Illustration & Photo Editing

Course Code- MEV01-113

Credits - 2

Index
1. Unit 1…………………………………………… 4 - 27
a. Introduction to Adobe Illustrator 1.5 Hours
b. Work area and workspaces and tools 1.5 Hours
c. Opening files, Importing art work, art work, Rulers and Grids 1.5 Hours
d. Drawing in Illustrator 1.5 Hours
2. Unit 2 …………………………………………… 28 - 84
a. Painting with Illustrator 1.5 Hours
b. Brushes, Transparency, Blending 1.5 Hours
c. Meshes and Colour blending. Selecting, Transformation 1.5 Hours
d. Creating 3D object
3. Unit 3 …………………………………………… 85 - 115
a. Photoshop: Navigation and All tools 6 Hours
b. Working with basic selections and Advanced selections 1.5 Hours
c. Quick Masks, Layer Mask 1.5 Hours
d. Filter Gallery 1.5 Hours
4. Unit 4 …………………………………………… 116 - 119
a. Making a Nature scene – Digital Painting 1.5 Hours
b. Making a Modern art 1.5 Hours
c. Making a collage of Indian Art and Culture 1.5 Hours
d. Making a portrait of celebrity 1.5 Hours
e. Designing an Ad 1.5 Hours
f. Making an Animal Character 1.5 Hours
5. Bibliography…………………………………… 120

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Introduction and Course Objectives:

The course aims at teaching the students the basics of using Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop.
In this module, the students will learn the interface of these softwares and be able to create
digital art by having learnt the same.

Course Content:

UNIT – I
Introduction to Adobe Illustrator: Introduction to Adobe Illustrator, work area and
workspaces and tools. Opening files, importing art work, viewing art work, rulers and grids,
Drawing in Illustrator, drawing lines and shapes, pencil tool, pen tool, editing drawing,
tracing, symbols, colouring, applying colours, swatches, adjusting colour and colour settings.

UNIT – II
Painting with Illustrator, fills, strokes, brushes, transparency, blending, gradient, meshes and
color blending. Selecting, transformation, scaling, grouping, reshaping, cutting, blending of
object, creating 3D object, text and typing, special effects, filters, shadows, glow, feathering
graphic styles.

UNIT – III
Photoshop and its interface, Navigation and All tools, Working with basic selections,
advanced selections-1(on the basis of channels, color range, extract, filter etc), Exercises on
selections, Quick Masks, Layer Mask, Vector Mask, Layers & Layer Blending Modes, Play
with Photoshop, Filter Gallery, Exercises, Bring some object and try to make it in computer,
Make your own cartoon character.

Color Theory, Make a perfect cropping of some images using Photoshop, Prepare a cut-out of
some images using Photoshop, Place nice background for those images, Prepare nice
background using gradient tool, Scan various images, Color adjustment of those images
(PHOTO RETOUCHING).

UNIT – IV
Make Nature scene (winter) digital painting, Make Nature scene (summer) digital painting.
Make digital painting (Use brush, pencil, smudge etc), Make something like modern art
keeping in mind color combination, make a collage of Indian art and culture. Make a collage
of wildlife animals, Make a portrait of celebrity (Digital painting).Convert a B&W image into
color (Use variation), "Choose a theme (Music, Festivals, Sports, Dance) and Design 5-8
graphics on them.", Color Modes, Color Corrections, Advanced color correction techniques
(levels, Curves, Hue, Saturation etc), Design that Ad from your own style. Design motifs
tribe art, Make an animal character, "Plan a story of that character & Make its backgrounds in
three/four frames", Make posters on nature/earth, Matte Painting- Composition, Creating
images for the web: Exporting images from Photoshop.

Method of Teaching:

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The classes conducted and mode of teaching will be through Lectures, Demonstrations and
Analysis.

Method of Assessment & Weightage:

1. Continuing Assessment: 30%

Students will do two assignments each worth 15 marks.

2. End of Term Assessment: 70%

Students will write a 100 mark examination paper – 70% of the marks obtained will count
towards the 70% EoT assessment.

Reading Lists & References

Essential Reading

1. Adobe Illustrator CS5 Bible by Steve Johnson.

2. Adobe Illustrator CS5 Bible by Ted Alspach
3. Photoshop CS5 Classroom in a Book (Author: Adobe Creative Team) Adobe Press.

Suggested Reading

1. Teach Yourself Visually - Adobe Photoshop CS5 by Mike Wooldridge (Wiley

publishing).
2. Adobe Photoshop CS5 Bible by Steve Johnson.
3. Adobe Photoshop CS5 Bible by Lisa Danae Dayley & Brad Dayley.

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UNIT – I
Introduction to Adobe Illustrator:

Adobe Illustrator CS5 is used to create graphics and type in vector format. Vector graphics are
made up of points, lines, and curves that are defined by mathematical equations. Vector
graphics are resolution independent which means that they can be resized to any size without
losing quality.

Illustrator Workspace Environment:

Welcome Screen
Like any other application, Illustrator receives you with a Welcome Screen. The Welcome
Screen:
Lists the last ten files that were used
Displays a list of present profiles of:

● The print document

● Web document
● Mobile and device documents
● Video and film documents
Clicking the pre-set profiles of the specific devices, opens a new document quickly. Refer to
Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1: Welcome Screen

The Illustrator Window

When you start Illustrator, the application displays several windows of various types you can
use to work with graphics and illustrations. These windows appear in the workspace in
panels. Refer to Figure 1.2.

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Figure 1.2: The Illustrator window

■ Panel - A panel is a window you can collapse, expand, and group with other panels.
Panels when grouped or docked are referred to as panel groups.

■ Tools panel - The Tools panel contains a set of tools you can use to create shapes, such
as lines, rectan-gles, rounded rectangles, and ellipses.

■ Menu - A menu is a list of commands used to accomplish specific tasks. A command is

a directive that ac-cesses a feature of a program

■ Document window - Illustrator documents open in the document window. Multiple

documents can be opened and worked on at the same time and are displayed as tabs.

1.1.3 Customizing the Workspace

To make the workspace suit your needs, you can customize it by arranging the panels in the
desired fashion. Panels are small windows similar to dialog boxes. Each panel has a name that
appears on its tab. In addition to being grouped, panels can also be floated on screen. This can
be done by clicking the title bar and dragging it along the screen. The title bar has buttons to
minimize, restore, and close the panel. Every aspect of the illustrator drawing environment can
be controlled virtually using panels.

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Handle at the lower right corner used to resize the panel

Double-arrow icon used to toggle between the various panel sizes

■ Linking together and tearing apart panels

You can place panels together in different combinations by tabbing and docking them. Tabbing
refers to stacking several panels into a single panel; whereas, docking refers to aligning the
panels without stacking them in the same space. Refer to Figure 1.5.

Panels stacked together

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Dragging a floating panel to the right of the screen makes it a docked panel; whereas,
dragging a docked panel into the document window makes it a floating panel.

Docked panels

■ Using the Tools

The Illustrator toolbox comprises a wide variety of tools, which are as follows:
● Selection tools
● Painting or shape tools
● Type tools
● Tools dedicated to creating artboards, working with slices, and transforming and
viewing illustrations
● Slicing and sampling tools
● Viewing tools

Various tools in the Tools panel (a)

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 Various tools in the Tools panel (b)

Opening a file:
You can open files that were created in Illustrator as well as compatible files that were created
in other applications. Illustrator recognise all common graphic file formats such as TIFF, JPEG,
GIF, PNG, BMP, and PSD. The native file format of Illustrator is AI.
To open a file:
1. Click the file menu and select open. The open dialog box opens.
2. Navigate to the folder that contains the sample data files, select the Layers.ia file, and
then click the open button.

Opening Existing Documents

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To open an existing document, from the File menu select the Open command. In the dialog
box that appears, select the file that you want to open. Then, click Open.

Open dialog box

Place (import) files

The Place command is the primary method of importing, because it provides the highest
level of support for file formats, placement options, and color. After you place a file, use
the Links panel to identify, select, monitor, and update it.
 Open the Illustrator document into which you want to place the artwork.
 Choose File > Place, and select the file you want to place.
 Select Link to create a link to the file, or deselect Link to embed the artwork in
the Illustrator document.
 Click Place

Viewing Artwork

In Illustrator, you can view the documents either in the Outline mode or in the Preview
mode.
In the Outline mode, the guts of the artwork is displayed without the fills and the strokes.

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Image viewed in the Outline mode
The Preview mode displays objects that overlap. It displays objects that lay in the front and
back. It also details the gradations, strokes, and patterns applied to the image.

Image viewed in the Preview mode

Illustrator allows you to edit your work in both Outline and Preview modes. You can also
print a document using either of the modes. It is also possible to save the documents in both
the modes. It is possible to save the changes in both the modes.

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Rulers, Grids, and Guides
Rulers

Rulers, in this version of Illustrator, are also known as artboard rulers. These rulers are specific
to the artboard. In other words, multiple artboards have their own custom ruler. You can toggle
between the visibility status of the rulers by selecting the Show/Hide command from the View
menu. Alternatively, you can also press Ctrl and R keys on the keyboard to show or hide the
rulers.

Grids

Grids help in aligning and positioning images easily. The Snap to Grid feature in Illustrator
helps in aligning objects directly onto a grid. Grids usually originate from the lower-left corner
of the artboard. To change the position of the grid, you can click and drag the origin point at
the Origin Marker to the new position. Double-clicking the Origin Marker resets the position
of the grid. Table 3.2 throws light on the various commands for displaying the grid lines and
the various Snap to Grid features available when the grid lines are displayed.

Snap to Grid Features Commands

Display grid lines – This feature displays From the View menu, select the Show Grid
the command.
grid lines.
Alternatively, you can press the Ctrl and “ keys on
the
keyboard.

Turn off grids – This feature hides the

grid From the View menu, select the Hide Grid command.
lines.

Snap to Grid – This feature snaps the From the View menu, select the Snap to Grid
object command.
to the nearest grid.
Alternatively, you can press the Ctrl, Shift, and
“ keys on
the keyboard.

From the View menu, select the Snap to Point

Snap to Point – This feature snaps the command.
dragged object to another object’s point. Alternatively, you can press the Ctrl, Alt, and “ keys
As on the

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 you drag the cursor, you will observe that
the keyboard.
cursor turns from black to white when
you are
directly over another point.

Snap to Grid Features and their commands

view a document with the Grid Ruler function turned on.

You can customize the look of the grid by changing the grid preferences. To do so, click the
Preferences command from the Edit menu. From the submenu that appears, select the Guides
and Grids command. The Guides and Grids section of the Preferences dialog box appears,
where you can change the color, style, and spacing of the grid. Refer to Figure 3.5 to view the
Preferences dialog box.

Preferences dialog box

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The Grid section of the Preferences dialog box comprises the following options:

 Color – This option allows you to choose a new color for the grid.

 Style – This option allows you to define a new style for the grid. For example, you can
choose between lines and dots for the grid style.

 Gridline every – This option allows you to change the space between the major
gridlines by entering a value in the Gridline every text field.

 Subdivisions – This option allows you to create smaller sections based on the value
entered in the space provided.

 Grids in Back – This option, when deselected, makes the gridlines appear in front of
your artwork.

Pencil Tool

The Pencil tool comes handy when you want to draw rough edges or realistic illustrations. For
example, a map drawing with bumpy edges. You can access the Pencil tool from the Tools
panel. It is housed with the Smooth tool and Path Eraser tool, which helps smoothen and edit
the paths.

The Pencil Tool Options dialog box

The Pencil Tool Options dialog box has the following options.

Fidelity - The Fidelity setting defines how distant the curves can appear from the original
dotted line. Lower the fidelity value, sharper the angles; higher the fidelity value, smoother the
curves. The default fidelity number is 2.5 pixels. However, the lowest and highest fidelity
values are 0.5 pixels and 20 pixels respectively.

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Smoothness - This option gives a value that is measured in percentages. It is used to determine
how the Pencil tool controls the irregularity of the line that is drawn. Lower the smoothness,
rougher the angular path; higher the smoothness, higher the angular path and lesser the anchor
points.

Fill new pencil strokes - This option when selected applies a fill to new pencil strokes and
vice versa.

Keep selected - This option keeps the last path selected. This option proves handy in instances
when you want to make changes right after drawing the path.

Edit selected paths - Selecting this option helps you edit paths using the Pencil tool. On
deselecting this option, paths can be edited, however not with the Pencil tool.

Within pixels - This option works on selecting the Edit selected paths check box. It is used
for defining how close your drawing should match the existing path to be editable.

Drawing with the Pencil tool

To continue drawing on an existing path, it should first be defined as an open path that has
two distinct endpoints. On placing the Pencil tool over one end of the path the little x beside
the Pencil disappears. This indicates that you can click and drag the mouse cursor to extend
the path with the Pencil tool. Refer to Figure 2.36.

Paths in a drawing created using the Pencil tool

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Pen Tool

On clicking with the Pen tool, you create corner points and straight segments. On the
contrary, when you click and drag with the Pen tool, you can create smooth points and curve
segments. These points and curve segments have direction handles that can be used to change
the direction of the curved segment. The length and direction of the direction handles define
the shape of the curve segments. Refer to Figure 2.16

The Pen tool palette

Drawing a polygon with the Pen tool

You will now learn how to draw a Polygon using the Pen tool. To do so, from the Tools panel,
click the Fill box. Then, select the desired color for the fill. Incase if you do not want to use a
fill, select None. After selecting the desired color swatch, select the Pen tool from the Tools
panel. To define the first side of the Polygon, you will have to define two anchor points on two
different locations. Click on the first location to define the first anchor point, followed by a
click on the other location to define the second anchor point. A line segment appears between
the two points. This is one of the sides of the Polygon. Continue adding anchor points until you
get the desired shape. You can complete the shape either with an open or closed path.

To leave the shape with an open path, click the Pen tool or any other tool from the Tools panel.
Then, keeping the Ctrl key pressed on the keyboard, click outside the shape to deselect it.

To leave the shape with a closed path, click the Pen tool from the Tools panel. Then, click on
the first anchor point.

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 (a) Line segment showing two anchor points; (b) Line segments forming an open path;
and (c) Line segments forming a closed path
Drawing curves with the Pen tool

To draw curves, select the Pen tool from the Tools panel. Then, click and drag to create the
first anchor point.
As you drag, the direction handles move to form a curve. Release the mouse cursor. Then,
click and drag on the position where you want to create the second anchor point.

A curve segment appears between the two anchor points. Refer to Figure 2.18.

Curves created using the Pen tool

Editing a clipping set

It is possible to edit clipping masks or paths placed within a clipping set. To do so, select and
target the clipping path in the Layers panel. Select the clipping set. Then, from the Object
menu, select the Clipping Mask command. From the submenu that appears, click Edit Mask.
On choosing the Edit Mask command, you can edit a clipping set in either of the following
ways:

Select the Direct Selection tool and then drag the object’s center reference point to
move it.

Select the Direct Selection tool and then reshape the clipping path.

You can also add or remove the artwork from the masked artwork. You can do so by
dragging the object into or out of the group or layer that contains the clipping path.

Illustrator supports a variety of file formats. It also supports raster images. It is possible to
convert these raster images into the vector format by using the available tracing options housed
in the Live Trace command. This command detects colors and shadings and traces the same
to convert file formats from raster to vector. There are a variety of presets and other tracing
options that can be used for tracing images in the Tracing Options dialog box. Tracing options
can be applied at any time, either while using or after using the Live Trace command. In other

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words, these options are live. When these options are applied on a traced object, the traced
object is referred to as a live trace object.

■ Tracing a live object

To trace a raster graphic, begin by selecting the image to be traced in a document. Select a
tracing preset from the Tracing Presets and Options drop-down arrow, which is housed in
the Control panel. Refer to Figure 4.1.

Tracing options available in the Control panel

Next you will select the tracing options. To do so, click the Tracing Presets and Options
drop-down arrow once again and select the Tracing Options command. A dialog box as
shown in Figure 4.2 appears.

Tracing Options dialog box

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 Although you have selected your options, you can always change your preset settings at
this juncture. Once you have defined your options and presets, you can preview it by
selecting the Preview check box.

The following options are available while tracing your image:

 Adjustments - You can alter the adjustments with regard to the color mode, blur value,
and resampling. Blur reduces the noise and other marks in the image and resample
changes the resolution of the graphic.

 Trace - You can change the trace settings by selecting the Fill and/or Stroke check
boxes. You can also change the related options that appear.

 View - You can toggle between the raster and vector views. The raster view displays
the original graphic; whereas, the vector view displays the traced view of the graphic.

Activity Notes:

Activity: Practice drawing using Pen & Pencil

Symbols
Creating and Editing Symbols

Symbols are an easy way to store objects that are used in more than one place in a document.
The Symbols panel is used to store symbols. Using symbols and its instances not only helps in
speeding up the printing but also contributes in reducing the file size.

■ Creating a symbol

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To create a symbol, begin by creating an object that has to be used as a symbol. From the
Symbol Options menu, click the New Symbol command. Enter a name for the new symbol
in the space provided in the Symbol Options dialog box and click OK. Refer to Figure 4.10.

(a) Selected object and the Symbols panel, (b) Symbol Options dialog box (c) Selected
object added as a symbol
■ Editing a symbol

To edit a symbol, begin by dragging instances of the created symbols onto the artboard from
the Symbols panel. Before you edit the instance, you need to enter into the Isolation mode.
To do so, double-click any of the desired symbol instances using the Selection tool. Then,
edit the symbol with the Direct Selection tool. After making the required changes, click the
Exit Isolation Mode button that appears as an arrow at the bottom of the Control panel to
save the changes. Refer to Figure 4.11.

(a)Instances of a symbol from the Symbols panel, (b) Editing in Isolation mode (c)
Original symbol updated in the Symbols panel

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■ Breaking symbol links

Creating instances of symbols, links the instances to the original symbol. It is possible to
convert instances into normal objects by breaking the links between the instances and the
symbols. Links are generally broken when a symbol need not be updated any longer. You can
break the link by selecting the instance and clicking the Break Link button on the Control
panel. Refer to Figure 4.12.

Break Link button on the Control panel

Activity Notes:

Activity: Practice symbols

Colouring:
Coloring objects is an added feature in Illustrator. Color can be applied to both – the fill and
the stroke.
The Tools panel provides color boxes (also known as thumbnails) using which you can apply
fill and stroke colors. The fill or stroke color that is selected appears on the thumbnails on the
Tools panel.To change the fill or stroke color, begin by selecting an object. Then, select the
Fill or Stroke color box.Choose a color by double clicking inside the respective color box.
Alternatively, you can select a color or enter color values in the Color Picker dialog box.

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Color Picker dialog box
In addition to changing the Fill and Stroke colors, Illustrator also provides you with the
following options. These options are available in the Tools panel.

None check box - To remove or not apply any color to the selected object
Default Fill and Stroke icon - Sets the default color of black and white
Swap Fill and Stroke icon - Switches between the current fill and stroke color

Activity Notes:

Activity: Practice Colour

Drawing lines and shapes:

Rectangles, ellipses, polygons, and stars are the basic shapes in any drawing. Illustrator is a
handy tool for any kind of drawing. Refer to Figure 1.31 to view the basic shape tools that are
available in Illustrator.

Basic shape tools available in Illustrator

To create any of these tools, the basic steps remain the same. Select the respective tool from
the Tools panel. Then, click and drag the shape on the artboard. In most instances, clicking on
the artboard with the respective tool selected, prompts you to change the dimensions of the
specific tool. This can be done by entering the desired values and clicking OK.

■ Rectangle tool

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 This tool is used for making rectangles and is found in the second column of the Tools
panel.

■ Rounded Rectangle tool

This tool is used for creating rectangular shapes with rounded edges. The shape of the
corners of the rectangle can be changed using the arrow keys on the keyboard. The function
of each arrow key is as follows:

● Up arrow - Increases the corner radius of the rectangle

● Down arrow - Decreases the corner radius of the rectangle
● Left arrow - Removes the corner radius to create square corners
■ Right arrow - Adds maximum amount of curviness to create super rounded corners

You can enter the radius values for the rounded corners by selecting the tool and single
clicking on the artboard. Refer to Figure 1.32.

Image depicting the Rounded Rectangle tool with its options

■ Ellipse tool

The Ellipse tool is useful for drawing circles or ovals. You can define the width and height
measurements by selecting the tool and single clicking on the artboard. Entering the same
values for the width and height defines perfect circles. Refer to Figure 1.33.

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Image depicting the Ellipse tool and its options

■ Polygon Tool

This tool is used to draw polygons with three or more sides. The sides of the polygon can be
added or subtracted with the help of the Up and Down arrows on your keyboard. Once you
define the shape, release your mouse to add the polygon to your artboard. You can define the
number of sides of the polygon by selecting the tool and single clicking on the artboard.
Refer to Figure 1.34.

Image depicting a polygon with tool options

■ Star tool

This tool is used to draw stars with three or more sides and with varying length and radii
of the points. The length of the points can be modified using the following keyboard
shortcuts:

Press the Up or Down arrow key to add or subtract points

Press the Alt key on the keyboard to increase the inner radius of the star as you drag
the mouse cursor

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 Keep the Ctrl key pressed on the keyboard to increase the outer radius of the star as
you drag the mouse cursor

You can enter the value for the inner and outer radius and also define the number of points in
the Points fields by selecting the tool and clicking on the artboard. Refer to Figures 1.35 and
1.36.

Images of a star

Image depicting the Star tool options

■ Line Segment tool

In Illustrator, a line is referred to as a stroke, whose thicknesses, styles, colors, and fills can
vary. It is easier to draw line segments with vector tools. The vector tools available in the
Line Segment tool’s flyout menu are the

Line Segment, Arc, Spiral, Rectangular Grid, and Polar Grid tool.

Using the Line Segment tool, you can create horizontal, vertical, diagonal, or straight lines.
To do so, after selecting the Line Segment tool, click and drag your mouse cursor on the
artboard. Then, release the mouse to add a line segment to your artboard. You can also draw a
line with precise dimensions. To do so, begin by selecting the Line Segment tool. Then, click
the artboard to set the point of origin for the line. This launches the Line Segment Tool

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Options dialog box. Enter the desired length and angle for the line and click OK. Refer to
Figure 1.37.

Image depicting the Line Segment Tool Options dialog box

Activity Notes:

Activity: Practice types of tools & its use

■ The Swatches panel

The Swatches panel houses presets, gradients, and patterns. You can access the Swatches
panel from the Windows menu. To choose a color, select the Swatches panel and then click
the desired color swatch.

Swatches panel
Buttons along the bottom of the panel, when clicked changes the display. Description of the
buttons available in the panel are as described in

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Buttons in the Description
Swatches panel

Swatch Libraries This button provides quick access to the installed swatch libraries.
Menu Choosing
one swatch library displays another swatch panel with relevant set of
colors in
it. Refer to Figure 1.56.

Kind Using this button, you can access the All Swatches command, color
Show Swatch s swatches,
Menu gradient swatches, pattern swatches, and color groups.

This button provides quick access to the swatch options of the

Swatch Options currently
selected button through the Swatch Options dialog box.

New Color
Group Clicking this button creates a new color group.

New This button is used to create a new swatch. It looks like a little piece of
Swatch paper
with a bent corner. You can also create a new swatch by dragging any
single
object into the Swatches panel.

The Trash button on the Swatches panel is used to delete a swatch. To

Delete Swatch delete
a swatch, you can select a swatch and click the Trash button.

Table 1.3: Description of the buttons available in the Swatches panel

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Swatches panel library menu

Activity Notes:

Activity: Practice all the components and make a pitcure

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UNIT – II
Painting with Illustrator:

Live Paint Bucket tool and Live Paint Selection tool

Using the Live Paint Bucket tool, you can recolor fills and strokes in a live paint group.. To
set the paint options, double-click the Live Paint Bucket tool. The Live Paint Bucket
Options dialog box appears. The Cursor Swatch Preview lets you paint fills and strokes
with ease. This option displays a color strip that comprises the current or last color used along
with two adjacent colors. This color strip appears above the Live Paint Bucket pointer.

(A) Live Paint Bucket tool in the Tools panel (B) Live Paint Bucket Options dialog box

The Live Paint Bucket tool recolors the fills and strokes formed by intersecting lines in a
live paint group. It does not color the entire patch. Using this tool, you can recolor each
stroke with a different color.

Fills and strokes are also referred to as faces and edges respectively.

Character coloured using the Live Paint Bucket tool

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■ Using the Live Paint Selection tool

The Live Paint Selection tool is used to select fills and strokes in a live paint group. Like the
Live Paint Bucket tool, defining the selection options before using this tool, makes it easier
to select objects. You can define the selection options using the Live Paint Selection
Options dialog box that can be accessed by double-clicking the tool from the Tools panel. In
addition to customizing the options, you can also specify a highlight color for the selection.

(A) Live Paint Selection tool in the Tools panel (B) Live Paint Selection Options dialog box

After you select fills or edges using the Live Paint Selection tool, you can perform the
following actions:

 Select a fill color, gradient, or pattern

 Select a stroke color, weight, or other attributes
 Hide stroke edges by selecting None
 Remove the selected fills or strokes by pressing the Backspace or Delete keys
on the keyboard

Using the Brushes Panel

Using the Brushes panel, you can draw with different brush tips, and also create freestyle
lines, shapes, patterns, and textures. Following are the four main categories of brushes:

 Scatter
 Calligraphic
 Art
 Pattern
The Brushes panel is housed in the Window menu. You can change the view of the Brushes
panel from the panel menu to any of the following views:

 Show Calligraphic brushes

 Show Scatter brushes

 Show Art brushes

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  Show Pattern brushes

In addition to the other options, you can also view the brushes in the Thumbnail or List
view.
To work with brushes, you need to begin by selecting the brush category. Click the Brush
Libraries Menu button to view the various categories of brushes. Then, click a brush from
the brush library and add it to the Brushes panel. Clicking a brush from the Brushes panel
applies it to the selected path.

(A) Brushes panel and Brush Libraries menu (B) Brush applied to the selected path

Using the Paintbrush tool

The Paintbrush tool is used to create brush strokes of a certain width anywhere in the
document. A stroked path is created once you finish drawing with this tool.

To create strokes using the Paintbrush tool, click the tool, and then select the desired brush
from the brushes panel. Then, start drawing. You will observe that free-form paths appear as
you draw. The width of the paintbrush stroke can vary from 0 points to 1296 points, where
the default width is 9 points. Incase if you wish to change the width of the paintbrush stroke,

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access the Stroke panel and then type a number in the Weight text field.

Image depicting strokes created with the Paintbrush tool

Double-clicking the Paintbrush tool from the Tools panel, opens the Paintbrush Tool
Options dialog box, as below

Image depicting the Paintbrush Tool Options dialog box

Tolerances and Options are the two categories available in the Paintbrush Tool Options
dialog box. You can change the tolerance of the stroke by modifying the Fidelity and
Smoothness values.

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  Fidelity - This option determines the distance to which the mouse should move before
adding an anchor point. A higher fidelity value, creates fewer anchor points and a
smoother path; whereas, a lower fidelity value creates lesser anchor points and a rough
path.

 Smoothness - A higher smoothness value creates a smoother curve; whereas, a lower

smoothness value creates more bends.

In addition to changing the tolerance, you also have the following options:

 Fill New Brush Strokes - This option is used to fill new paths with the current fill
color.
 Keep Selected - This option is used to keep the brush paths selected after you draw
them.
 Edit Selected Paths - This option is used to change an existing path with the
Paintbrush tool. The changes are made within the specified pixel range, which is
between 2 and 20 pixels.

Types of Brushes:

On a macro level, the following types of brushes are available in Illustrator:

 Calligraphic
 Scatter
 Art
 Bristle
 Pattern

As mentioned earlier, you can also create a new brush by choosing the New Brush command
from the Brushes panel. Refer to Figure 3.19.

(A) New Brush option (B) New Brush Selection box

■ Scatter brushes

32
 The procedure to create scatter, calligraphic, art, and pattern brushes are the same. You will
now learn how to create scatter brushes using the Brushes panel.

Begin by selecting one or more objects from your artboard. To create a new brush, click the
New Brush button from the Brushes panel. Click the Scatter Brush option and then click
OK. Finally, enter a name for the brush in the space provided.

Scatter Brush Options dialog box

■ Calligraphic brushes

Calligraphic brushes are used to create text that give a look of hand-scribed calligraphy. The
calligraphic brush when used, is applied to the center of the path. Using the Calligraphic
Brush Options dialog box, you can define the various options including angle, roundness,
and diameter. Refer to Figure 3.22.

Image depicting the Calligraphic Brush Options dialog box

33
■ Art brushes

Art brushes, as the name suggests, creates artistic strokes on your artboard. On using an art
brush, the brush shape or object shape is stretched evenly along the center of the path. Using
the Art Brush Options dialog box you can define the following options:

 Width
 Direction
 Colorization
 Scale and stretch
 Direction of the flip - flip along or flip across
 Overlap

Image depicting the Art Brush Options dialog box

■ Pattern brushes

Pattern brushes, as the name suggests, are used to paint with a pattern. The working of
pattern brushes is very similar to that of scatter brushes, with the difference that pattern
brushes follow the path exactly, which is not the case with scatter brushes. Using the
Pattern Brush Options dialog box you can modify the following options of the pattern
brushes:

Scale
Spacing
Tile
Buttons
Flip - along or across
Fit

34
Refer to Figure 3.24

Image depicting the Pattern Brush Options dialog box

■ Bristle brushes

To create a new brush, click the New Brush button from the Brushes panel. Click the
Bristle Brush option and then click OK. Enter a name for the brush in the space provided.

Deselect any of the selected brushes and then double-click a bristle brush. Then, define the
shape of the brush from the list of shapes available under the Shape list. The following
shapes are available in the Shape list:

 Flat Point
 Flat Angle
 Round Blunt
 Round Fan
In addition to defining the shape, you can also set the following options using the Bristle
Brush Options dialog box:

 Size: This option defines the diameter of the brush, which is measured at the point
where the bristles meet the handle. The diameter of the brush can range between 1mm
to 10mm.

 Bristle Length: This option defines the length of the bristle that ranges between 25%
and 300%.

 Bristle Thickness: This option defines the thickness of the bristle from fine to coarse.

35
  Paint Opacity: This option specifies the opacity value of the paint that ranges between
1% and 100%, where 1% is translucent and 100% is the maximum opacity value used
in the brush.

 Stiffness: This option defines a range between 1% to 100% for the rigidness of the
bristle. A lower value creates flexible bristles; whereas, a higher value creates stiffer
bristles.

 Bristle Density: This defines the number of bristles in a specific area of the brush neck.

Image depicting the Bristle Brush Options dialog box

Creating gradients

Incase if you are not happy with the existing gradients present in the library, it is possible to
create your own set of gradients. You can be creative with the gradients you create. For
example, you can create a gradient with two or more colors and also add transparency. After
creating a gradient, you can save it in the Swatches panel so that it is available for use at a later
date.

On a macro level, there are two types of gradients, which are as follows:

 Radial (Circular)
 Linear (Horizontal)

36
Image displaying the Gradient panel with the two types of gradients

To view the Gradient panel displaying the variations in the gradient stop and opacity values
of the object.

Image displaying variations in the gradient stop and opacity values of the object

■ The Gradient tool

The Gradient tool can be used to give a 3D look to an object. This can be done by changing
the angle, and start and end points for a Linear gradient. For a Radial gradient, a 3D look can
be obtained by changing the location of its center and edges.

The Gradient tool is also used to balance the highlight on a radial gradient. Most of the
Gradient panel changes can be done directly into your artwork using the gradient stop bar.
This bar proves handy for tiny adjustments of the gradient stops, especially when the image is
zoomed in. The temporary Color/Swatch panel can also be accessed through this floating bar
by double-clicking on a gradient stop.

37
The Gradient tool on the Tools panel

Gradients are applied using the Gradient tool or panel. To create a gradient from the Gradient
tool, double-click the Gradient tool that displays the Gradient panel. Then, select the
Gradient type from the Type list. It could be either Radial or Linear. Select a path that is filled
with a gradient. Ensure that at least one path is selected. After selecting a path, drag the mouse
cursor with the Gradient tool on the object.

Listed below are some points that should be borne in mind while working with the Gradient
tool.

You can drag the Gradient tool on linear gradients to change the angle, length, and position
(start and end points) of the gradients.
You can drag the Gradient tool on Radial gradients to determine the start and end position
of the gradient.
You can reset the highlight to a new location by clicking the Gradient tool.

38
Gradient applied on an object using the Gradient tool

The effect of the Radial gradient applied on the image. The circle on the left has a Radial
gradient applied to it; whereas, the circle on the right has the same gradient, but it is
positioned differently within the object by using the Gradient tool.

Image depicting the effect of the Radial gradient applied on the object

■ Creating a Gradient mesh

A mesh object is a multicolored gradient type. It not only allows colors to flow in different
directions but also transitions colors from one point to the other. A mesh object resembles
a grid that uses mesh lines. This grid-like structure makes it easier for modifying color
flows, transitions, intensity, and opacity. The points that connect the grid are called mesh
points. These mesh points act like anchor points. Unlike anchor points, it is possible to
assign color and transparency to these mesh points. The space that is formed between four
mesh points is called a mesh patch, which is used to modify the color and transparency.

Mesh objects can be of two types, namely:

 Mesh points with an irregular pattern

 Mesh points with a regular pattern

39
The Gradient Mesh tool

To create mesh objects with an irregular pattern of mesh points, select the Mesh tool on the
Tools panel. Select a Fill color for the mesh points and then click to place the first mesh
point.

Create Gradient Mesh dialog box

In addition to creating mesh objects, you can also do the following actions by selecting the
Mesh tool from the Tools panel.

Delete Mesh Point - You can delete a mesh point by keeping the Alt key pressed on the
keyboard and clicking a mesh point to delete it.
Move Mesh Point - You can move a mesh point by clicking a mesh point and dragging it.
To keep a mesh point on a mesh line, keep the Shift key pressed on the keyboard and drag
it.

40
 Add Mesh Point - You can add a mesh point by selecting a color and then clicking on the
mesh object.

Image depicting a mesh object with mesh points applied to it

■ Setting color and transparency for a gradient mesh

After selecting the Mesh tool from the Tools panel, select one or more mesh points or
patches on the object. Next, to change the color of a mesh point or patch, select a color from
the Color or Swatches panel and drag it onto the point or patch. Then, select the
Transparency command from the Window menu. Click the Opacity list drop-down arrow,
to specify the percentage of the opacity.

Image depicting the color and transparency for a gradient mesh

■ Blending fill colors

41
The Edit Color submenu in the Edit menu allows you to blend fill colors for three or more
objects. The more objects that you select, the more gradually the color blends and the stroke
colors and attributes remain the same. Illustrator considers objects on the edges - front and
back, left and right, and top and bottom - as the start and end colors in the blend.

Blend options under the Edit Colors submenu

After selecting three or more objects containing fill colors, you can apply the following
options available inside the Edit Colors submenu.

Blend Front to Back - This option uses the fill color of the front and back objects in the
selection as the starting and ending colors in the blend

Blend effect from front to back

Blend Horizontally - This option uses the fill color of the left and right side objects as the
starting and ending colors in the blend.

42
Horizontal blend effect

Blend Vertically - This option uses the fill color of the top and bottom objects as the starting
and ending colors in the blend. Refer to Figure 1.65.

Vertical blend effect

■ Creating blends automatically

To create blends, select two objects that you want to use in the blend, and then choose the
Make command from the Object menu. Illustrator creates all the transitional objects in
between.

To release the blend objects, click the Object menu, point to Blend, and then click Release.
Refer to Figure 1.66.

43
Image blends

Using the Blend Options dialog box, you can control the appearance of your blends. The
changed settings automatically apply to the selected objects and future blends. To do so,
click the Spacing list arrow, and then select any one of the following:

Smooth Color - This option is used to automatically create a smooth color blend based
on the number of transitional steps needed.

Specified Steps - This option helps specify the desired number of transitional steps
between the range of 1 to 1000.

Specified Distance - This option helps specify the distance between the transition
objects in the blend between the range of 1 to 1000.

■ Orientation

The various options available under the Orientation section are as follows:

 Align to Page - This option aligns objects perpendicular to the horizontal axis.
 Align to Path - This option aligns objects perpendicular to the path.

Refer to Figure 1.67 to view the Blend Options dialog box

44
The Blend Options dialog box

■ Creating blends with the blend tool

The Blend tool in the Tools panel, specifies the location where the blend takes place. This
tool allows you to select the anchor points on the objects to determine the direction of the
blend. The following actions can be performed using the Blend tool.

 Select two or more objects (with space in between them) that you want to blend, click
the Blend tool in the Tools panel. Click the fill of the first object (not the center point)
to let Illustrator determine an anchor point to use, or click the anchor point that you
want to use. Then, click the fill or an anchor point on the next object. If the path is open,
click an endpoint.

 To modify blend objects, after you create a blend, use commands from the Blend
submenu.

 To reverse the stacking order without changing the x or y location, select a blend object.
From the Object menu, select the Blend command. Then, click Reverse Front to
Back.

 To reverse the spine, select a blend object. From the Object menu, select the Blend
command. Then, click Reverse Spine. The Reverse Spine option changes the x and y
location of the blend objects without changing the stacking order.

 To replace the spine, create a new path for the spine. Then select a blend object and the
new path. After selecting the same, from the Object menu, select the Blend command.
Then, click Replace Spine.

Activity Notes:

45
Activity: Practice the atributes

■ Scaling symbols

Scaling refers to changing the height and width of the symbols in equal proportions without
distorting it. 9-slice scaling is the method used in Illustrator for scaling symbols. This method
when opted, divides the image into 9 parts with dotted lines across the symbol.

To scale objects you need to select an existing symbol from the Symbols panel and click the
New Symbol button in the Tools panel.

The Symbol Options dialog box

In the dialog box that appears, enter a name for the symbol in the space provided. Then,
select the type of graphic by selecting either Graphic or Movie Clip from the Type drop-
down arrow. Enable the 9-slice option by selecting the Enable Guides for 9- Slice Scaling
check box. Click OK.

46
New Symbol generated with 9-Slice Scaling enabled

Double-click the newly generated symbol in the Symbols panel. Then, position the pointer
over any of the four guides and then drag the guide to move it. This step will scale the
symbols. After scaling the symbols, exit the isolation mode by clicking the Exit Isolated
Group button.

Image depicting the artboard displaying the 9-slice scaling guides

Grouping Objects

Grouping objects is a good option while working with multiple objects. When objects are
grouped, it appears as though it is one single object. Although the objects are grouped, it is
possible edit individual objects within a group and also perform various actions like select,
isolate, cut, copy, paste, move, recolor, and transform, without ungrouping them.

From the Object menu click Group. After grouping the objects once, use the Group
command again to form a Nested group.

47
To ungroup objects, click the Selection tool from the Tools panel. Then, select the objects
that have to be ungrouped. From the Objects menu, click Ungroup. Incase if you have
nested groups within an object, you can ungroup it by selecting the Ungroup command
again.

Image depicting the grouped and ungrouped objects

Reshaping paths with the Reshape tool

The Reshape tool is useful for extending the side of an object path by moving points and
segments around to modify the path. It is housed in the Tools panel. On selecting multiple
points using this tool, you can extend or contract the selection without making any changes to
the points that are not selected.

To reshape paths, click the Direct Selection tool from the Tools panel. Then, deselect the
existing selection by clicking on a blank area. Finally, click on the path to select an anchor
point.

From the Tools panel, select the Reshape tool. To drag multiple points at the same time,
keep the Shift key pressed on the keyboard and click the anchor points that you want to
select. You can also use the Selection tool from the Tools panel to select the paths that have
to be reshaped. After selecting the panels, drag any point or segment.

48
Image depicting a closed path reshaped with the Reshape tool

Image depicting non-aligned and aligned anchor points

■ Dividing paths

The Divide Objects Below command allows you to cut off and divide other objects using an
object shape. On cutting off other objects, the original selection is discarded. To divide a path,
begin by creating or selecting an object that you want to use as the cutting object. Keeping the
Selection tool selected, move the cutting object on top of the objects that you want to divide.
Next, to perform the dividing action, from the Object menu, click the Path command. A
submenu is displayed. Click Divide Objects Below. You can reshape the divided object by
dragging its edge.

Image depicting a path before and after applying the Divide Objects command

As you are aware, the Internet packages and handles data in small packets. In Illustrator, you
can create Web-friendly images not only by saving the images in Web-friendly formats but
also by slicing images. Slicing, as the name suggests, refers to cutting the images into various
pieces for making the entire graphic load faster and improve the speed.

49
■ The Slice tool

Using the Slice tool, you can slice documents and images. On slicing images, the individual
image size is compressed, which in turn contributes in loading the Web document at a faster
speed.

Using the Slice tool, you can:

 Create a user-defined slice by drawing directly on an image

 Compress the slices, which in turn helps in reducing the image size
 Use the Slice Select tool from the Tools panel to move, resize, and/or delete
slices

The Slice tool is available in the Tools panel. Incase if you wish to constrain the slice to a
square, you can do so by selecting the Slice tool and dragging the mouse cursor on the
screen while keeping the Shift key pressed on the keyboard. Solid blue lines depict this
category of user-category slices.

On creating slices in Illustrator, the spaces other than the user-defined slices are
occupied by automatic slices. There are two types of automatic slices in Illustrator. They
are:
 Auto slices - These slices appear automatically. Dotted red lines depict these
slices. These slices are numbered from left to right and top to bottom.
 Subslices – These are user-defined slices that overlap.

Image depicting slicing done with the Slice tool and selected with the Slice Select tool

■ Slicing using the Object menu

You can make slices using the Slice command from the Object menu. After selecting the
Slice command, click Make. The result is, slices that match the dimensions of the boundary
of the element in your artwork. On moving or modifying the element, you will observe that

50
the slice area adjusts itself automatically to accommodate the new artwork.

Image depicting slicing done for an artwork with the Make command

■ Setting Slice Options

The Slice Options command is available from the Slice submenu. This command activates
the Slice Options.

■ Setting Slice Option to No Image

To preview text written inside the Text Displayed in Cell window in any Internet browser,
you can set the Slice Type option to No Image.

You will now learn how it is done. Begin by creating slices using the Slice tool on a blank
document. Select a slice and open the Slice Options dialog box. In the Slice Options dialog
box, set the Slice Type option to No Image. In the Text Displayed in Cell window, type
the text and align it as per your requirement. Click OK.

Repeat the series of steps for the remaining slices. After you have set the Slice Type option
for all the slices, save the file onto your computer using the Save for Web & Devices
command from the File menu.

51
Preview your file in any browser available in your computer.

(a) Slice Options dialog box with No Image option selected; (b) Browser preview

■ Setting the Slice Type Option to Image

In addition to previewing the text that is displayed within the Text Displayed in Cell
window, you can also view the sliced image on the artboard in any browser. You can also
open a linked file with the click of a mouse.

All this is possible by setting the Slice Type option to Image. You will now learn how it is
done.

Place an image in the artboard using the Place command and create as many slices using
the Slice tool. After you have created the slices, select a slice using the Slice Select tool.
Open the Slice Options dialog box. Then, set the Slice Type option to Image. Enter the
address where the linked file is stored in the URL text box. Select from the available target
options and click OK. Finally, save the file onto your computer using the Save for Web &
Devices command from the File menu. Preview your file in any browser available in your
computer.

The following target options are available in the Slice Options dialog box: Blank – This
option opens the linked file in a blank window.

Self – This option opens the linked file in the same frame as the original file.

Parent – This option opens the linked file in its own original parent frameset.

52
 Top – This option removes all the current frames and replaces the entire browser
window with the linked file.

Slice Options dialog box with image option selected

Browser preview

The overlapping objects with different blending modes applied to the selected object

Overlapping objects with different blending modes applied to the selected object

53
Activity Notes:

Activity: Practice Tools

Working with Three Dimensions in Illustrator:

Extrude, Bevel, and Revolve objects

Illustrator comprises a variety of 3D effects that can convert 2D objects into 3D objects. The
3D effects available in Illustrator are as follows:

 Extrude & Bevel

 Revolve and Rotate

Every 3D object has more than one surface. For example, front, back, and sides. The
appearance of each 3D object with regard to the position, rotation, surface, lighting and
shading can be changed using these effects.

■ Extrude & Bevel

To apply the Extrude & Bevel effect, select an artwork onto which you want to apply this
effect. Then, from the Effect menu, select the 3D command. From the submenu that appears,
click Extrude & Bevel. A dialog box appears as shown .

54
The 3D Extrude & Bevel Options dialog box

The options available in the Extrude & Bevel Options dialog box are broadly classified
into th following headings:

 Position
 Extrude & Bevel
 Surface

Position defines the object’s perspective and rotation angle from the center (0) using the
X, Y, and Z indicators, which are indicated as red, green, and blue respectively in the
Extrude & Bevel Options dialog box.

The value of X determines the horizontal location of the object. When:

 Value > 0 – Object is positioned to the right of the center

 Value < 0 or negative – Object is positioned to the left of the center

The value of Y determines the vertical location of the object. When:

 Value > 0 - Object is positioned above the center

 Value < 0 or negative - Object is positioned below the center

The value of Z determines the depth of the object. In simpler terms, it indicates the
forward or backward distance of the object from the center. When:

 Value > 0 – Object is in front of the center

55
  Value < 0 or negative - Object is behind the center

Activity Notes:

Activity: Practice Extrude

■ Lighting options

The 3D Extrude & Bevel Options dialog box provides a variety of lighting options that
can be applied to your 3D object. You can change the lighting effects from back of the
object, or apply a new light or delete a light through the options placed below the lighting
preview sphere. You also have some additional options for

Diffuse Shading and Plastic Shading.

 Light Intensity - This option controls the appearance of lights. Values between 0 and
100 can be specified for this option.

 Ambient Light - This option changes the brightness of all the surfaces of an object.
Values between 0 and 100 can be specified for this option.

 Blend Steps - This option adjusts the smoothness of the shading on the object. Entering
a lesser value creates a matte look; whereas, entering a higher value creates a glossy,
shiny look.

 Highlight Intensity - This option controls the reflecting light. Entering a lesser value
creates a matte look; whereas, entering a higher value creates a glossy, shiny look.

 Highlight Size - This option is used to control the size of the highlight of the object 0
(none) to 100 (all).

In addition to the lighting options, there are options for shading. Black is the default color.
Colors can be changed and customized to suit your needs.

56
Image depicting 3D Extrude & Bevel Options applied to selected artwork

■ Revolve

Revolving, also referred to as lathing, is another technique of converting a 2D object into a

3D object. This technique involves spinning a 2D object around an axis at a specified
number of degrees, to create a 3D object.

To apply the Revolve effect, begin by selecting the artwork. Then, from the Effect menu,
select the 3D command. From the submenu that appears, select the Revolve command. The
Revolve dialog box appears. By default, the Revolve option is set to 360 degrees. However,
you can define a value between 1 and 360 for the revolve action to take place. Refer to Figure
4.25 to view the effect of the 3D revolve option applied on a selected artwork.

Image depicting the effect of the 3D revolve option applied on a selected artwork

Activity Notes:

57
Activity: Practice Lighting

Mapping 2D Art to 3D Surfaces

To create a 3D map out of a 2D object, begin by creating the text or object that you want to
map onto a 3D art. Then, make a symbol by dragging and placing the object into the Symbols
panel. Define the path that you want to turn into 3D. From the Effect menu, choose 3D and
then click Extrude & Bevel to display the 3D Extrude & Bevel Options dialog box

3D Extrude & Bevel Options dialog box along with the 3D path

Click Map Art to display the Map Art dialog box. In this dialog box, you can see the
number of surfaces on the object, starting with surface 1. Choose the surface that you want to
map and then choose a symbol from the Symbol menu. The symbol you created will appear
in this list.

Image depicting the Map Art dialog box with the created symbol listed

After you choose the art for the surface, click OK to exit the Map Art dialog box. When you
choose a symbol in the Map Art dialog box to map, the symbol appears in the center of the
58
screen with a bounding box around it. Using this box, you can stretch, rotate, or move the
object to accommodate the area you want. You can also preview the object mapped onto the
shape by selecting the Preview check box, in the Map Art dialog box.

Working with Text

Type Tools

On a broad level, in Illustrator, the type tools are classified into the Horizontal Type tools
and Vertical Type tools. The Horizontal Type tools include:

 Type
 Area Type
 Type on a Path

The Vertical Type tools include:

 Vertical Type
 Vertical Area Type
 Vertical Type on a Path

The functionality of the two categories of Type tools are the same, with the difference that
the direction of the type differs. Refer to Figure 2.55.

The different type tools

To access the Type tool, from the Tools panel, click the Type tool slot. Then, click the arrow
on the right of the Type tool’s menu to create a detachable panel. Descriptions of the various
available Type tools are as follows:

Type - This tool creates a type that is not related to the path. It can be used to enter type
along the edge of an open path or inside a closed path.

59
Image depicting text written with a Type tool, text written along an open path, and text
written inside a closed path

Area Type tool - This tool is used to create type inside an open or closed path.

Text written using the Area Type tool

Type on a Path - This tool, like the Type tool, is used to create type either along the outer
edge of an open or closed path.

60
Image depicting text on a path using type on a Path tool

Vertical Type - This tool, as the name suggests, creates vertical text. Its function is very
similar to that of the Type tool. The two tools - Type and Type Vertical - are used to create
type, known as point type that is not related with a path. Although this type is not associated
with a path, these tools can be used to enter type along the edge of an open path or inside a
closed path.

Image depicting text written using the Vertical Type tool

Vertical Area Type - Like the name, this tool is also used to create vertical type inside an
open or closed path.

61
Image depicting text written using the Vertical Area Type tool

Vertical Type on a Path - Like the Vertical Area Type, this tool is used to create vertical
type. The difference being that this tool is used to create type along the outer edge of an open
or closed path. To use this tool, click a blank area of the artboard, and then type some text on
it. Some Type tools also provide an option of drawing a text box to customize the type as per
your needs.

Image depicting text written using the Vertical Type on a Path tool

Move Type on a Path - This tool, as the name suggests is used to move the type on a path. To
do so, click the Selection tool or the Direct Selection tool from the Tools panel. Then, click
on the desired type. This will activate the brackets on all corners of the type. You can adjust
the position of the type on a path by dragging the bracket. Refer to Figure 2.62. You can also
perform the following actions using this tool:

● Swap Sides - Using this option, you can drag the center bracket to the other side to
change the inner or outer position of the type along the path.
● Left - Using this option, you can drag to position the left side (or starting point) of
the type along the path.
● Center - Using this option, you can drag left or right to position the type along the
path.
● Right - Using this option, you can drag to position the right side (or ending point)
of the type along the path.

Image depicting text moved along a path

62
Activity Notes:

Activity: Practice types of tools

Working with Overflow Type

You can type text within an object using the Area Type tool. On using this option, when the
text reaches the edge of the object, it automatically wraps to accommodate within the object.
You can use a rectangular area by selecting the Horizontal or Vertical Type tool and dragging
it in the work area.

While using the Area Type tool, on pasting or importing excess text into the placeholder, an
overflow symbol appears on the edge of the type object. This is depicted by a tiny red plus sign
in a square. You can click and drag the overflow symbol to either reshape the type object or
create a thread (link) to another type object, which could be either a new object or an existing
object. To view the thread connection that you just built, click the Show Text Threads
command from the View menu. You can also unthread or disconnect the type objects. Although
the two terms, unthread and disconnect may sound familiar, their function differs. When you
unthread type objects, the text within the type object remains in the first type object and it could
overflow. On the contrary, on disconnecting type objects, the text in the type objects does not
overflow, in other words, it remains as is.

To select the type object, from the Tools panel, select the Selection tool. Then, select the
desired type object with the Overflow type. Click the Out Port icon on the selected object.
The pointer changes to a Loaded Text pointer. Keeping the type object selected, you can:

Create a new type object for the overflow text either by clicking a blank area or by
dragging the cursor on the blank area to create a type object.

Use an existing type object by positioning the pointer over it, and then clicking the
object’s path. On doing so, a fill and stroke of None is applied to the path and overflow
text from the first type object threads to the second type object.

63
 Display text threads between the type objects by selecting a threaded type object. To
do so, you can select the Show Text Threads command from the View menu.

Unthread type objects by selecting the threaded type object using the Selection tool
from the Tools panel and double-clicking the In Port or Out Port icon on the selected
object.

Refer to Figure 2.63.

Image depicting text overflow carried onto next object

Working with the Character Panel

Using the Character panel is the easiest way to change the attributes of a character. Refer to
Figure 2.64.

The Character panel

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Most changes in the Character panel are also available as options in the Type menu. However,
if there is more than one change then it is better to use the Character panel. Character attribute
changes affect only the letters that are selected, with the exception of leading. Here, leading
refers to the spacing between lines.

Using the Character panel, you can:

Change fonts and styles - The Character panel allows you to change fonts and styles using
the Set the font family field. A small triangle appears beside this field, which when clicked
displays a list of available fonts.

Change type size - Below the Set the font style text field you find the Set the font
size text field. Using this field, you can change the type size of the selected characters.
You can specify a range between 0.1 points to 1296 points, in increments of 0.001 point.

Adjust the leading - Beside the Set the font size text field is the Set the leading text
field. Using this field, you can type a value for the leading, also known as the spacing
between lines in a range between 0.1 points and 1296 points, in increments of 0.001
point. A small triangle appears to the right of the set the leading text field, which when
clicked displays the list of common leading values. This field, has the Auto option that
sets the leading to 120% of the point size. The Auto option is helpful when the type is
10 points because the leading is 12 points. This is a common point size-to-leading
relationship.

Perform the kerning and tracking functions - Kerning refers to the amount of space
between any specific pair of letters. The kerning values can be changed only when the
insertion point is seen blinking between two characters. Tracking, refers to the amount
of space between all the currently selected letters. For example, on selecting the type
area with the selection tool, tracking is the space among all the characters in the entire
type area. On the other hand, if you select characters with a type tool, tracking refers to
the space between the selected letters. Although kerning and tracking are related and
appear to perform the same function, the duo work independently of each other.

Use the vertical and horizontal scales - Using the horizontal scale, you can control
the width of the type object. In other words, you can expand or condense it horizontally.
On the contrary, using the vertical scale you can control the height of the type object.

Use the baseline shift - This option moves individual characters either upward or
downward relative to their baseline (from leading). On specifying positive numbers, the
selected characters are moved up by the amount specified; whereas, on specifying
negative numbers, the characters are moved down by the amount specified.

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 Use character rotation - Using this option, you can tilt individual characters by
rotating them relative to the baseline without affecting the direction of the baseline.

Use text underlining and strikethrough - Using this option, you can underline or
strikethrough text. This can be done by clicking the Underline or Strikethrough button
at the bottom left of the Character panel.

Working with Paragraph Panel

The Paragraph panel is used to change the paragraph attributes. You can change the
paragraph attributes by selecting a type area using the Selection tool. On doing so,
changes affect every paragraph within the entire type area. To access the Paragraph
panel, click the Type command from the Window menu. From the submenu that
appears, click Paragraph. Alternatively, you can press the Alt+Ctrl+T keys on the
keyboard.

The Paragraph panel

The following options are available in the Paragraph panel:

Align left - This option aligns all the text to the left side of your page. This is the most
common and default setting and is often referred to as ragged right. This is because of the
uneven right side of the text. Alternatively, you can left align text by pressing the Ctrl+Shift+L
keys on the keyboard.
Align center - This option center aligns all lines of type in the paragraph either in
relation to each other, or to the point clicked. It can also be aligned to the location of the I-bar
in type on a path. Alternatively, you can center align text by pressing the Ctrl+Shift+C keys
on the keyboard.
Align right - This option is used to create a smooth and even right side. At the same
time, this option leaves an uneven left side. Alternatively, you can right align text by pressing
the Ctrl+Shift+R keys on the keyboard.
Justify with last line aligned left - This option is used to make all the lines, except the
last line appear smooth and even, on the left and right sides. The last line remains left aligned.
Justify with last line aligned center - This option is used to make all the lines, except
the last line, appear smooth and even on the left and right sides. The last line remains center
aligned.

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 Justify with last line aligned right - This option is used to make all the lines, except
the last line, appear smooth and even. The last line appears right aligned.
Justify all lines - This option is used for stretching a single line of type across a certain
width.
Spacing before or after paragraphs - It is possible to place additional spaces between
paragraphs by typing a number in the space before or after the paragraph text field.

2.4.5 Working with the OpenType Panel

In addition to the characters available on the keyboard, typefaces have an array of characters.
Some of the characters that form part of this group are as follows:

Ligatures

Fractions

Swashes

Ornaments

Ordinals

Titling and stylistic alternates

Superior and inferior characters

Old-style figures

Lining figures

Using the OpenType palette, you can specify when to use alternate characters in the
OpenType fonts. Refer to Figure 2.66.

Image depicting the OpenType panel

Character Styles and Paragraph Styles:

Group of format settings that can be used to create or modify the desired look is referred to as
a style. It is possible to customize the styles that you create. For example, while creating a new

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style you can specify if it should be applied to paragraphs or characters. You can also name
styles based on its purpose and for future use.

Paragraph and character styles are a group of format settings that is applied to text. However,
their usage is slightly different. Paragraph styles can be applied to the entire text within a
paragraph; whereas, character styles can be applied to any block of text, at the discretion of the
user. You can modify a style by adjusting the formatting settings of an existing style.
■ Character styles
Character styles can be applied to a selected range of text. Figure 2.67 displays the Character
Styles panel.

Image depicting the Character Styles panel

To create a character style, from the Character Styles panel, click the Options button.
Then, from the submenu, click New Character Style. In the New Character Style
Options dialog box that appears, type a name in the Style Name text box and click OK.
Select the newly created style from the Character Styles panel. Then, from the Options
submenu, choose Character Style Options. Alternatively, you can double-click the style
name. The Character Style Options dialog box appears. Refer to Figure 2.68. On the left
side of the dialog box, you can select the groups that you want to modify. Specify the
desired formatting attributes for the style and click OK.

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Character Style Options panel

■ Paragraph styles

Character and paragraph formatting attributes form part of the paragraph styles. Unlike
character styles, paragraph styles can be applied to any number of selected paragraphs.
Refer to Figure 2.69 to view the Paragraph Styles palette.

To create a paragraph style, click the Options button on the Paragraph Styles palette. From
the submenu, choose New Paragraph Style. The New Paragraph Style Options dialog box
appears. Type a name in the Style Name box and click OK. Select the style from the
Paragraph Styles palette. Then, from the Options submenu, choose Paragraph Style
Options. Alternatively, you can double-click on the style name. The Paragraph Style Options
dialog box appears. Refer to Figure 2.69. You can select the groups you want to modify from
the left side of the dialog box. Specify the desired formatting attributes for the style and click
OK.

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The Paragraph Style Options panel

Working with Glyphs

A glyph is a deviation from a particular style. It includes ligatures, ordinals, swashes, and
fractions, for a given character in an OpenType font. These fonts appear with an O next to the
font name and is available on the Font submenu. Although these fonts are platform independent
and house an array of fonts, more character styles can be added to extend the font format. For
example, properly formatted fractions can be included in place of fractions with numerals and
slashes. You can also insert alternate glyphs with the OpenType panel or insert them manually
with the Glyphs panel to extend the font format.

To replace or insert glyphs, select any type tool and select a character to replace a glyph or
click in text to insert a glyph. From the Type menu, select the Glyphs panel. From the
Window menu, select the Type command and click Glyphs. Select a different font and font
style. Click the Show List arrow and then select a glyphs category. Finally, double-click the
glyph that you want to replace or insert. Refer to Figure 2.70.

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 Image depicting the Glyphs panel

Wrapping Type Around an Object

While integrating artwork and graphics with your type, you can wrap text around objects to
create the desired results. You can wrap area type either around a path, or a placed graphic.
You can also wrap area type around any other type object. While performing this action, it is
important to ensure that the wrapped object is in front of the area type object. You should also
ensure that the object is in the same top-level, sublayer, or group.

Before you begin wrapping types, arrange the object to be wrapped. While you arrange, ensure
that the objects are overlapping. From the Layers panel, select the object to be wrapped. From
the Object menu, click Text Wrap. From the submenu, click Make. To adjust the text wrap
select the Text Wrap Options command from the Text Wrap submenu. Select the Preview
check box to view changes as you set options. Enter an Offset value to specify the distance
between the wrapped object and the type object. Then, click OK.

Refer to Figures 2.71 and 2.72.

Image displaying the Text Wrap Options dialog box

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Image before and after text wrap

Creating Type Outlines

The Create Outlines command converts characters in a type object into a separate object. It
also defines a path. Characters that have a shape within them, for example, characters like A
or B, are referred to as counters. These counters are converted into compound objects using
this command.

To use the Create Outlines command, begin by selecting the Selection tool from the Tools
panel. Select the type object or select characters in the type. From the Type menu, click Create
Outlines.

Incase if you wish to create separate objects from a compound object, you can do so by
selecting the Compound Path command from the Object menu. Then, click Release from
the submenu.

Refer to Figure 2.73 to view the result of the Create Outlines command when applied to
text.

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Image depicting text with the Create Outlines command applied to it

New outlines that are created inherit the fill and stroke and other attributes of the type. Hence,
it is best to preserve a copy of the type layers before you can use the Create Outlines
command.

Inner and Outer Glow

The Inner and Outer glow command is housed in the Stylize submenu, which in turn is
available in the Effect menu. Using this option you can apply special effects to an object. The
inner glow effect spreads a color from the edge of an object inward; whereas, the outer glow
effect spreads a color from the edge of the object outward. Refer to Figure 3.30

Image depicting (A) Original object (B) Outer Glow Options dialog box (C) Outer glow
applied to an object

The following settings can also be changed using the Outer Glow Options dialog box:

Color - Using this option, you can define a glow color.

Blend Mode - Using this option you can define the blending mode for the glow color.
Opacity - Using this option you can define the transparency of the glow.

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 Blur - Using this option you can define the distance to which the glow extends - either
inward or outward.

Drop Shadow

Using the Drop Shadow effect in Illustrator, you can apply soft, natural shadows to an object.
The Drop Shadow effect can be accessed from the Stylize submenu. The following options
can be modified in the Drop Shadow Options dialog box:

Blend Mode - Using this option you can define a blending mode for the shadow colors.

Opacity - Using this option you can define the transparency of the shadow.

X and Y Offset - Using this option you can define the distance of the shadow.

Blur - Using this option you can define how far the shadow extends inward or outward.

Color - Using this option you can specify the color; you can also define the darkness
of the color.

Activity Notes:

Activity: Paragraph Style, Text Style and Wrapping objects and Texts

Refer to Figure 3.31.

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 (A) Drop Shadow Options dialog box (B) Drop Shadow effect applied to an object

Convert Vector Objects to Bitmap Images

Illustrator provides you the option of rasterizing objects. It also allows you to customize it
using the options available in the Rasterize dialog box.
From the Object menu, select the Rasterize command. You can modify the following
options that are available in the Rasterize dialog box.
Color Mode - Using this option you can set the color mode to either CMYK, RGB,
Grayscale, or Bitmap.
Resolution - Using this option you can define the size of the screen in points per inch
(ppi). Description of the available resolutions are as follows:
● Screen - This option is used for Web or video output.
● Medium - This resolution is used for desktop printers.
● High - This resolution is used for commercial printing.
● Use Document Raster Effects Resolution - This applies the global resolution of
the document.
● Background - Using this option you can set the background as transparent or white.
Anti-alias - This option is used to soften the shape or type edges. This option comprises
the following options:
● ArtOptimized (Super Sampling) - This options is used to soften the shape edges.
● TypeOptimized (Hinted) - This option is used to soften the type edges.
None - This option is used to retain the jagged edges.

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 (A) Vector graphic (B) Image converted to raster

Effect Gallery

The Effect Gallery dialog box helps you monitor the effect that is being applied to an object.
This dialog box has three sections - Image Preview, Effect Selection, and Effect Controls.
Using this dialog box, you can not only preview the image but also remap the pixel
information within an image. The Effect Gallery command can be accessed from the Effect
menu. On selecting the Effect Gallery command the Effect Gallery dialog box appears.
Refer to Figure 3.33.

Image depicting the Effect Gallery in Illustrator

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Using the Effect Gallery dialog box, you can change the image preview either by clicking the
zoom buttons or by choosing from the preset zoom sizes.

Clicking the Expand Triangle, lists the various effect categories available for use, which are
as follows:

Artistic

Brush strokes

Distort

Sketch
Stylize

Texture

On selecting an effect, its default settings affect the image on the artboard. It is possible to
modify the results using the effect controls present in the gallery. Refer to Figure 3.34.

Image depicting the outcome of the Dry Brush Effect added to an artwork

Gaussian Blur effect

The Gaussian Blur effect is another technique that is not only used to blur an image but also
add depth to an image. For example, to create a hazy, out-of-focus effect on the image or
selection, you can focus on the foreground image and blur the background image.

77
To apply the Gaussian Blur effect, select a layer and then choose the Blur command from
the Effect menu. From the submenu that appears, select Gaussian Blur. You can increase or
decrease the amount of blur applied to an image either by dragging the slider or by entering
the desired pixel values. Refer to Figure 3.35

(A) Gaussian Blur dialog box (B) Result of the blur

Activity Notes:

Activity: Gaussian Blur Effect

Controlling effects using selections

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Typically, when you apply an effect in Illustrator, the effect is applied to the entire image,
Illustrator provides you with the option of applying an effect to a particular selection. To do
so, select the layer on which the effect has to be applied. Then, using the Direct Selection
tool from the Tools panel, make a selection in the document window. Next, to apply effects
to the selection, from the Effects menu, select the desired effect. The chosen effect will be
applied to the selection.

Unsharp Mask

The Unsharp Mask effect is used to create an illusion of sharpness. On applying this effect
to the selection, the bordering pixels get lighter and the darker pixels get darker. Refer to
Figure 3.36.

Image depicting the Unsharp Mask dialog box

You can modify values to the following fields in the Unsharp Mask dialog box:

Amount - This option indicates the increase in the contrast of pixels.

Radius - This option determines the number of pixels that surround the edge and affect
the sharpening.
Threshold - This value determines how much the sharp pixels must differ from
the surrounding area. Refer to Figure 3.37.

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 Image depicting the Unsharp Mask filter applied to an image

Scalable Vector Graphics

SVG is an open standard format based on XML. Illustrator not only supports files with the
SVG format but also allows files to be saved in this format. To save files in the SVG format,
click the Save command from the File menu. In the Save As dialog box that appears, select
SVG from the Save As Type drop-down list. Click OK. Alternatively, you can save files in
the SVG format from the Save for Web & Devices dialog box. Refer to Figures 5.10 and
5.11.

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Saving in SVG Format using Save As dialog box

SVG Options dialog box

You are provided with some additional options while saving SVG files. While saving files in
this format, you have the option of embedding fonts, or including them as separate links.

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Better still, you also have the option of embedding files and including them within the SVG
file. The mentioned actions can be performed using the SVG Options dialog box. Refer to
Table 5.2.

Description of the options available in the SVG Options dialog box

Image depicting drop shadow SVG Filter added to text

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Image depicting the drop shadow effect when previewed in the browser

Some of the effects applied to a file can be previewed only in the browser. These effects cannot
be viewed in Illustrator.

After an effect is applied, it gets listed in the Appearance panel. You can preview the effects
applied to a file using this panel. You can do so by selecting SVG Filter effect in the
Appearance panel. This will display all the SVG filters applied to a file.

You can also edit the applied filter by clicking the Edit SVG Filter button. Refer to Figure
5.14.

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(a) SVG Filter applied (b) Appearance panel showing SVG options (c) Apply SVG Filter
dialog box

Feather the edges of an object ( https://helpx.adobe.com/illustrator/using/drop-shadows-

glows-feathering.html )
1. Select the object or group (or target a layer in the
Layers panel).
2. Choose Effect > Stylize > Feather.
3. Set the distance over which the object fades from
opaque to transparent, and click OK.

Original object selected (left) and using feather effect (right)

Activity Notes:

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Activity: SVG Filter Effect and Feather Effect

UNIT – III
Photoshop and its interface,

Adobe Photoshop CS5 is a graphic design and image enhancement program. Photoshop CS5
Extended is an advanced application that is widely used by many multimedia professionals for
editing images. This new version is also a part of Adobe’s Creative Suite that helps create
designs for online media, print media, and mobile devices.

Photoshop CS5 includes additional Adobe programs and services like Bridge, CS Live,
Connect Now, Device Central, Extension Manager, and Extend Script Toolkit. These
additional programs will help in managing files more efficiently.

Significantly, Photoshop becomes a preferred software by the creative artists from

Hollywood, brochure designers, as well as casual users. Photoshop’s ability to manipulate
digital images, restore old photographs, as well as create digital artwork from scratch has
made Photoshop the undisputed leader in the digital industry. In terms of digital media,
Photoshop is one of the best software developed by the computer industry.

■ Menu bar: Provides a standard menu bar

■ Options bar: Provides options for the active working tool

■ Workspace menu: Provides switchovers between workspaces

■ Toolbox: Provides access to drawing, painting, and selection tools

■ Panels: Provides quick access to the various controls that are used to work with a
document

■ Document window: Provides a canvas to create graphic images or display the current
image

Figure below displays the Photoshop CS5 Extended interface.

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Photoshop CS5 Extended interface

■ Toolbox and Tool Options Bar

Toolbox
Photoshop provides plenty of tools that give the Photoshop designer enough control
over any creative designing limitations that may crop up. In total of 70 tools, there are
8 Selection tools, 10 Painting or Shape tools, 4 Type tools, 12 Restoring, and
Retouching tools. Also, there are collection, slicing, sampling, and viewing tools.
Knowing the fact there are so many tools available, it is very important to be aware of
those tools. Table1.1 displays shortcut keys for tools.

Figure 2.1 displays toolbox 1.

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Toolbox 1

Figure 2.2 displays toolbox 2.

Toolbox 2

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Using the Options Bar

The Options bar displays the options for the currently selected tool. If you have selected the
Shape Marquee tool, the related tool options include feather, style, width, and height. In case,
you are working with the Brush tools, available tool options include size, mode, opacity, and
tolerance. The Airbrush mode of the Brush tool also includes flow which is also an useful
option.

The Pencil tool options include Auto Erase along with the standard Brush tool options. The
Standard Shape tool Options bar includes Fill Pixels, Weight, Radius, Style, and Color.
The important thing to remember is that the Options bar is customized based on the tool you
have selected. Figure 2.3 displays the Tool Options bar.

Tool Options bar

Tool Presets
Tool Presets are used to set the tool settings so that it can be reused. To use and access tool
presets, click Tool Presets, on the Window menu. The Tool Presets palette is displayed.
Select and use a preset from the list that is displayed. If you want to create a tool preset,
select a tool and set its options in the Options bar.

You can also customize and create a tool preset. To add a new preset in the Tools Presets
palette, first select a tool and select its options from the Options bar. Then, click Create a
New Tool Preset. Then, enter a name for the tool preset and click OK. Refer to Figure 2.4.

Tool presets

Using Preset Manager

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Preset Manager is used mainly to manage the settings of various tools in Photoshop and reuse
further. Also, you can create new libraries and even make changes in the preset items. Existing
preset items can be loaded, saved and even renamed. The presets of different types of tools that
can be loaded are available in the Preset Type list. Once the library is loaded on the Preset
Manager, then it can be accessed from various locations such as the Options bar, dialog boxes,
or even palettes.

To work with Preset Manager, on the Edit menu, click Preset Manager. The Preset Manager
dialog box will appear.

You can create your own library from the Preset list. Select the type of tool from the Preset
Type list and make the settings. Then, click the Save Set button. In the Save dialog box, enter
a file name, select the location to store the library, and then click the Save button. If you have
to save it in the Presets folder, it will appear in the default preset location and the library name
will be displayed at the bottom of the palette menu.

Figure 2.5 displays the Creating a new tool preset dialog box.

Creating a new tool preset dialog box

● Selection Tools and Select Menu

In Photoshop, the most common procedure to work on any file is to select it and then edit it.
Here, you will learn about the various Selection tools and the Select menu.

2.3.1 Selection Tools

Photoshop provides various Selection tools to select the entire or part of an image. Once you
have made a selection, you can cut the object out, add drop shadows, adjust the
brightness/contrast, warp, and apply effects and filters, easily.
There are various tools available in the toolbox for selection, which are as follows:

■ Marquee tools

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 ■ Lasso tools

■ Magic Wand tools

■ Quick Mask

The Marquee, Lasso, and Magic Wand tools are situated at the top of the toolbox, whereas
the Quick Mask mode is available at the bottom.

■ Marquee tools

Marquee tools consist of Rectangular Marquee tool, Elliptical Marquee tool, Single
Row Marquee tool, and

Single Column Marquee tool. These four Marquee tools are grouped together in the
toolbox. To select any one of these tools, click the tool and select the one you need from
the flyout as shown in Figure 2.6.

The Rectangular Marquee tool makes rectangular selection. The Elliptical Marquee tool
makes elliptical selection. The Single Row Marquee tool makes horizontal selection, and
the Single Column Marquee tool makes vertical selection.

When you select any one of these tools, its related options are displayed in the Tool Options
bar. The options in this bar allow you to set the type of selection, feathering, and so on.
Figure 2.6 displays the Marquee tool Options bar.

Marquee Tool Options bar

To use the Marquee tools, select any one tool and set the options in the Options bar. Next,
drag the mouse pointer over the area that you want to select. If you want to restrict the
selection to a square or circle, then press and hold the Shift key while dragging.

The first four icons in the Options toolbar are selection options:

 New selection : When this option is selected, the currently selected area of an image
gets deselected, allowing you to make a new selection.

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  Add to selection : When this option is selected, the newly selected area of an image
gets added to the previous selection.
Subtract from selection : When this option is selected, the selected area of an
image will be removed from the previous selection.

■ Intersect with selection : When this option is selected and if you make a selection that
overlaps another selection, then only the overlapping area gets selected.
The Feather option is used to soften the edges of the selection. You should set feather
value before making a selection. Feather effect is visible only after you move, fill, cut or
copy the selection.
The Anti-Alias option is used to smoothen the edges of the selection. This option is not
available for the
Rectangular Marquee tool.
The Style options are used to make precise selections. You can select any one of the
following options from the list.
Normal: Select this option to determine the Marquee proportions.
Fixed Ratio: Select this option to define the ratio between the width and height of an
image.
Fixed Size: Select this option to define the height and width in pixels for every new selection.

Lasso tools

These tools consist of the Lasso tool, Polygonal Lasso tool, and Magnetic Lasso tool. All
these tools are grouped together in the toolbox. To select any irregular area, you can use these
tools. To select any one of these tools, click the tool and select the one you need from the
flyout as shown in Figure 2.7.

Lasso tools

The Lasso tool is used for drawing freehand selection border. The Polygonal Lasso tool is
used for drawing straight-edged selection border. The Magnetic Lasso tool is used to snap
the borders to the edges of the defined areas in the image. To use any of these tools, select
it from the toolbox and set the options in the

Options bar.

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The Lasso tool and the Marquee tool options are similar in the Options bar, except that
there are additional options available for the Magnetic Lasso tool. Refer to Figure 2.8

Magnetic Lasso Tool Options bar

The Width option sets the distance of the cursor from the edge of the area you are selecting.
The Contrast option designates how strong or weak the edges in the image respond to the
Magnetic Lasso tool. When you select an area using the Magnetic Lasso tool, it adds
points on the edge of the selected area. Frequency option determines how often the
Magnetic Lasso tool will place the points. If you enter a higher value, more points will be
placed as you drag the tool on the edge of the area to select.

While using the Lasso tool, drag the mouse pointer to draw a selection. To close the
selection border, release the mouse button. If you press and hold the Alt key and click, then
the Lasso tool changes to the Polygonal Lasso tool and you can make a straight-edged
selection.

While using the Polygonal Lasso tool, you need to click on different points on the edges.
The area will be selected in a series of straight lines. To close the selection, double-click
the Polygonal Lasso tool pointer or keep the pointer at the starting point of the selection
and click. If you press and hold the Alt key and click, then the Polygonal Lasso tool
changes to Lasso tool and you can make a free hand selection.

While using the Magnetic Lasso tool, click to set the selection and move the mouse pointer
along the edges. It is not necessary to press and hold down the mouse button while moving
the pointer. As the mouse pointer is moved, depending on the width set on the Options bar,
the selection snaps to the strongest edge in the area. The intermediate points are added to
the selection border after regular intervals. While tracing the edge, you can also add a point
by clicking.

Press and hold the Alt key to change to either a Lasso tool or Polygonal Lasso tool. Keep
the Alt key pressed and drag the mouse to draw freehand borders. Double-click the tool
pointer to close the selection border.

Magic Wand tools

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 These tools consist of the Magic Wand tool and Quick Selection tool. The Magic Wand
tools are grouped together in the toolbox. You can use this tool to select any particular area
of an image by just clicking on the desired color. You can even paint a selection by using
an adjustable round brush tip.

To select any one of these tools, click the tool and select the one you need from the flyout as
shown in Figure 2.9.

Magic Wand tools

The Magic Wand tool options in the Options bar are quite similar to the Marquee tools
except that there are additional options available for this tool. Refer to Figure 2.10.

Magic Wand Tool Options bar

The Tolerance option is used to determine the similarity or difference of the pixels
selected. A lower value allows you to select color similar to the pixel and a higher value
gives you a wide range of colors to select. Contiguous option is used to select adjacent
areas using the similar colors or all pixels in the entire image using the similar colors. If the
Sample All Layer check box is selected, the Magic Wand tool will select colors from all
the visible layers. Otherwise, it selects from the active layer.

The Quick Selection tool provides an adjustable round brush tip. You can use the adjustable
brush tip to paint a selection and also expand the selection by dragging it outward. When the
Quick Selection tool is selected, some of the options on the Options bar are different when
compared to the other Selection tools. Refer to Figure 2.11.

Quick Selection Tool Options bar

The first three icons in the Options bar are the selection options, which are used to create
new selection, or add to selection, or subtract from selection. These selection options are
similar to the Marquee tools.

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 The Brush option is used to select the brush size, angle, and roundness. Click the down
arrow of the Brush to open the Brush menu palette. Diameter is used to change the brush
size. Enter a value in the Diameter box or move the slider to change the brush size. The
Hardness slider is used to define how hard or soft the brush should be. At 100%, the Brush
tool paints with the hardest brush tip. The Spacing option controls how frequently the spots
are emitted and is measured in percentage. The Sample All Layers option is similar to the
Magic Wand Wool option. The Auto-Enhance option is used to reduce the roughness in
the selection boundary.

To use the Quick Selection tool, select the tool from the toolbox. Set the options in the
Options bar and then paint inside the area of an image that you want to select. When you
start painting on an image, the selection expands. To remove a part of the selection area,
on the Options bar, click Subtract from selection. Then, resize your selection area.
Similarly, to add a selection to the selection area, click Add to selection and then, click on
the selection area.

Select Menu

In addition to the Selection tools, Photoshop also provides various commands in the Select
menu to select an image. The Select menu can also be used to modify a selection. The
various Select menu commands are:

All: This command is used to select a whole image.

Deselect: This command is used to remove the selection you have made.

Reselect: This command is used to reselect the selection you have unselected.

Inverse: This command is used to invert the selection, that is, the unselected areas
become selected and the selected areas are unselected.

Color Range: This command is used to select areas of an image based on the specified color.
To make a selection using Color Range, select this command from the Select menu. The
Color Range dialog box as shown in Figure 2.14 will be displayed

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Color Range dialog box

Depending on the preset colors or tones, you can select a color range. For example,
choosing blue automatically selects all the blue in the image. Choosing shadows selects
all the darker areas in the image. The Sampled Colors option in the list is used to select
colors from image. Select this option and then click on the image to select the colors.
By default, you can select one color at a time. To add or subtract colors, click the plus
or minus eyedropper situated at the right side of the dialog box.

To adjust the tolerance of the selection, select the Fuzziness option. Drag the Fuzziness
slider or enter a value in the Fuzziness box. Higher values will increase the selection.
As you drag the slider or enter a value in the box, the changes are reflected in the
Preview window. The area that will be selected appears as white in the Preview
window.

You can select any of the following display options for the Preview window:

Selection: When this option is selected, the selection is previewed as a mask. All
the selected areas are displayed as white areas. The unselected pixels appear as
black areas and partially selected pixels appear as gray areas.

Image: When this option is selected, the original image is previewed.

The Selection Preview list at the bottom of the dialog box is used to select the type of
the selection preview in the original image. The options available in the list are as
follows:

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 None: If you select this option, there is no preview of selection in the original image
document.

Grayscale: If you select this option, the selected areas are previewed as gray in the
original image document.

Black Matte: If you select this option, the unselected areas are previewed as black
matte in the original image document.

White Matte: If you select this option, the unselected areas are previewed as white
matte in the original image document.

Quick Mask: If you select this option, unselected areas are previewed as
semitransparent color in the original image. The default color of the Quick Mask is
red.

The Invert check box is used to reverse the selection. When you click OK, Photoshop
will convert the selected color to selection.

Refine Selection Edges: This command is used to improve the edges of a selection.
This command can also be accessed from the Options bar of all the Selection tools.

To refine selection edges, you need to first make a selection with any of the Selection tool
and then select the Refine Selection Edges command. The Refine Selection Edge dialog box
as shown in Figure 2.15 will be displayed.

Refine Selection Edge dialog box

Next, fine-tune the selection by adjusting different options in the dialog box and click
OK to create a selection.

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 In the dialog box, the Radius option refines the selection edge, the Contrast option
makes soft edges crisp, and the Smooth option removes any jagged edges. The Feather
option softens the selected edges and the Contract/Expand option will grow or shrink
a selection. The five selection view icons at the bottom of the dialog box are used to
view selection in different modes. The available views are Standard, Quick Mask,

Black Background, White Background, and Mask.

Modify: This command is used to modify a selection, such as applying borders to

selection, making smooth selection, and expanding or contracting a selection. The various
options are as follows:

Border: This option helps to set a border for a selected area. To apply this option, make a
selection; on the Select menu, point to Modify, and then click Border. The Border
Selection dialog box will be displayed. Enter a value for the border of new selection and
click OK. You will see that the new selection frames the previously selected area.

Smooth: This option smoothens the sharp angles of a selection. For example, to convert
the sharp edges of the rectangle to curved edges, you can use this option. To apply this
option, first make a selection, then on the Select menu, point to Modify, and then click
Smooth. The Smooth Selection dialog box will be displayed. Enter a value in the Sample
Radius box and click OK. You can see that the angles of the selection become smooth.

Expand: This option enlarges the selection by specific number of pixels. To apply this
option, first make a selection, then on the Select menu, point to Modify, and then click
Expand. The Expand Selection dialog box will be displayed. Enter a value in the Expand
By box and click OK.

Contract: This option makes the selection smaller by specific number of pixels. To apply
this option, first make a selection, then on the Select menu, point to Modify, and then click
Contract. The Contract Selection dialog box will be displayed. Enter a value in the
Contract By box and click OK.

Feather: This option softens the edges of a selection. To apply this option, first make a
selection, then on the Select menu, point to Modify, and then click Feather. The Feather
Selection dialog box will be displayed. Enter a value in the Feather Radius box and click
OK. Feather effect can also be applied using the Refine Edges command.

Smart Radius: This option is used to automatically apply the best radius to create an
accurate selection.

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 Decontaminate Colors: This tool is used to remove background color around the edge by
the amount

(%).

Refine Edge dialog box

Let’s understand the steps of How to Use the Refine Edge tool:

Click Refine Edge from the Options bar, or click the Select menu and then click
Refine Edge. Refer to Figure 2.16.

To change the view size or position, use the Zoom or Hand tools.

To change the view modes, click a Selection View list arrow, and then select a view.
To change the view modes, click a Selection View list arrow, and then select a view.
To view the radius defined selection select the Show Radius button. To view the
original selection select the Show Original button.

There are two edge detection options. To automatically apply the best radius to
create an accurate selection, select the Smart Radius edge detection option. Select
the Radius option to drag the slider to specify the size of the selection. You can also
increase the size of the radius to create a more exact selection.

Click the Output To List arrow and then select Decontaminate Colors to remove
background color around the edge by the amount (%).You can also use this option
along with the Refine Radius and Erase Refinements tools to remove residual
background color from around the edges of a selection.

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 To remember your settings for use next time, select the Remember Settings check
box.

■ Grow command: This command increases the selection, thereby covering pixels that
are adjacent and have similar color to the current selection.

■ Similar command: This command increases the selection, thereby covering pixels that
are available throughout the image and have similar color to the current selection.

To increase the selection in increments, choose either command more than once.

Transform command: This command is used to manipulate selections such as scaling,

rotating, and skewing. On selecting this command, a bounding box with handles appears
around the selection.

To apply transformation, double-click inside the bounding box or click the Commit
transform button on the Options bar. To cancel the transformation, press the Esc key
or click the Cancel transform button on the Options bar. You can also transform a
selection numerically using the options available on the Options bar. Additional
transformation commands can also be accessed by right-clicking inside the bounding
box.

Save Selection command: This command is used to save a selection so that you can reuse it
later. To save a selection, you need to first make a selection and then select the Save
Selection command. The Save Selection dialog box as shown in Figure 2.17 will be
displayed.

Save Selection dialog box

In the Name box enter a name for the selection and click OK. If you want to combine a
selection with another saved selection, first select the saved selection from the Channel list
and then select one of the following options:

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 Replace Channel: This option allows you to replace the current selection in the
channel.

Add to Channel: This option allows you to add the selection to the current channel.

Subtract From Channel: This option allows you to delete the selection from the
channel.

Intersect With Channel: This option allows you to retain the areas of the new selection
that intersect with the channel.

When you save a selection, it is displayed as mask in the Channels palette. To open the
Channels palette, on the Window menu, click Channels. You can also save a selection using
the Channels palette. To do so, make a selection and then click the Save selection as
channel button at the bottom of the Channels palette.

Load Selection Command: This command is used to load previously saved selections. To
load a saved selection, on the Select menu, click Load Selection. The Load Selection dialog
box as shown in Figure 2.18 will be displayed. In this dialog box, from the Channel list,
select the selection that you want to load and click OK.

Load Selection dialog box

If an image contains a selection, then you can use the Operation section in the dialog box
to specify how to combine the selections. The various options available in this section
are:

New Selection: This option is used to load a selection.

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 Add To Selection: This option is used to add a load selection to any existing selections
in the image.

Subtract From Selection: This option is used to subtract a load selection from existing
selections in the image.

Intersect With Selection: This option is used to save a selection from an area
intersected by the load selection and existing selections in the image.

To load a selection from another image, open the image and then in the Load Selection
dialog box, select the other image from the Document list.

You can also load a selection from Channels palette by clicking the Load channel as
selection button at the bottom of the Channels palette.

Refine Selection Edges: This command is used to improve the edges of a selection. This
command can also be accessed from the Options bar of all the Selection tools.

To refine selection edges, you need to first make a selection with any of the Selection tool
and then select the Refine Selection Edges command. The Refine Edges dialog box as
shown in Figure 2.15 will be displayed.

Content-Aware Tool

The Content- Aware fill option is an amazing feature of Photoshop CS5. Using this tool, you
can quickly replace the content in a selection. This tool is very useful to get rid of an unwanted
element and replace it with details that match the surrounding area. It works either along with
the Spot Healing Brush or using the Fill dialog box. You can select the element to be removed,
and then use the Content-Aware option in the Fill dialog box to replace the selection with
details from the area surrounding the selection. If you prefer using a brush, you can also click
the

Content-Aware option on the Options bar for the Spot Healing Brush tool. As you paint,
the Spot Healing brush fills in the area with the details that surround the painted area. Refer
to Figure 2.19

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Content-Aware Fill option

Following are the steps to work with the Content- Aware tool along with the Spot Healing
Brush tool:

Select the Spot Healing Brush tool from the toolbox

Click the Content-Aware Fill option from the Control Panel.

Paint where you want an element to remove in a continuous stroke (fill in the entire area).
When you release the mouse, Photoshop automatically removes the element and fills in the
area using details from the painted edge.

Refer to Figure 2.20 displays the Content-Aware Fill with the Spot Healing Brush tool.

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Content-Aware Fill with the Spot Healing Brush tool

Steps to use the Content- Aware tool using the Fill dialog box:

Make your desired selection of the element using any of the selection tools.

To create an exact selection, use the Quick Selection tool on the toolbox, and use the
Refine Edge button on the Control Panel.

Keeping the area selected, on the Edit menu, click the Fill command.

Click on the Use list arrow, and then select the Content-Aware tool.

Click OK.

Photoshop can now examine the contents of the image and try to fill in the selected area
with actual image detail.

Figure 2.21 displays Content- Aware tool with the Fill dialog box.

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Content-Aware Fill with the Fill dialog box

Figure 2.22 displays Removed Element.

Removed Element

Puppet Warp Tool

Puppet Warp tool allows you to make adjustments in an image, as you can push and pull the
elements in an image. Using this tool, you may add or remove handles known as pins and

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drag them to stretch or move the entire image or parts of image. With this tool, you can give
an arty flare or you can fit an image into any specific space by warping, stretching, or
repositioning the elements of the image. Select the areas of an image and then click the
Puppet Warp tool and you can create a mesh.

Following options are available in the Puppet Warp tool:

Show Mesh: It is used to show mesh. Deselect it to hide the mesh. This option is used
to modify the mesh.

Mesh: It is used to place pins on the image or parts of the image to create points that
don’t move. If you want to move the pins, select one or more pins that you want to
move, and then drag one or use the arrow keys to warp the image.

Density: It is used to adjust the density of the pixels and select from the options Fewer
Points, Normal, More Points. It is also used for modifying the mesh.

Expansion: It is used to specify a pixel size, either to increase or decrease the mesh and
you can modify the mesh.

Mode: It is used to select from any of the warp modes Rigid, Normal, or Distort.

Select or Deselect Pins: It is used to deselect all pins. Use Shift+click a pin, or press
Ctrl+A to select all or press Ctrl+D to deselect all.

Remove Pins: It is used to remove all pins. Either you hold Alt+click a pin to remove
or click the Remove All Pins button.

Temporarily Hide Pins. It is used to temporarily hide the pins. You need to press H
to hide the pins.

Forward or Backward Pin Depth buttons: It is used to adjust the overlap from
background areas.

Commit: It is used to keep the changes. Click the Cancel button to cancel the change.

Figure 2.23 displays the Puppet Warp tool.

Activity Notes:

Activity: Content-Aware Tool, Puppet Warp Tool

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Puppet Warp tool

Channels:

Channels have grayscale images. They store information channels and selections. When a new
image is opened, color information channels get created automatically. The number of color
channels depends on the color mode of the image. For example, an RGB image has three
channels for red, green, and blue colors. An image can have maximum of 56 channels.

The Channels palette displays all the channels in an image. On the left of the channel’s
name, a thumbnail displaying the contents of the channel appears. To access the Channel
palette, on the Window menu, click Channels. Refer to Figure 7.1.

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Channels palette

Click a channel name in the palette to select a channel. You can modify a channel in such a
way that it does not affect other channels. To modify a channel, you can either use the
Painting tool or the Editing tool. You can paint a single channel at a time. The white paint
gives 100% intensity to the channel’s color. The black paint removes the channel’s color
completely, whereas, gray paint gives lower intensity to the channel’s color.

Photoshop displays the content of a selected channel in the current image window. When a
particular channel is selected, other channels are hidden. However, you can view other channels
that you are not modifying. To view the hidden channels, click the Visibility icon appearing as
an eye in a box on the left of the palette. An eye appearing next to the box indicates that the
channel is visible. If only one channel appears in the Channels palette, the image’s color is
grayscale. On the other hand, if multiple channels appear, the image window shows colored
image.

Using the Channels palette, you can store selections and reuse them while modifying the
image.

If you want to reuse a selection, you can save the selection in the alpha channel permanently.
To save selections, on the Select menu, click Save Selection. The selection will be saved as a
new channel with the default name ‘Alpha 1’. When you open the Channels palette, you can
notice the saved selection in the alpha channel named as ‘Alpha 1’, as shown in Figure 7.2.

107
Selection in Channels palette

An alpha channel consists of a black and white map. When you load a selection, the black area
remains unaffected by changes. On the other hand, the white area gets affected by the changes
that you make.

To load the saved selection, press the Ctrl key and then click the channel that contains the
selection.

You can also create a replica of a channel in an image or some other image. To create a
replica in an image, select the channel and then drag it over the New Channel button
appearing at the bottom. To create a replica into another image, open the destination image.
Then, drag the channel and place it on the destination image window. You can view the
replica of the channel at the bottom of the palette.

Color Range: This command is used to select areas of an image based on the specified color.
To make a selection using Color Range, select this command from the Select menu. The
Color Range dialog box as shown in Figure 2.14 will be displayed.

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Color Range dialog box

Depending on the preset colors or tones, you can select a color range. For example,
choosing blue automatically selects all the blue in the image. Choosing shadows selects
all the darker areas in the image. The Sampled Colors option in the list is used to select
colors from image. Select this option and then click on the image to select the colors.
By default, you can select one color at a time. To add or subtract colors, click the plus
or minus eyedropper situated at the right side of the dialog box.

To adjust the tolerance of the selection, select the Fuzziness option. Drag the Fuzziness
slider or enter a value in the Fuzziness box. Higher values will increase the selection.
As you drag the slider or enter a value in the box, the changes are reflected in the
Preview window. The area that will be selected appears as white in the Preview
window.

You can select any of the following display options for the Preview window:

Selection: When this option is selected, the selection is previewed as a mask. All
the selected areas are displayed as white areas. The unselected pixels appear as
black areas and partially selected pixels appear as gray areas.

Image: When this option is selected, the original image is previewed.

Activity Notes:

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Activity: Color Range Tool

Layer Mask

Layer Mask is used to hide portions of the layer and reveal the layers lying underneath. For
blending multiple photos into a single image, masking layers is considered as a valuable
compositing technique.

While adding a layer mask, you need to decide whether you want to hide or show the entire
layer. To hide the portions of that layer and reveal the layers beneath, you can paint the mask
later. You can also create a layer mask by making a selection before creating the mask. This
will automatically hide a portion of the layer.

To add a layer mask, select a layer or layer group and then click the Add layer mask button
in the Layers palette. An empty layer will be added next to the selected layer with the Link
icon in between. Select the empty layer. Then, using the Brush tool start painting on the
image. You will notice that as you paint, the portion of the image gets hidden and the layer
beneath the selected layer is revealed.

Vector Mask:

A layer mask covers areas of your Photoshop Creative Suites 5 image that you want to make
transparent and exposes pixels that you want visible. Masks can be based on a selection
you’ve created with the selection tools, by painting on the mask itself or by using the Pen tool
to create a path around the object you want to keep visible (known as a vector mask).

A vector mask masks a selection, but it does so with the precision you can get only from
using a path. The following steps show you another, slightly more precise, way to create a
layer mask by using a pen path:

1. Use the Pen tool and click from point to point to make a closed pen path.
If you already have a path, choose Windows→Paths and click a path to select it.

2. On the Layers panel, click the Layer Mask button and then click it again.

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 Wow — a mask from your pen path! Anything not contained within the path is now
masked out. Use the Direct Selection tool to edit the path, if necessary.

Create a mask from your pen path.

If you no longer want a vector mask, drag the thumbnail to the Trash Can in the Layers panel.
An Alert dialog box appears, asking whether you want to discard the mask or apply it. Click
the Discard button to revert your image to the way it appeared before applying the mask or
click the Apply button to apply the masked area.

Blending Modes

Layer Blending modes are used to determine how the pixels in a layer or group are blended
with the underlying pixels in an image. By applying modes to layers, you can create a variety
of special effects. Pass Through is the default blending mode of layer groups, which means
that the group does not have its own blending properties. Pass Through blending allows the
blending modes and adjustments of the layers within the group to interact with the layers
outside the group.

In Pass Through blending, the base color is the original color of the image. The blend color is
the color that is applied with the Painting or Editing tool. The resulting color is the color
formed due to blending.

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Two or more layers are required to use the layer blend modes. The blend modes react with the
layer below it. The Blend mode pop-up will be grayed out, if only the background is available,
as these modes cannot be applied to the background.

To apply a Blend mode to an image, select a layer and then choose a mode from the Mode list
in the Layers palette. Refer to Figure 3.10.

Available blending modes

Following are the different blending modes and their features:

 Normal: This is the default mode. Normally, this option displays images in the active
layer, regardless of the image in the underlying layers. When the Opacity or Fill values
are set as less than 100 percent, the image color in the active layer is averaged with the
image color in the layers behind it. This mode is called Threshold, when you are
working with a bitmapped or indexed-color image.

 Dissolve: This mode dithers all pixels in a layer. This option affects the feathered edges
of an image. If the image in the active layer is having hard edges and if it is entirely
opaque, then Dissolve has no effect. However, if you reduce the Opacity value,
Dissolve will dither all pixels.

 Darken: In this mode, the pixel value of the upper layer is compared with the lower
layer and the darker one is displayed. Darken mode selects the darker color after
observing the color information in each channel. The pixels darker than the blend color
are retained, whereas lighter pixels are replaced.

 Multiply: This mode darkens the bottom layer based on the darkness of the upper layer.
Multiplying any color with black, creates black, but multiplying any color with white,
leaves the color unaffected. Successive strokes with a Painting tool makes

112
 progressively darker colors. The effect is similar to drawing on the image with multiple
magic markers.

 Color Burn: This mode darkens the base color to reproduce the blend color. This mode
looks at the color information in each channel.

 Linear Burn: This mode is similar to Color Burn, but the only variation here is that it
darkens the base color to reproduce the blend color and produces no change on blending
with white.

 Lighten: This mode compares the color information for each pixel of the base and blend
color. It then applies the lighter color as the result.

 Screen: This mode brightens the lower layer based on the lightness of the upper layer.
The color remains unchanged on screening with black. It produces white on screening
with white. The effect is similar to projecting multiple photographic slides on top of
each other.

 Color Dodge: While reflecting the blend color, this mode decreases the contrast to
brighten the base color. On blending with black color, you will not find any change in
the color.

 Linear Dodge: This mode is similar to Color Dodge mode. The only difference here
is that by increasing the brightness, the base color is brightened to reflect the blend
color.

 Overlay: In this mode, while mixing the base color and the blend color, the highlights
and shadows of the base colors are preserved.

 Soft Light: This mode darkens or lightens colors, depending on the blend color. The
effect is similar to shining a diffused spotlight on an image.

 Hard Light: In this mode, the base images are made lighter or darker depending on the
brightness of the blend color, just like shining a harsh spotlight on the image.

 Vivid Light: This mode also lightens or darkens the base image depending on the
brightness of the blend color. However, the result is even more intense than Soft Light
and Hard Light modes.

 Linear Light: This mode lightens or darkens the color by increasing or decreasing
brightness instead of contrast. The other features are similar to the Vivid Light mode.

 Pin Light: In this mode, the lower layer pixels are changed depending on the brightness
of the upper layer. If the upper layer color is darker than neutral gray, then this mode
will act like the Multiply mode. It acts like Screen mode, if the upper layer color is
lighter than neutral gray.

113
  Hard Mix: This mode adds the red, green, and blue channel values of the blend color
to the RGB values of the base color.

 Difference: The Difference mode observes the color information in every channel.
Depending on the higher brightness value, it takes off either the blend color from the
base color or the base color from the blend color. This mode inverts the base color
values on blending with white and produces no change on blending with black.

 Exclusion: This mode creates a similar, but lower effect than the Difference mode.
This mode inverts the base color values on blending with white and produces no change
on blending with black.

 Hue: This mode creates a secondary color with shade of the blend color and luminance
and saturation of the base color.

 Saturation: This mode creates a resultant color with the saturation of the blend color
and luminance and hue of the base color. When painting with this mode in an area with
no (0) saturation (gray), it reflects no change.

 Color: This mode creates a resultant color with the luminance of the base color and the
hue and saturation of the blend color. This is useful for preserving the gray levels in
images, coloring monochrome images, and tinting color images.

 Luminosity: This mode creates a secondary color with the hue and saturation of the
base color and luminance of the blend color. It creates an opposite effect from that of
the Color mode.

Refer to Figure 3.11 to view the various blending mode effects.

Blending mode effects

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, advanced selections-1(on the basis of channels, color range, extract, filter etc), Exercises on
selections, Play with Photoshop, Filter Gallery, Exercises, Bring some object and try to make
it in computer, Make your own cartoon character.

Color Theory, Make a perfect cropping of some images using Photoshop, Prepare a cut-out of
some images using Photoshop, Place nice background for those images, Prepare nice
background using gradient tool, Scan various images, Color adjustment of those images
(PHOTO RETOUCHING).

Activity Notes:

Activity: Photo Retouching

115
UNIT – IV
Make Nature scene (winter) digital painting, Make Nature scene (summer) digital painting.
Make digital painting (Use brush, pencil, smudge etc), Make something like modern art
keeping in mind color combination, make a collage of Indian art and culture. Make a collage
of wildlife animals, Make a portrait of celebrity (Digital painting).Convert a B&W image into
color (Use variation), "Choose a theme (Music, Festivals, Sports, Dance) and Design 5-8
graphics on them.", Color Modes, Color Corrections, Advanced color correction techniques
(levels, Curves, Hue, Saturation etc), Design that Ad from your own style. Design motifs
tribe art, Make an animal character, "Plan a story of that character & Make its backgrounds in
three/four frames", Make posters on nature/earth, Matte Painting- Composition, Creating
images for the web: Exporting images from Photoshop.

Activity Notes:

Activity: Making Nature Scene (winter)

Activity Notes:

Activity: Digital Painting Making Nature Scene (summer)

116
Activity Notes:

Activity: Modern Art

Activity Notes:

Activity: Collage of Indian Art and Culture

Activity Notes:

Activity: Collage of Wildlife Animals

117
Activity Notes:

Activity: portrait of celebrity (Digital painting)

Activity Notes:

Activity: Convert a B&W image into color (Use variation), "Choose a theme (Music,
Festivals, Sports, Dance) and Design 5-8 graphics on them

Activity Notes:

Activity: Design that Ad from your own style. Design motifs tribe art, Make an animal
character, "Plan a story of that character & Make its backgrounds in three/four frames"

118
Activity Notes:

Activity: Make posters on nature/earth, Matte Painting- Composition, Creating images for the
web: Exporting images from Photoshop

Bibliography

https://helpx.adobe.com/illustrator/using/importing-artwork-files.html

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