Relative clauses

and pronouns
Pronouns
 Types of pronouns
01 02
Personal pronouns Demostrative
pronouns
The personal pronouns I, you, Like the other pronouns, the
he/she, we, you, they are the demonstratives this, that, these
first ones we learn and we use and those serve to replace the
them in the subject position. noun. In the case of
When the pronoun occupies demonstratives, they substitute
the object position we use me, for nouns that have been
you, you, him, her, it, us, and mentioned earlier in the text or
them. sentence and are therefore
understood by the context.
A demonstrative pronoun will
indicate whether the noun to
which it refers is singular or plural
and whether it is near or far away
(spatial, temporal or any other
kind of distance).
03 04
Interrogative Indefinite
pronouns pronouns
The main interrogative Indefinite pronouns refer to
pronouns are who, whom, an unspecific person or
whose, which, what, object. There are many,
although the most common
although other pronouns
are all, any, anyone,
(whoever, whomever,
anything, each, everybody,
whichever, whatever) are
everyone, everything, few,
also used. These pronouns
many, nobody, none, one,
are used in interrogative
several, some, somebody,
sentences.
someone.
05
Possessive
pronouns
Possessive pronouns and
possessive adjectives are
usually spoken of together,
although they still serve a
different grammatical
function.
They are used to express
that something belongs to
someone
 06 07 08

Reciprocal Relative Reflexive

Pronouns Pronouns Pronouns
These curious pronouns are
used to express a Relative pronouns (that, The reflexive pronouns are
which, which, who, myself, yourself, herself,
relationship or mutual himself, itself, ourselves,
action between two people whom, whose) are the
yourselves, and themselves.
or objects. There are two ones that introduce These pronouns can be used
reciprocal pronouns: each relative subordinate either to indicate that
other and one another, but clauses, which serve to someone or something
expand information performs an action on itself
when to use each one?
or simply for emphasis.

about the antecedent
To begin with, we should noun or to specify to
note that the antecedent of which it refers.
a reciprocal pronoun must

be plural, either a plural Choosing one or the

noun or several nouns. other relative pronoun

To begin with, we should note that the antecedent of a reciprocal pronoun must be plural, either a plural noun or several nouns.
depends on whether we
are referring to an
object or a person, who
and whom are used for
persons, which for
objects and that and
whose for objects or
persons.
Relative clauses
 Types
His boyfriend, who is from
The cushions that are on Madrid, is studying Maths
the couch are purple and It belongs to Non-defining
green. relative clauses
are those that exercise This would be a defining (explanatory subordinate
the subordinate function relative clause (specific
clauses). This type of
with respect to a main subordinate clause). This
type of clause gives the clause provides additional
sentence, adding more necessary information to information about the
information about a understand what we are person or thing we are
thing or a person that referring to and does not
referring to, but it is not
had already been use commas. This is the
case of the sentence in the essential to identify it. In
mentioned before. previous example: if we this case they do have
omit the subordinate commas. If we remove the
clause, we no longer know relative clause, it is still
which cushions we are
referring to.
clear which person we are
referring to.
 Pronouns to relative
clauses
01
Who
This pronoun is used only to
refer to persons. It can act as
the subject or the object of the
sentence.
-The woman who works at my
office is very efficient.
-Mark's brother, who is 18, has
just started University.
02
03
Which
Unlike who, this pronoun is only That
used for things and animals. It
is a pronoun that can be
can also be the subject or the
used to refer to both
object of the sentence.
people and things.
-The book which I read last
Therefore, it can be used
week is very interesting.
to replace both who and
-The cat, which is very friendly,
which if the context allows.
is called Tom
-The woman who works in
my office is very efficient.
-The book I read last week
is very interesting.
04
05
Whose
should not be confused Whom
with who, since it has
Although it is rarely used, it can be very
the function of
useful in formal contexts. It is also ideal for
possessive. To identify it
demonstrating your command of English.
better, think that in
The pronoun whom replaces persons
Spanish it would be
when they are not the subject of the
translated as cuyo, cuya, sentence but the one who receives it. That
cuyos or cuyas: is to say:
-Yesterday I met the girl -To whom it may concern. - A quien
whose sister is a concierna/interestese (a useful formula to
supermodel. start a formal email).
-Whom does he love? - Whom does he
-I knew the guy whose
bike you bought love?
The formal letter
 A B
Rules. Include your name Include the recipients
and normal and contact
information information

In English there are a

number of conventions that
should be used when
C D
formatting a formal or
business letter. Furthermore, Include the date Use the right
you try to write as simply salutation
and as clearly as possible,
and not to make the letter
longer than necessary. E F
Remember not to use
informal language like Create the body Close with a formal
contractions.
sign-off

G
H
Add you signature
Profeed your letter
 Include your name and contact
information
The return address should be written in
the top right-hand corner of the letter.
This will usually your address, but could
be any other address to which a reply
should be sent.

Include the recipient's name and

address
Add the address of the person you are
writing to. The recipient's address should
be written on the left, often starting

Introduction below your address. If you are going to

print and post the letter using a
windowed envelope, make sure you align
this address with the clear plastic
window.

Include the date

Different people put the date on different
sides of the page. You can write this on
the right or the left on the line after the
address you are writing to. Write the
month as a word.
 Use the right salutation
The tip to starting a formal letter is to greet the person
you're writing to in the correct way. This is known as the
Salutation. If you know the name of the person you're
writing to then use 'Sir' or 'Madam' here, otherwise write
their full name, including their title. Remember, try not to
be too informal or casual.

Create the body of your formal

letter
Write the body of your letter in formal language. Be
direct and try to keep it as brief as possible, often
between three or four paragraphs in total.
The first paragraph should be kept short and is
designed to introduce you and to state the purpose of
the letter- to make an enquiry, complain, request

Body
something, etc.
The paragraph or paragraphs in the middle of the letter
should contain the relevant information behind the
writing of the letter. Most letters in English are not very
long, so keep the information to the essentials and
concentrate on organising it in a clear and logical
manner rather than expanding too much.
The last paragraph of a formal letter should state what
action you expect the recipient to take- to refund, send
you information, etc.

Close the letter with a formal

sign-off
Just as there are conventions about creating the
salutation for your letter, there are also rules about how
you close or sign-off your letter. If you do not know the
name of the person, end the letter using 'Yours faithfully'.
If you know the recipient's name, use 'Yours sincerely'.
 Add your signature
Sign your name, then print it
underneath you signature using
capital letters. If you think the
person you are writing to might
not know whether you are male of
female, put your title in brackets
after your name. Optionally, it can
also be helpful to include your
phone number and email address.

End Proofread your letter

Now that you've completed the

first draft of your letter, read if over
from start to finish and check for
any errors in grammar and
spelling. Make sure it reads well
and that the recipient will
understand what the letter is
about.
 Use the right salutation
If you know the name,
use the title (Mr, Mrs,
Miss or Ms, Dr, etc.)
If you do not know the and the family name
name of the person you only. If you are writing
to a woman and do
are writing to, use the
not know if she uses
following form (it is
Mrs or Miss, you can
always advisable to try
use Ms, which is for
to find out a name):
both married and
Dear Madam,
single women.
Dear Sir, Dear Mr Jenkins,
Dear Sir or Madam, Dear Ms Hamers,

Dear Mrs Hutchins,
Dear Miss Davis,
Dear Dr Green,
Etc.