Fourier Series

Lecture No. 4
 FOURIER TRANSFORMS

Dirichlet’s condition :

A function f(x) is said to satisfy dirichlets conditions in the interval (a,b) if

(i) f(x) defined and is single valued function except possibly at a finite number of points in

the interval (a,b) and

(ii) f(x) and f1(x) are piecewise continuous in(a,b)

Fourier Integral Theorem:

If f  x  is defined in  l, l  and satisfies Dirichlet’s condition, then

1  
f  x    f  t  cos   t  x dt.d 
 0 

Fourier Sine Integral:

The Fourier sine integral for f(x) is given by

2  
f  x  sin  x  f  t  sin tdt.d 
 0 0

Fourier Cosine Integral:

The Fourier cosine integral for f(x) is given by

2  
f  x  cos  x  f  t  .cos t.dtd 
 0 0

1. Using Fourier integral show that

2  b2  a 2    sin  x
  d  , a  0, b  0
 ax  bx
e e 
 0 2
 a 2   2  b 2 

Sol. Since the integral on R.H.S contains sine term use Fourier sine integral formula.

We know that the F.S.I for f(x) is given by.

2  
f  x   sin  x  f  t  sin  t.dt.d  .. 1
 0 0

Here f  x   eax  ebx ;  f  t   eat  ebt

1
 sin  x    e at  ebt  sin t dt  d 
2  
 e ax  ebx  
 0  0 

2    e at sin t dt   ebt sin tdt  d 

 0  0 0
 sin  x


2   e at ebt 
  sin  x  2 2  a sin t   cos t   2 2  b sin t   cos t  d 
 0 a   b  0

2      2   1 1 
  sin  x  2 2  2 2  d    sin  x..  2 2  2 2  d 
 0   a   b   0   a   b 

2    b2  a 2 

  0
sin  x.
  2  a2   2  b2 
d

2  b2  a 2   .sin  x
  d
 ax  bx
e  e 
 0 2
 a 2   2  b2 

Hence proved

2. Using Fourier Integral, show that  1  cos   if 0  x  
 
.sin  x d    2
0, if x  
0

Sol. Since the integral on R.H.S. contains the sine term we use Fourier Sine Integral formula.
The Fourier Sine Integral for f(x) is given by.
2  
f  x   sin  x  f  t  .sin t dt. d  --------------------- (1)
 0 0


Let  , 0 x  ----------------------------(2)
f  x   2

 0, x 

Using (2) in (1), we get


sin  x.   f  t  sin t dt   f  t  sin t dt d 
2  
f  x 
 0  0  

2     2     1  

 0
sin  x.  
 0 2
.sin t dt d 


 
0
sin  x.    .cos t  d 
 2    0

  
sin  x   cos   1 d     2  sin  x 1  cos  d 
2 




0
 2  2  0   


 f  x  
 1  cos   sin  x d 
or 
 1  cos   .sin  x d    , 0 x 
 2
0 0   0, x 

2
 𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝝅
3. Express 𝒇(𝒙) = { as a Fourier cosine integral and hence
𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙>𝜋
∞ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝀𝝅
evaluate∫𝟎 𝒅𝝀
𝝀

Sol:- Fourier cosine integral of f(x) is given by

2 ∞ ∞
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ∫ cos 𝜆𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) cos 𝜆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜆
𝜋 0 0

1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥>𝜋

2 ∞ 𝜋 2 ∞ sin 𝜆𝑡 𝜋 2 ∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜆𝑥 sin 𝜆𝜋

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝜋 ∫0 cos 𝜆𝑥 [∫0 cos 𝜆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ]𝑑𝜆 =𝜋 ∫0 cos 𝜆𝑥 [ ] 𝑑𝜆= ∫0 𝑑𝜆
𝜆 0 𝜋 𝜆
𝜋
∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜆𝑥 sin 𝜆𝜋 𝜋 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
∴ ∫0 𝑑𝜆 = f(x) = { 2
𝜆 2 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥>𝜋
At x= 𝜋 which is a point of discontinuity of f(x) ,the value of the above integral
∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜆𝑥 sin 𝜆𝜋 𝜋 1+0 𝜋
∫ 𝑑𝜆 = ( )=
0 𝜆 2 2 4

FOURIER TRANSFORM OR COMPLEX FOURIER TRANSFORM

The Infinite Fourier Transform of f(x) :

The Fourier transform of a function f(x) is given by.

F  f  x   F  p   

f  x  .eipx dx


The inverse Fourier transform of F(p) is given by.

f  x   F 1 F  p  
1 
 F  p  .e ipx dp
2 

Fourier sine Transform:

The Fourier sine Transform of a function f(x) is given by

Fs  f  x   Fs  p    f  x  .sin px dx


The inverse Fourier sine Transform of Fs (p) is given by

f  x   Fs1 Fs  p  
2 
 Fs  p  .sin px dp
 0

3
Fourier cosine Transform:
The Fourier cosine Transform of a function f(x) is given by

Fc  f  x   Fc  p    f  x  .cos px dx


The inverse Fourier cosine Transform of Fc(p) is given by

2 
f  x   Fc1 Fc ( p )  Fc  p  .cos px dp
 0

Problems:
 x 2 , x a
1. Find the Fourier transform of f(x) defined by f  x   
 0, x a

Sol. We have F  f  x  
1 
 eipx f  x dx
2 

1  ipx 
a a 
1
  e f  x dx      eipx f  x  dx 

ipx
e f x dx
2  2   a a 
a
 2 eipx 2 ipx 2i ipx 
F  f  x  
1
 x ip  p 2 xe  p 3 e 
2  a

 a 2 ipa ipa 2a ipa ipa 2i ipa ipa 

 ip  e  e   p2  e  e   p3  e  e 
1

2  
1  2a 2 sin ap 4a 4 
   2 cos ax  3 sin ap 
2  p p p 

1, x  a
2. Find the Fourier transform of f(x) defined by f  x    and hence evaluate
0, x  a
 sin p  sin ap.cos px

0 p
dp. and 
 p
dp

  

Sol. We have F f  x   eipx f  x dx


a a 
a
  e f  x dx   e f  x  dx   eipx f  x  dx   (1)eipx dx
ipx ipx

 a a a

4
 a
 eipx  eipa  e ipa 2 eipa  e ipa 2sin pa
 F  f  x  
2sin pa
    .   F  p
 ip   a ip p 2i p p
We know that F  p   
eipx f  x dx
 

Then by the inversion formula,

1  1  2sin pa
f  x   eipx .F  p  dp   eipx . dp
2  2  p
 
1   2sin ap  1 sin ap i sin ap
 
2   p
.  cos px  i sin px  dp  
 
  p
cos px dp 
 
 p
sin px dp

1  sin ap cos px

   p
dp [Since the second integralis an odd]

or 1  sin ap cos px 
1, x  a


dp   
 p 
0, x  a


 sin ap cos px  , x  a 

 dp   
 p  0, x  a 

If x=0 and a=1, then

 sin p  sin p  sin p 
 p
dp   or 2
0 p
dp   or 
0 p
dp 
2
 sin x 
Note: 0 x
dx 
2

1  x2 , x  1
3. Find the Fourier transform of f(x) defined by f  x   
 0, x  1
Hence evaluate (i)   x cos x 3 sin x cos x dx (ii)   x cos x 3 sin x dx
0 0 x 2 x

  
 1 
Sol. We have F f  x   eipx f  x  dx   eipx f  x  dx   eipx f  x  dx   eipx f  x  dx
1

  1 1

1  x .e dx    
  1  x 2   2 x   2   
1

   2 2  ip  2 2  ip
1
 2 ipx
 2 2  3 3  eipx    2  3  e   2  3  e
1
  x 1 
  ip i p i p   p ip   p ip 

2 ip ip 2 ip ip 4  eip  eip  4i  eip  eip  4


p2
 e  e   ip3 e  e   p2  2   ip3  2i   p2 cos p  p43 sin p
   

5
 4
  sin p  p cos p   F  p 
p3

Second Part: By inversion formula, we have

1 
i. f  x    eipx .F  p  dp
2 

1  4  sin p  p cos p  1  x 2 , x 1


2 
eipx .
p3
dp  
 0, x 1
…………………(1)

Putting 1
x  in (1), we get
2

 1 3
1  i p 4  sin p  p cos p  1  
2  
e 2
.
p 3
dp   4 4
 0
 1 i p 3
or 
 3  p cos p  sin p  e 2
dp 
p 8

or 
1
 p

3  p cos p  sin p  cos p  i sin p dp 
2 2 8
3

p cos p  sin p
 3
or 
 3
.cos p dp 
2  Equating real parts 
p 8
 p cos p  sin p 3
or 2 .cos p dp  [since integral is even]
0 p 3 2 8
 x cos x  sin x x 3
or  cos dx 
0 x3 2 16
ii. Putting x  0 in (1), we get
 sin p  p cos p 
 dp 
1  4
  sin p  p cos p  dp  1 or 3
2  p3  p 2

 sin p  p cos p   p cos p  sin p 

or 2 3
dp  [ Integral is even] or  3
dp  
0 p 2 0 p 4
 x cos x  sin x 
or  3
dx  
0 x 4

6
 𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≤ 𝒂
4. Find the Fourier Transform of f(x)={𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒂 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝒃
b
1  eipx 
b
By definition F  f  x  
1  1
 f  x  .e dx  ipx
a e ipx
dx   
2  2 2  ip  a

1  eibx  eiax 
=  
2  ip 

 x2

5. Find the Fourier Transform of f(x) defined by f  x   e ,   x  

2
or,

 x2
2
Show that the Fourier Transform of e is reciprocal.
 x2

   f  x .e
 
Sol. We have F f  x   dx   e . eipx dx
ipx 2
 

1 1
   x ip   p  x ip 2
2 2 2
p 
 e 2
e2
dx  e 2
 e 2
dx
 

1 1
 x  ip   t sothat  x  ip   t 2 and dx  2dt
2
Put
2 2
2 2

 F  f  x   e
p  p 
 
t 2
2dt  2.e et dt
2
2 2
e
 

2 p2
  Q  et dt     2 .e
p  
 2.e
2
2 2
  
6. Find the Fourier Transform of f(x) defined by
eiqx ,  x eikx , a xb
f  x   or f  x   
 0, x   and x    0, x  a and x  b

  

Sol. We have F f  x   eipx f  x  dx


  
  eipx f  x  dx   eipx f  x  dx   eipx f  x dx
  

7
 1  i p  q  x   e    e 
i pq  i pq

  eipx .eiqx dx  

i ( pq ) x
dx  e   i  p  q   F  p
i  p  q 
e
 

The finite Fourier sine and cosine Transforms:

 The finite Fourier sine transform of f(x) when 0<x<l, is defined as
 n x 
Fs  f  x    f  x .sin 
l
 dx  Fs (n)
0
 l 
Where n is an integer.
The inverse Fourier sine transform of Fs (n) is given by
2  n x
f  x    Fs  n .sin
l n 1 l
 The finite Fourier cosine transform of f(x), when 0<x<l, is given by
 n x 
Fc  f  x    f  x .cos 
l
 dx  Fc (n)
0
 l 
Where n is an integer.
The inverse Fourier sine transform of Fc (n) is given by
2   n x 
f  x    Fc  n .cos  
l n 1  l 
1 2   n x 
f  x   Fc  0    Fc  n .cos  
l l n 1  l 

PROBLEMS RELATED TO INFINITE FOURIER

SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORMS:
1. Find the Fourier cosine transform of the function f(x) defined by f  x   cos x, 0  x  a
 0, xa

Sol. We have Fc  f  x    f  x  .cos px dx   f  x  cos px dx   f  x  cos px dx

 a 

0 0 a

1 a
  cos x.cos px dx 
a

2 0
2 cos px.cos xdx  1  cos  p  1 x  cos  p  1 x dx
a

0 2 0

 1  sin  p  1 a sin  p  1 a 
a
1 1 1
  sin  p  1 x  sin  p  1 x     
2   p  1 ( p  1)  0 2   p  1 p 1 

2. Find the Fourier sine transform of f(x) defined by f  x   sin x, 0 xa

 0, xa

8
Sol. We have Fs  f  x    f  x  .sin px dx


 a 1 a
  f  x  .sin px dx   f  x  sin px dx  0 sin x sin pxdx 
2 0
a
2sin x.sin px dx
0 a

1  sin 1  p  x sin 1  p  x 
a
1 a
   
2 0 
  cos 1  p x  cos 1  p x 
dx    
2  1 p 1  p 0

1  sin 1  p  a sin 1  p  a 
   
2  1 p 1 p 

3 x 2 x
3. Find the Fourier cosine transform of 2e  3e

We have Fc  f  x    f  x  cos px dx    2e3x  3e2 x  cos px dx

 

0 0

 
 2 e3xcos pxdx  3 e2 x cos pxdx
0 0

 
 e 3 x   e 2 x 
2   2  2cos px  p sin px 
 2 3cos px  p sin px  3
9  p 0  4  p 0
1 1
 2    3  3   2   2 6  26
9 p 2
4  p2 p  25 p  4

4. Find Fourier cosine and sine transforms of e ax , a  0 and hence deduce the inversion
 cos px  p sin px
formula (or) deduce the integrals i.  dp ii.  2 dp
0 a p
2 2 0 a  p2

Sol. Let f  x   e
 ax

We have Fc  f  x    f  x  cos px dx



  e  ax 
2 
 e  ax
.cos px dx   2 a cos px  p sin px  
0
a  p 0

   f  x sin pxdx

a(1)  p(0)   2 2  Fc  p  and Fs f  x  
1 a
2

a p
2
a p 0


  e ax 
e .sin px dx   2 2  a sin px  p cos px     2 2  a  0   p 1   2 2  Fs  p 
1 p
  ax
0
a  p 0 a p a p

Deduction: i. Now by the inverse Fourier cosine Transform, we have

9
 2 
f  x   Fc  p .cos px dp
 0

2  a  cos px 
 e ax 
 0 p  a
2 2
cos px dp 
2a  cos px or
 0 a 2  p 2
dp 0 a p
2 2
dp  e ax
2a
ii. Now by the inverse Fourier sine transform, we have
2 
f  x  Fs  p  .sin px dp.
 0
2  p
 0 a 2  p 2
 e ax  sin px dp

 p sin px 
or 
0 a p
2 2
dp  e ax
2
5 x
5. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of 2e  5e2 x

Sol. Let f  x   2e5 x  5e2 x

i. The Fourier sine transform of f(x) is given by

Fs  f  x    f  x  sin px dx    2e5 x  5e2 x  sin px dx

 

0 0

 
 2. e5 x .sin px dx  5 e2 x .sin px dx
0 0

 
 e5 x   e2 x 
2   2  2sin px  p cos px 
 2.  5sin px  p cos px  5
 25  p 0  4  p 0
2p 5p
 p  2  2
1 1
2 
 2.   p  5 2 
25  p 4 p p  25 p  4

   f  x cos pxdx    2e  5e2 x  cos pxdx

 
We have Fc f  x  
5 x
ii.
0 0

 
 2 e5 x cos px dx  5 e2 x cos px dx
0 0

 
 e5 x   e2 x 
2
 2 5cos px  p sin px   5  2
2cos px  p sin px 
 25  p 0  4  p 0
1 1 10 10
2   2  
 2   5  5  2  2  2
25  p 4 p p  25 p  4

10
  x sin mx
6. Find the Fourier sine Transform of e x and hence evaluate 
0 1  x2
dx

Let f  x   e
x
Sol.

We have

Fs  f  x    f  x  sin pxdx   e x sin px dx

 

0 0


  e x sin pxdx  Q x  xin 0, 
0

 1 p
 e x
 2 

 sin px  p cos px      p    Fs  p 
 1  p 0 1  p2 1 p 2
Now by the inverse Fourier sine transform, we have
2 
f  x   Fs  p  sin px dp  e x  2   p 2 sin px dp
 0  0 1 p
Chang x to m on both sides

2  p sin pm  2 x sin mx
e
m

 0 1  p 2
dp
 
0 1  x2
dx, where pis replaced by x

 x sin mx  m
 dx  e
0 1  x2 2

7. Show that the Fourier sine transform of

 x,

for 0  x  1
is 2sin p. 1  cos p 
f  x    2  x, for 1  x  2 p2
 0, x2
 for

By definition, Fs  f  x    f  x  sin px dx

Sol.
0


  f  x  .sin pxdx   f  x  sin pxdx   f  x  sin pxdx
1 2

0 1 2

  x.sin pxdx   2  x  .sin pxdx

1 2

0 1

   2  x  1
1 2
 x 1 
   cos px  2 sin px    cos px  2 sin px 
 p p 0  p p 1
 cos p 1 1 cos p 1
  2 sin p  2 sin 2 p   2 sin p
p p p p p

11
 2sin p  sin 2 p 2sin p  2sin p cos p 2sin p 1  cos p 
  
p2 p2 p2

 x, 0  x 1
8. Find the Fourier cosine transform of f  x  defined by 
f  x   2  x, 1  x  2
 0, x2


Fc  f  x    f  x  cos pxdx

By definition,
0

  f  x  .cos px dx   f  x  cos px dx   f  x  cos px dx
1 2

0 1 2

  x.cos px dx    2  x  .cos px dx
1 2

0 1

  2  x  1
1 2
x 1 
  sin px  2 cos px    sin px  2 cos px 
p p 0  p p 1

sin p cos p 1 sin p 1 sin p cos p 1 2 p2 sin p  2cos p  cos2 p

  2  2 cos2 p   cos p  2  2 2  2 cos2 p 
p p p p p2 p p p p2
9. Find the inverse Fourier cosine transform f  x  of
1  p
 a  , p  2a
Fc  p    2a 
when
2
 p  2a
 0, when

Sol. From the inverse Fourier cosine transform, we have

2 
f  x  Fc  p .cos px dp
 0

2  2a 1  p   
   a   cos px dp   0.cos px dp 
  0 2a  2  2a

2a
 p 
1 a  2
2 1 2a  p 
.sin px  2 cos px 
1
    a   cos px dp  .
 2a  2 
0 a  x 2x 
  p 0
2 2
 1  1 sin ax sin ax
0  2 x 2 cos 2ax  2 x 2   2a x 2 1  cos 2ax   2 2a x 2  a x 2
1 1

a

10. Find the Fourier cosine transform of (a) e ax cos ax (b) e ax sin ax

12
Sol. (a). Let f  x   eax cos ax. Then

Fc  f  x    f  x .cos px dx


 1   ax
  a  ax cos ax cos px dx 
2 0
e .2cos px.cos ax dx
0

1   ax
e cos  p  a  x  cos  p  a  x  dx
2 0


   e ax cos  p  a  x   e  ax cos  p  a  x dx 
1  

2  0 0 

 


1   eax   eax
  2
2   a   p  a 2
 a cos  p  a  x   p  a  sin  p  a  x    2 2
a cos  p  a  x   p  a  sin  p  a  x  
 0  a   p  a  0 

1 1 1 
  2   a.1    a  1
2  a   p  a 2 a2   p  a 
2


1 a a  a  a 2   p  a 2  a 2   p  a 2 
  2    
2  a   p  a 2 a 2   p  a 2  2  a 2   p  a 2  . a 2   p  a 2  
    

a 2a 2  2  a 2  p 2  a  2a 2  p 2 
  
 
2  a 2   p  a 2  .  a 2   p  a 2  a 2   p  a 2 . a 2   p  a 2
   

Let f  x   e sin ax Then

 ax
b.

Fc  f  x    f  x  cos pxdx


 1   ax
  e ax .sin ax cos px dx  e  2cos px sin ax dx
0 2 0
1   ax
e sin  p  a  x  sin  p  a  x  dx
2 0


 
 

1   eax   eax
  2
2   a   p  a 2
 a sin  p  a  x   p  a  cos  p  a  x    2 2
a sin  p  a  x   p  a  cos  p  a  x  

 
 a   p  a 0 
 0

13
 1 pa
  2  2
 p  a    1  p
 2
p  1
  2
a
 2
a 

2
2  a   p  a  a   p  a   2  p   p  a  p   p  a   2  p   p  a  a   p  a  
2 2 2 2 2 2

p
 
 4ap  a
 
2 p 2  2a 2  
   
2 p 2   p  a 2 . p 2   p  a 2 2 p 2   p  a 2 p 2   p  a 2  
2ap 2 a  p 2  2a 2 
 
 p   p  a   . p   p  a    p   p  a   . p   p  a  
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Note: (i) Fs  x. f  x    Fc  p 

d
dp
(ii) Fc  x f  x   Fs  p 
d
dp
𝟏
11. Find the fourier sine transform of 𝒙
𝟏
Sol:the fourier sine transform of the given function f(x)= 𝒙

𝑑𝑡 2 ∞ sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Fs  f  x  
2  2 1
 f  x .sin px dx 
 0 x
.sin px dx put px=t dx= 𝑝 = √𝜋 ∫0 𝑡 .
 0
𝑝
𝑝

2 ∞ sin 𝑡 2 𝜋 𝜋 ∞ sin 𝑡 𝜋
√𝜋 ∫0 . 𝑑𝑡 = √𝜋 . 2 =√ 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∫0 . 𝑑𝑡 = 2 )
𝑡 𝑡

12. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of xe  ax

Sol. Let f  x   e ax
Fourier sine Transform:
d d
We know that Fs x f  x     dp
 Fc  p  
dp
Fc  f  x   
d
 Fs x.e ax    Fc e ax  d  a    2ap
1 
dp     2 2    a    2 2 2  .2 p
 
 p2  a2 
2
dp  p  a  p a   
Fourier cosine Transform:

We know that Fc x. f  x     d
dp
 Fs  p    Fs  f  x 
d
dp

d p 
 Fc  x.e ax    Fs e ax    2 2  =  p  a  .1  p.  2 p   a 2  p 2
d 2 2

dp   dp p  a
   p2  a2 
2
 p2  a2 
2

14
13. Find the Fourier sine transform of x and Fourier cosine transform of 1
a2  x2 a2  x2

Sol. Fourier sine transforms:

We have Fs e    a p p
 ax
2 2
 Fs  p 

2  2  p
e  ax  
 0  0 a2  p2
 ax
The inverse Fourier sine transforms of is e  Fs p .sin pxdp  sin pxdp

 p sin px 
or 
0 a p
2 2
dp  e ax
2
Changing p to x and x to p, we get
 x   ap
0 a 2  x2 sin xp dx 
2
e

 x    ap
Hence Fs  2 2 
 e
a  x  2
Fourier cosine Transform:

We have Fc e   p a a
 ax
2 2
 Fc  p 

The inverse Fourier cosine transform of e ax is

2    ax
  2  a 

 0
1
e ax 
 0 p 2  a 2 0 p2  a2
Fc p .cos px dp  cos px dp or cos px dp  e
2a

Changing p to x and x to p

1 
0x a 22
cos xp.dx  .e ap
2a
 1    ap
Hence Fc  2 2
 .e
 x  a  2a

e ax
14. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transform of f  x   and deduce that
x
 e ax  ebx s s
0 x
sin sx dx  Tan1    Tan1  
a b
Sol. Fourier Sine Transforms:

15
    f  x .sin px dx

We have Fs f  x  
0

e ax 
 .sin px dx
0 x
 ax
 Fs  f  x   
e
.sin px dx
0 x
Differentiation w.r.t ‘p’, we get
d   e ax 
 Fs  f  x    
d
sin px dx 
dp dp  0 x 
  e  ax   e  ax


  .sin px  dx  .x.cos px dx
0 p  x 
0 x

   ax 

 e .cos pxdx   2e 2  a cos px  p sin px  
 ax
0
a  p 0

 Fs  f  x   2 2
d a
dp p a
Integrating w.r.t. p
 p
Fs  f  x   
 a
dp  Tan1    c
0 p  a2
2
a
If p=0 then Fs  f  x   0 and c  0
 a  if p  0
 Fs  f  x   Tan 1 p

  Tan  a  . if p  0
e  p
 ax
1
or F  s ………………. (1)
 x 
Deduction: We know that the Fourier sine transform of f(x) is given by
Fs  f  x   0

f  x  sin px dx ……………….(2)
e ax  ebx
Suppose let f  x  ……………….(3)
x
Using (3) in (2), we get
 e ax  ebx e
 ax
e
 bx

0 x
sin px dx 
0 x
.sin px dx  
0 x
.sin px dx

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  e ax 
 Fs 
 x 

 sF
 ebx 
 x 
  Tan
1 p
a  
 Tan1 p
b  using (1)
e ax  ebx
   

or  sin sx dx Tan 1 s  Tan 1 s
0 x a b

Fourier Cosine Transform:

We have Fc e
 ax
  
a
p  a2
 Fc  p 
2

The inverse Fourier cosine transform of e ax is

2 
Fc  p .cos px dp  cos px dp or  2 1 2 cos px dp   e ax
2  a

e ax 



0 0 p a
2 2 0 p a 2a
Changing p to x and x to p
 1   ap
0 x2  a2
cos xp.dx 
2a
.e
 1    ap
Hence Fc  2
 .e
 x  a  2a
2

15. Find the finite Fourier sine & cosine transform of f(x),
defined by f(x)=2x, where o  x  2
 n x  dx
We have Fs  f  x    f  x .sin
l
Sol.
0 l
2
2  nx   2 nx 4 nx   4 4  8
 2 x.sin   dx  2  .x.cos  2 sin   2   cos n  2 sin n   cos n
0
2  n 2 n 2 0  n n  n
8
 1  Fs (n)
n 1

n
 n x 
Also Fc  f  x    f  x .cos 
l
 dx
0
 l 
2
2  nx   2 nx 4 nx 
  2 x.cos   dx  2  .x.sin  2 cos 
0
2 n 2 n 2 0

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 4 8
 2  sin n  2 cos n  2   2  2  cos n  1  2  1  1  Fc  n 
4 4 4 n

n n n  n n

16. Find the finite Fourier sine transform of f(x), defined by f(x) =2x, where o  x  4
Sol:-The finite fourier sine transform of f(x) in 0<x<l

Fs  f  x    f  x .sin
l  n x  dx
Here f(x) = 2x and l=4
0 l
 n x  4
dx  2 x   4  cos n x   2  4  cos n x dx
4
  2 x.sin 
4

0
 4 
 
  n 
 
4  0 0  n  4

n x   n x 
4 4
 8 32 32 32
   2 2 sin 4    n (cos n  0)  0   n ( 1)
n
x cos 
 n 4 0 n  0

1  cos n
17. Find the inverse finite sine transform f(x) if Fs  n   where 0  x  
n2 2
Sol. From the inverse finite sine transform, we have

 n x   2  1  cos n  sin nx  2  1  cos n  sin nx

 
2
f  x    Fs  n .sin 
l n1
  2 2 
 l   n 1  n  

 3 n1  n2 
18. Find the inverse finite cosine transform f(x), if
 2n 
cos  
Fc  n    2  , where 0  x  4
3
 2n  1
Sol. From the inverse finite cosine transform, we have
1 2   n x 
f  x   Fc  0    Fc  n  cos  
l l n 1  l 
 2n 
1 2   n x  1 1  cos  3   n x 
 .1   Fc  n .cos 
 l  4 2
  cos  
n 1  2n  1
4 4 n1 2
 4 

18