
=
πy

631
 1 dy 4R
When y = , = .
4 dt π
4R
So rate of increase of the depth is units/s.
π
!2
1 π 1
c i y= V=
2 2 2
π
=
8
π
The volume of liquid is cubic units.
8
y2 π π
ii π = , since half full is cubic units
2 4 4
1
∴ y2 =
2
1
∴ y= √
2
√
2
=
2 √
2
The depth of liquid is units.
2
5 a By symmetry, the whole area equals twice the shaded
area.
−
To find the x coordinate of the point A, first solve the
equation B
x2
ax2 = 1 −
a
!
1
∴ x2 a + =1
a
0
a
∴ x2 = 2
a +1
r
a
∴ x= since x > 0
a +1
2

632
 a
q
x2
Z !
a2 +1
Area = 2 1− 2
− ax dx
0 a
a
q
3a2 +1 3
" #
x ax
=2 x − −
3a 3 0
r
a
2
a2 + 1
! !!
a 1
= 3− a+ 2 +a
3 a +1 a
r
4 a
=
3 a +12

2
b i The maximum area A and ! the maximum of A occur at the same value, so
16 a
use A2 =
9 a +1
2

d[A2 ] 16 a2 + 1 − 2a2
!
=
da 9 (a2 + 1)2
16 1 − a2
!
=
9 (a2 + 1)2
d[A2 ]
Area is a maximum when =0
da
∴ a = 1 since a > 0
r
4 1
ii When a = 1, Area =
3 1 +12

4
= √
3 2
√
2 2
=
√ 3
2 2
Maximum area is square units.
3
x2
c When x = 0, 1− =1
a
y
For y = ax2 , x2 =
a 1
x2 x 2
For y = 1 − , =1−y a
,
a2
a a a2 + 1 a2 +1

∴ x2 = a(1 − y) 0

x2
y = 1 − a2 , a > 0

633
 a2
Z Z 1
a2 +1 y
V= π dy + a2
πa(1 − y)dy
0 a
a2 +1
2
πa 2 a2a+1 πa
= [y ]0 + [2y − y2 ]1 a2
2 2 a2 +1
πa3 πa
= +
2(a2 + 1)2 2(a2 + 1)2
πa[a2 + 1]
=
2(a2 + 1)2
πa
=
2(a2 + 1)
πa
The volume of the solid is cubic units.
2(a2 + 1)

6 a When x = 0, 16 sin2 x = 0 π

3 sec2 2x = 3
π
π
When x = , 16 sin2 x = 8
4
3 sec2 x = 6
3

0 π
4

b At the point of intersection, 16 sin2 x = 3 sec2 x

3
=
cos2 x
3
∴ sin2 x(1 − sin2 x) =
16
3
∴ sin2 x − sin4 x =
16
3
∴ sin4 x − sin2 x + =0
16
! !
1 3
∴ 2
sin x − 2
sin x − =0
4 4

634
 1 3
∴ sin2 x = or
4 4
√
1 3
∴ sin x = ± or ±
2 2
1 π
∴ sin x = since 0 ≤ x ≤
2 4
π
∴ x=
6
π 2 π
!
When x = y = 16 sin
60 6
!2
1
= 16 ×
2
=4
π
!
The point of intersection is , 4 .
6
Z π
6
c Area = 3 sec2 x − 16 sin2 x dx
0
Z π Z π
6 6
=3 2
sec x dx − 16 sin2 x dx
0 0
π
π Z
6
= 3[tan x]06 −8 1 − cos 2x dx
0
# π6
π
"
1
= 3 tan − 8 x − sin 2x
6 2 0
π 1 π
! !
1
=3× √ −8 − sin − (0 − 0)
3 6 2 3
√ !
√ π 3
= 3−8 −
6 4
√ 4π
=3 3−
3
√ 4π
The area of the region is 3 3 − square units.
3

635
7 a f (x) = loge (x − a) + c
loge (2 − a) + c = 1
1

loge (1 + e−1 − a) + c = 0 2
!
2−a
Therefore, loge =1 using
1 − .
2
1 + e−1 − a
2−a
and =e
1 + e−1 − a
Solving for a, 2 − a = e + 1 − ae
a(e − 1) = e − 1
a=1
Hence, f (x) = loge (x − 1) − loge (1 + e−1 − 1)
= loge (x − 1) + 1

b Asymptote at x = 1.
x-axis intercept when y = 0
∴ loge (x − 1) + 1 = 0
∴ x − 1 = e−1
∴ x = e−1 + 1

−
0

c For the inverse x = loge (y − 1) + 1

∴ y − 1 = e x−1
∴ y = e x−1 + 1
∴ f −1 (x) = e x−1 + 1
Domain f −1 = R, range f −1 = (1, ∞).

636
 Z 1
−
d Area = (e x 1 + 1)dx −

0
x− 1
= [e + x]10
= 2 − e−1 −

e The
Z 2 area ABC in b is equal to the area ABC in d
f (x)dx = 2 − (2 − e−1 )
e−1 +1

= e−1

8 To find the coordinates of P

x3
consider = ax
c
As x , 0, x2 = ac
√
Therefore, x = ac
Z √ac 3
x2
A1 = √ dx
0 c
√
" 5 # ac 0
2 x2
=
5 12 0
c
2 5 3
= a4 c4
5
Z √ac
√ 1
A2 = ax 2 dx
0
" #√ac
2 1 3
= a2 x2
3 0
2 5 3
= a4 c4
3
2 2
Hence A1 : A2 = : = 3 : 5
5 3
Z √ac 3
x
V1 = π dx
0 c

637
 π 4 √ac
= [x ]0
4c
π
= a2 c
4
Z √ac
V2 = π ax dx
0
πa 2 √ac
= [x ]0
2
π
= a2 c
2
π π
Hence, V1 : V2 = : = 1 : 2
4 2
9 a The domain of cos x is [0, π] for an inverse function to exist.
Therefore, a = 2π in this case.
The largest value of a is 2π.

b i Domain f −1 = [−3, 3], range f −1 = [0, 2π].

1
ii Consider x = 3 cos y
2
!
x
With y the subject, y = 2 cos −1
3
!
x
Therefore f (x) = 2 cos
−1 −1
3

iii
− π 2π

dy 2 1
c = −r ×
dx x2 3
1−
9
−2
=√
9 − x2
dy 2
When x = 0, =− .
dx 3

638
 Z π volumes! are equal, i.e., V1 = V2
d The shaded
x
V1 = π 9 cos2 dx
0 2
9π π
Z
= (cos x + 1)dx
2 0
9π
= [sin x + x]π0 0 π
2
9π2
=
2
cos x + 1
!
x
Note: cos2 =
2 2

p
10 a QP = 0P2 − OQ2
q
= r2 − y2
Area = π(QP)2
= π(r2 − y2 )
0
Z r
b V=π 3r
(r2 − y2 )dx
4
#r
y3
"
=π r y− 2
3 3r
4
!
2 3 9
= π r3 − r3 + r3
3 4 64
11πr3
= , as required.
192

x2 y2
11 a 2 − 2 = 1, a ≤ x ≤ 2a, y > 0
a b
2
!
2 x
Therefore y = b 2 − 1
2
a

639
 Z 2a
V= πy2 dx
a
2a
x2
Z !
=π 2
b 2 − 1 dx
a a
" 3 #2a
2 x
= πb −x
3a2 a 0
3
a3
! !!
2 8a
= πb − 2a − −a
3a2 3a2
!
2 2 2
= πb a + a
3 3
4πab2
=
3
4πab2
Volume when rotated about the x axis is cubic units.
3
y2
!
b x =a 1+ 2
2 2
b
4a2
!
When x = 2a, y = b 2
− 1 = 3b2
2 2
a
√
Therefore y = ± 3b
√
√ Z 3b
V = π × (2a)2 × 2 3b − √ πx2 dy
− 3b
√
√ 3b
y2
Z !
= 8 3πa b − 2πa
2 2
1 + 2 dy
0 b
√
# 3b
√ 3
"
y
= 8 3πa2 b − 2πa2 y + 2
3b 0
√
√ 3 3b3 √
!
= 8 3πa b − 2πa 3b + 2 2
3b2
√ √ √
= 8 3πa2 b − 2πa2 × 2 3b = 4 3πa2 b
√
Volume when rotated about the y axis is 4 3πa2 b cubic units.
3x 1
12 a Let =√
2 1 − x2
√
∴ 3x 1 − x2 = 2
∴ 9x2 (1 − x2 ) = 4
∴ 9x4 − 9x2 + 4 = 0

640
 This is a quadratic equation in x2 with ∆ = (−9)2 − 4 × 9 × 4
= 81 − 144 = −63
3x 1
Since ∆ < 0 there are no points of intersection between y = and y = √ .
2 1 − x2
1
b y= √
1 − x2 −
Z 1
2 1 3x
Area = √ − dx
0 1 − x2 2
h 3x2 i 12
= sin−1 x −
4 0
! !2 !
−1 1 3 1
= sin − × − (0 − 0)
2 4 2 0

π 3
= −
6 16

Z 1 !2 Z 1 !2
2 1 2 3x
c ∴ Volume = π √ dx − π dx
1 − x2
0 0 2
1 1
2 9x2
Z Z
2 1
=π 2
dx − π dx
0 1−x 0 4
1 A B
Now = +
1−x 2 1−x 1+x
∴ A(1 + x) + B(1 − x) = 1
When x = −1, 2B = 1
1
∴ B=
2
When x = 1, 2A = 1
1
∴ A=
2
1 1 1
∴ = +
1−x 2 2(1 − x) 2(1 + x)
Z 1
2 1 1 9
Volume = π + − x2 dx
0 2(1 − x) 2(1 + x) 4
Z 1
π 2 1 1 9
= + − x2 dx
2 0 1−x 1+x 2

641
 #1
π
"
9 3 2
= − loge |1 − x| + loge |1 + x| − x −1< x<1
2 6 0
" #1
1 − x  9 3 2
 
−π
= loge  + x
2 1 + x 6 0
!
−π 9
= loge 31 + − loge 1
2 48
!
−π 9 1
= + loge
2 48 3
π
!
3
= loge 3 −
2 16

13 a

0
The volume of the solid of revolution, V, equals the sum of the volumes of two
cones (one has height a and base radius 1 and the other has height 1 − a and base
radius 1).
1 1
∴ V = π × 12 × a + π × 12 × (1 − a)
3 3
πa π(1 − a)
= +
3 3
π
=
3
π
So is the volume of the solid of revolution.
3
(Alternatively, find the rules for each straight line and use integration.)
√
1 − k2
b f (x) = (x − k), 0 ≤ x ≤ k
−k √
Volume of cone with base radius 1 − k2 and −

height k.
1
So V = π × (1 − k2 ) × k
3
π 0
∴ V = (k − k3 )
3
dV π
= (1 − 3k2 )
dk 3

642
 dV
When = 0, 1 − 3k2 = 0
dk
∴ 3k2 = 1
1
∴ k2 =
3
1 0
∴ k = √ as 0 ≤ k ≤ 1
3
!
1 1
π× √ × 1−
1 3 3
When k = √ , V =
3 3
√
2π 2π 3
= √ =
9 3 √27 √
2π 3 3
Volume is a maximum of cubic units when k = .
27 3

14 a i Using (0, 0) d=0

Using (5, 1) 125a + 25b + 5c = 1
1

Using (10, 2.5) 1000a + 100b + 10c = 2.5

2

Using (30, 10) 27 000a + 900b + 30c = 10

3

ii
2 −2 × 1 yields
750a + 50b = 0.5
4

3 −3 × 2 yields
24 000a + 600b = 2.5
5

5 −12 × 4 yields
15 000a = −3.5
−7
∴ a=
30 000
−7
Substituting a = into
4
30 000
−7
750 × + 50b = 0.5
30 000
−7
∴ + 50b = 0.5
40
27
∴ 50b =
40
27
∴ b=
2000
−7 27
Substituting a = and b = into
1
30 000 2000

643
 −7 27
125 × + 25 × + 5c = 1
30 000 2000
−7 27
∴ + + 5c = 1
240 80
83
∴ 5c =
120
83
∴ c=
600

−7 3 27 2 83
b f (x) = x + x + x
30 000 2000 600
1
= (−7x3 + 405x2 + 4150x)
30 000
Z 30
1
Area = (−7x3 + 405x2 + 4150x)dx
0 30 000
" #30
1 −7 4
= x + 135x + 2075x
3 2
30 000 4 0
1
= (−1 417 500 + 3 645 000 + 1 867 500 − 0)
30 000
273
=
2
Z 30
c i V= π( f (x))2 dx
0

π 30
Z
= −7x3 + 405x2 + 4150x 2 dx


900 000 000 0

644
 ii

d i Using a CAS calculator, the point of intersection between f (x) and y = 5 is

(16.729335,5)
∴ w = 16.729335
R 30
ii New volume = 16.729 335 π( f (x))2 dx
Using a CAS calculator as in c ii, the volume is 2487 cubic units, correct to four
significant figures.

1
e f 0 (x) = (−21x2 + 810x + 4150)
30 000
1
f 00 (x) = (−42x + 810)
30 000
1
= (−7x + 135)
5000
1
Now f 00 (p) = (−7p + 135)
5000

645
 and when f 00 (p) = 0,
1
(−7p + 135) = 0
5000
∴ 7p = 135
135
∴ p=
7
!3 !2 !!
1 135 135 135
and f (p) = −7 + 405 + 4150
30 000 7 7 7
!
1 2 460 375 7 381 125 3 921 750
= − + +
30 000 49 49 49
1179
=
196 !
135 1179
Therefore (p, f (p)) = , .
7 196

15 a The line segment AB is described by the function

H
y= (x − a), a ≤ x ≤ b
b−a
b−a
∴ y+a= x
H
!2
b−a
∴ x =2
y+a
H
[b − a]2 2 2a[b − a]
= y + y + a2
H2 H
Z H
V=π x2 dy
0
H
[b − a]2 2 2a[b − a]
Z !
=π y + y + a dy
2
0 H2 H

646
 #H
[b − a]2 3 a[b − a] 2
"
=π y + y + a2 y
3H 2 H 0
2 3 2
!
[b − a] H a[b − a]H
=π 2
+ + a2 H
3H H
[b − a]2 H 3a[b − a]H 3a2 H
!
=π + +
3 3 3
πH 2
= (b − 2ab + a2 + 3ab − 3a2 + 3a2 )
3
πH 2
= (a + ab + b2 )
3
πH 2
The capacity of the bowl is (a + ab + b2 ) cubic centimetres.
3
Z H
2
b Volume of water = π x2 dy
0
# H2
[b − a]2 3 a[b − a] 2
"
=π y + y + a2 y
3H 2 H 0
2 3 2
a2 H
!
[b − a] H a[b − a] H
=π × + × +
3H 2 8 H 4 2
[b − a]2 6a[b − a] 12a2
!
= πH + +
24 24 24
πH 2
!
= b − 2ab + a + 6ab − 6a + 12a
2 2 2
24
πH 2
= (7a + 4ab + b2 )
24
πH 2
The volume of water is (7a + 4ab + b2 ) cubic centimetres.
24
H[r − a]
c When x = r, y =
b−a
Z H[r−a]
b−a
V=π x2 dy
0
# H[r−a]
[b − a]2 3 a[b − a] 2
" b−a
=π y + y + a2 y
3H 2 H 0
2 3 3
a[b − a]H 2 [r − a]2 a2 H[r − a]
!
[b − a] H [r − a]
=π + +
3H 2 (b − a)3 H(b − a)2 b−a
πH[r − a]
= ((r − a)2 + 3a(r − a) + 3a2 )
3(b − a)

647
 πH[r − a][r2 + ar + a2 ]
=
3(b − a)
πH
= (r3 + ar2 + a2 r − ar2 − a2 r − a3 )
3(b − a)
πH
= (r3 − a3 )
3(b − a)

dV πHr2
d i =
dr b−a
H[r − a]
ii h =
(b − a)

dV π × 20 × r2
e i If a = 10, b = 20 and H = 20 then =
dr 20 − 10
= 2πr2

dV dr dr dV
ii =3 ∴ = ×
dt dt dV dt
1
= ×3
2πr2
3
=
2πr2
dr 3
When r = 12, =
dt 2π × 122
1
=
96π
dh dh dr dh H
Now = × and =
dt dr dt dr b − a
20
= =2
20 − 10
dh 3
∴ =2×
dt 2πr2
3
= 2
πr
dh 3
When r = 12, =
dt π × 122
1
=
48π

648