Euler’s Formula for

Fourier Coefficients
 
ao
f ( x)    an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1
c  2
1
Where ao 
  f ( x)dx
c

c  2
1
an 
  f ( x) cos nxdx for n  0
c

c  2
1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nxdx for n  1
c
1.1 Determine the Fourier series for the function
f ( x)  x of period 2 in 0  x  2
2

Soln :
Let the required Fourier seriees be
 
ao
f ( x)    an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

Where
c  2
1
ao 
 
c
f ( x ) dx

2

1
2
1  x 3
8 2
  x dx  
 3
2

 3
0
  0
 2
1
an 
  f ( x) cos nx dx
0
2
1
  cos nxdx
2
x
 0
2
 2  sin nx 
1  cos nx   sin nx 

 
x  2 x 2  2 3 
  n   n   n  0

4
an 
n2
2
1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx
0
 2
1
bn  x
2
sin nxdx
 0
2

1 2  cos nx   sin nx   cos nx 


 
x   2 x 2  2 3 
  n   n   n  0

 4
bn 
n

Hence the obtained Fourier Series is

4 2  4 
4
f ( x)    2 cos nx   sin nx
3 n 1 n n 1 n
1.2. Express f ( x)  (  x) 2 as a Fourier Series in 0  x  2 and deduce the sum of
1 1 1 1 1
(i)  2 (ii) 2  2  2  2  ......
n 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1
(iii ) 2  2  2 ......   (iv)  4
1 3 5 n

Soln :
Let the required Fourier seriees be
 
ao
f ( x)    an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

Where
c  2
1
ao 
 
c
f ( x ) dx
 2

1
2
1  (  x ) 3
2 2
ao   (  x) dx    
2

 
 3 
0
3
0

2
1
an 
  f ( x) cos nx dx
0

2
1
    2
( x ) cos nxdx
 0
2

1 2  sin nx   cos nx   sin nx 



(  x)   2(  x)(1) 2  2 3 
  n   n   n  0

4
an 
n2
 2
1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx
0
2
1
  (  x) 2 sin nxdx
 0
2

1 2  cos nx   sin nx   cos nx 


 (  x )    2(  x )(1) 2   2 3 
 n   n   n  0

bn  0
Hence the obtained Fourier Series is
2 
4
f ( x)    2 cos nx
3 n 1 n
 1 2

(i) To deduce  2 
n 1 n 6
Put x  0 is a point of discontunity at the end
f(0)  f(2 )
f(x) 
2
(  0) 2  (  2 ) 2 2 2
f ( x)   2
2 2
sub f(x) & x  0 in eqn(2)
2 
4
 2
 
3 n 1 n2
2 
1
  2
 4
3 n 1 n2

1 2

n 1 n 2

6
 (3)
 1 1 1 1
To deduce 2
 2
 2
 2
 ......
1 2 3 4
put x   , is a point of contunity
f(x)  f( )  ( -  ) 2  0
2 cos n
( 2)  0   4 2
3 n 1 n
2 cos n

  4 2
3 n 1 n
2 1 1 1 1
   2  2  2  2 ....
12 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 2
2
 2  2  2 ....   ( 4)
1 2 3 4 12
 1 1 1 2
To deduce 2  2  2  .....   
1 3 5 8
 Adding eqns (3) & (4), we get

1 1 1  2 2
2 2  2  2  .....     
1 3 5  6 12
1 1 1  3 2
2 2  2  2  .....    
1 3 5  12
1 1 1 2
2
 2  2  .....   
1 3 5 8
 
1
To find  4
n 1 n

By Parseval' s Identity
2
1 a0 
2
0  f ( x) dx    (a n 2  b n 2 )
2

 2 n 1

2
 2 2

 
1

2
0  
2 2
(  x) dx   3
2
  4
 n4
n 1


1 4
 n 4  90
n 1
1.3. Expand in Fourier series of f(x)  xsinx for 0  x  2
1 1 1 1  -2
and deduce the result    .... 
1.3 3.5 5.7 7.9 4
Soln :
Let the required Fourier seriees be
 
ao
f ( x)    an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

Where
c  2
1
ao 
 
c
f ( x ) dx
 2
1
ao  
 0
x sin xdx

1
 x( cos x)  (1)( sin x)02

1
  x cos x  sin x 02


1
a0   2 cos 2  sin 2  0

1
a0  (2 )  2

 2
1
an 
  f ( x) cos nx dx
0

2
1

  x sin x cos nxdx
0
2
1

  x cos nx sin xdx
0
2
1

2  xsin(n  1) x  sin(n  1) xdx
0
2 2
1 1

2 0 x sin( n  1) xdx 
2  x sin(n  1) xdx
0
2
1    cos( n  1) x    sin( n  1) x 
an   x   (1)  
2   n 1   (n  1)
2
 0
2
1    cos( n  1) x    sin( n  1) x 
 x   (1) 
2   n 1   (n  1)
2
 0
 2
1  cos(n  1) x sin( n  1) x 
an   x   
2  n 1 (n  1)  0
2

2
1  cos(n  1) x sin( n  1) x 
2  x n  1

( n  1) 2 
 0
1 cos( n  1)2 sin( n  1)2 
an 
2 2 n 1

(n  1) 2
 0 
 
1  cos( n  1)2 sin( n  1)2 
  2   0
2  n 1 (n  1) 2

1  2  1  2 
an     0     0
2  n  1  2  n  1 
- n 1 n 1 2
  2 2 ,n 1
n 1
2 2
n 1
 2
1
a1 
  f ( x) cos x dx
0
2 2
1 1
a1   x sin x cos x dx   x sin 2 x dx
 0 2 0

2
1    cos 2 x    sin( 2) x 
a1   x   (1) 
2   2   4  0
2
1  cos 2 x sin 2 x 
  x 2  4 
2  0

1  2  1
a1     
2  2  2
 2
1
bn 
 
0
f ( x ) sin nx dx

2
1

  x sin x sin nxdx
0
2
1

  x sin nx sin xdx
0
2
1

2  xcos(n  1) x  cos(n  1) xdx
0
2 2
1 1

2 0 x cos( n  1) xdx 
2  x cos(n  1) xdx
0
 2
1   sin(n  1) x    cos(n  1) x 
bn   x   (1)  
2   n 1   (n  1)
2
 0
2
1   sin(n  1) x    cos(n  1) x 
 x   (1)  
2   n 1   (n  1)
2
 0
2
1   sin( n  1) x   cos( n  1) x 
bn   x     
2   n  1   (n  1)  0 2

2
1   sin( n  1) x   cos( n  1) x 
 x     
2   n  1   (n  1)  0
2

1  1   1  1  1   1 
bn        
    
2  ( n  1) 2
  ( n  1) 2
 2  ( n  1) 2
  ( n  1) 2

 0, n  1
 1 2
b1 
  f ( x) sin x dx
0
2 2
1 1
b1   x sin x sin x dx  
2
x sin x dx
 0  0
2 2
1 1

2  x(1  cos 2 x) dx  2  ( x  x cos 2 x) dx
0 0
2 2
1 1

2  x dx 
2  x cos 2 x dx
0 0
2 2
1 x  1   sin 2 x 
2
  cos 2 x 
b1      x   (1) 
2  2  0 2   2   4  0
1  4 2  1  1 1 
     
2  2  2  4 4 
b1  
 Hence the obtained Fourier Series is

a0  
f ( x)   a1 cos x   a n cos nx  b1 sin x   bn sin nx
2 n2 n2

 
 2  1 2  
f ( x)     cos x    2  cos nx   sin x   (0) sin nx
2  2  n  2  ( n  1)  n2

 
1 1 
f ( x)  1    cos x  2   2  cos nx   sin x
2 n  2  ( n  1) 

Deduction :

put x  , is a point of continuity
2
   
f(x) at  sin 
2 2 2 2
Substituting the value in the obtained Fourier series,
we get
 1   
1   
 1    cos  2   2  cos n   sin
2 2 2 n  2  ( n  1)  2 2
   1  
   1  2  2  
 cos n
2 n  2  ( n  1)  2
  2  
1  
 2   2  cos n
2 n  2  ( n  1)  2
  1     2
  (n  1)(n  1) 
  cos n
2

4
n2  
 1 1 1   2
( 1)  (0)  (1)  ..... 
1.3 2.4 3.5 4
 1 1 1    2
( 1)    .....  
1.3 3.5 5.7  4
1 1 1  2
  ..... 
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
1.5 Determine the Fourier series for the function
f ( x)  x 2
in -   x   and deduce the sum of

1 2 1 1 1 1 2
(i)  2  (ii) 2  2  2  2  ...... 
n 1 n 6 1 2 3 4 12
1 1 1 2
(iii ) 2  2  2 ......   
1 3 5 8
Soln :
Given f ( x)  x 2 , f(-x)  (-x)2  f ( x)
Therefore the given function f ( x) is an evenfunction in (- , 
Hence b n  0
Let the required Fourier seriees be
ao 
f ( x)    a n cos nx
2 n 1

Where

2
 
ao  f ( x ) dx
0


2 x
3
2 2 2
  dx    
2
x
  3
0
 3 0
 2
an  
 0
f ( x) cos nx dx

2
  cos nxdx
2
x
 0

 2  sin nx 
2   cos nx   sin nx 

 x    2 x   2 
 2 3
  n   n   n  0
2   cos n 
  2  
   n2 
4
a n  2 (1) n
n
Hence the obtained Fourier Series is
2 
4
f ( x)   2
( 1) n
cos nx  (1)
3 n 1 n

1 2

(i) To deduce  2 
n 1 n 6

Put x   is a point of contunity

f(x)   2
 sub f(x) & x   in eqn(1)
2 4
 2

3
 n2
n 1

2 
1
 2
 4 2
3 n 1 n

1 2
 n2  6  ( 2)
n 1

1 1 1 1 2
(ii)To deduce 2  2  2  2  ...... 
1 2 3 4 12
put x  0, is a point of contunity
f(x)  f(0)  0
  2 
cos n
(1)  0   4 2
3 n 1 n
 2 
(1) n
  4 2
3 n 1 n

 2
1 1 1 1
   2  2  2  2 ....
12 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1  2

2
 2  2  2 ....   (3)
1 2 3 4 12
 Adding eqns (2) & (3), we get

 1 1 1   2
 2
2 2  2  2  .....     
1 3 5  6 12
 1 1 1  3 2
2 2  2  2  .....    
1 3 5  12
1 1 1 2
2
 2  2  .....   
1 3 5 8
1.6