FOURIER SERIES

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Transforms Calculus, Fourier Series and Numerical Techniques (18MAT31)
MODULE – II
FOURIER SERIES
INTRODUCTION

Fourier series is introduced by physist Joseph Fourier. It is an infinite series representation of

periodic function in terms of trigonometric sine and cosine functions. Fourier series is very
powerful method to solve ordinary and partial differential equations particularly with periodic
functions. While Taylor’s series expansion is valid only for functions which are continuous and
differentiable, Fourier series is possible not only for continuous functions but for periodic
function, functions discontinuous in their values and derivatives. It is very useful in the study of
heat conduction, mechanics, concentrations of chemicals and pollutants, electrostatics,
acoustics.

Periodic Function

A function f  x  is said to be periodic function of period T  0 if f  x  nT   f  x 

where n  1,2,3,4

Euler’s Formulae

The Fourier series for the function f  x  in the interval   x   2l is given by

a0   n x 

 n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n 1  l  n 1  l 
  2l 
1
a0   f  x  dx 
l  
  2l 
1  n x  
an   f  x  cos   dx  these values of a0 , an , bn are known as Euler's formulae.
l   l  
  2l 
1  n x  
bn   f  x  sin   dx
l  l  
 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 1
 FOURIER SERIES

Dirichlet’s Conditions

Any function f  x  can be developed as a Fourier series provided:

(i) f  x  is periodic, single-valued and finite.

(ii) f  x  has a finite number of discontinuities in any one period.
(iii) f  x  has at the most a finite number of maxima and minima.

NOTE
 
1.  sin n x dx   cos n x dx 0
 

2.  sin mx cos nx dx  0 for m  n & m  n

 
0 if m  n
3.  sin mx sin nx dx   cos mx con nx dx  
 if m  n
 

4.  u v dx  u v1  u v2  u v3  u v4
eax
5. e
ax
cos  bx  c  dx  2  a cos  bx  c   b sin  bx  c  
a  b2
eax
6.  e sin  bx  c  dx  2
ax
a sin  bx  c   b cos  bx  c  
a  b2
7. sin n  0
8. cos n   1
n

9. cos 2n  1
10. cos  2n  1   1

Fourier series of a function defined over  0, 2 

a0  
f  x    an cos n x   bn sin n x
2 n 1 n 1

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 2
 FOURIER SERIES

2
1
a0 
  f  x  dx
0
2
1
an 
  f  x  cos n x dx
0
2
1
bn 
  f  x  sin n x dx
0

Problems

1. Obtain the Fourier series of f  x   x over the interval  0, 2 

Solution: W.K.T the Fourier series of f  x  over the interval  0, 2  is

a0  
f  x    an cos n x   bn sin n x 1
2 n 1 n 1

2
1
a0 
  f  x  dx
0
2
1

  x dx
0
2
1  x2 
  
  2 0
1 
 2   0 
2

2  
a0  2

2
1
an 
  f  x  cos n x dx
0
2
1

  x cos n x dx
0

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 3
 FOURIER SERIES

2
1   sin n x    cos n x  
 x   1  
  n   n  n 0

1 1
 2 sin 2n  0   2  cos 2n  cos 0 
1
 
 n n 
1
  0

an  0

2
1
bn 
  f  x  sin n x dx
0
2
1

  x sin n x dx
0
2
1    cos n x    sin n x  
 x   1  
  n   n  n 0
1  1 1 
   2 cos 2 n  0   2
sin 2n  sin 0  
n n 
1  2 
 
  n 
2
bn 
n

The Fourier series of f  x   x over the interval  0, 2  is

2  
2
f  x     0  cos n x   sin n x
2 n 1 n 1 n

2
f  x     sin n x
n 1 n

2. Expand the function f  x   x  2  x  in Fourier series over the interval  0, 2  hence

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 4
 FOURIER SERIES

2 1 1
deduce (i) 1 2
 2
6 2 3
2 1 1 1
(ii) 1  
12 22 32 42

Solution: W.K.T the Fourier series of f  x  over the interval  0, 2  is

a0  
f  x    an cos n x   bn sin n x 1
2 n 1 n 1

2
1
a0 
  f  x  dx
0
2
1

  x  2  x  dx
0
2

  2 x  x  dx
1
 2
 0
2
1   x 2   x3  
  2      
   2   3  
0

1   2   2   
3 3
     0
  2 3  
  
1  3  2   2  2 
3 3
  
  6 

1   2 
3
  
 6 

4 2
a0 
3

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 5
 FOURIER SERIES

2
1
an 
  f  x  cos n x dx
0
2
1

  x  2  x  cos n x dx
0
2
1   cos n x    sin n x  
 sin n x 
  2 x  x 2 
  n 

   2  2 x  
 nn 
   2   
 n  n  n 0
1

1 n
 
 2  2
  2
  2
sin 2n  0    



 2 cos 2n  2 cos 0   3  sin 2n  sin 0  
1 2
 2 
n n
1  4 
  2 
 n 
4
an 
n2
2
1
bn 
  f  x  sin n x dx
0
2
1

  x  2  x  sin n x dx
0
2
1   cos n x    sin n x   cos n x  


  2 x  x 2 
 n 

   2  2 x  
 nn 
   2   
 n  n  n 0

 1
1n
 
 2    2   cos 2n  0  n1   2 sin 2n  2sin 0
2 2
2




 3  cos 2n  cos 0  
2
 n 

1
  0

bn  0

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 6
 FOURIER SERIES

The Fourier series of f  x   x  2  x  over the interval  0, 2  is

4 2  4 
f  x    2 cos n x   0sin n x
2 n 1 n n 1


2 2 1
f  x   4 2 cos n x
3 n 1 n
consider x  0

2 2 1
f  0   4 2 cos 0
3 n 1 n

2 2 1
  x  2  x   x 0   4 2
3 n 1 n

2 2  1 1 1 
 0  4 1  2  2  2 
3  2 3 4
2 2  1 1 1 
  4 1  2  2  2 
3  2 3 4
2 1 1 1
 1 2
 2 2
6 2 3 4

consider x  

2 2 1
f     4 2 cos n
3 n 1 n


2 2 1
  x  2  x   x    4 2  1
n
3 n 1 n

2 2  1  1 1 
   2
 4  1  2  2  2 
3  2 3 4 
2 2  1 1 1 
  
2
 4  1  2  2  2 
3  2 3 4

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 7
 FOURIER SERIES

2  1 1 1 
  4 1  2  2  2 
3  2 3 4
2 1 1 1
 1  
12 22 32 42

3. Find the Fourier series of the function f  x   1  cos x defined over the interval  0, 2 
1 1 1 1 1  1
hence deduce (i)     or   2
2 1 3 3  5 5  7 2 n 1 4n  1

Solution: W.K.T the Fourier series of f  x  over the interval  0, 2  is

a0  
f  x    an cos n x   bn sin n x 1
2 n 1 n 1

2
1
a0 
  f  x  dx
0
2
1

  1  cos x dx
0
2
1 x

  2sin 2
2
dx
0
2
2 x

  sin 2 dx
0

 
2
 
2   cos 2
x
 
  1 
 2 0
2 2   2  
   cos 0 
   2
cos
 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 8
 FOURIER SERIES

2 2
  1  1

4 2
a0 

2
1
an 
  f  x  cos nx dx
0
2
1

  1  cos x cos nxdx
0
2
1 x

  2sin 2
2
cos nxdx
0
2
2 x

  sin cos nx dx
2
0
2
2 1   x  x  

   sin  nx    sin  nx     dx
2   2  2  
0
2
2 1   1  1  

   sin  n   x  sin  n   x   dx
2   2  2  
0

2
  1  1 
 cos  n   x cos  n  x
2  2  2 
   
2   1  1 
n  n   
  2  2  0
 
2  1   1  1   1 
             
1     
cos n 2 cos 0 cos n 2 cos 0
2    2  1    2  
n  n  
  2  2 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 9
 FOURIER SERIES

 

2  1 1 
   cos    2 n  
 1   cos    2 n  
 1
2   1  1 
n   n  
  2  2 

 

2  1 1 
    cos  2 n   1    cos  2 n   1 
2   1  1 
n   n  
  2  2 

 
2  1 1 
   1  1   1  1 
2   1  1 
 n    n  
  2  2 
 
2 2 2 
   
2   1  1 
n   n  
  2  2  
 1  1 
 n     n  
2  2  2 
  
   1  1 
n   n  
  2  2  
 
 
2 1 

   2  1 2  

n   
  2   


DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 10
 FOURIER SERIES

 
 
2 1 

   4n 2  1  
 
  4  

4 2  1 
an 
  4n2  1

2
1
bn 
  f  x  sin nx dx
0
2
1

  1  cos x sin nxdx
0
2
1 x

  2sin 2
2
sin nxdx
0
2
2 x

  sin sin nx dx
2
0
2
2 1   x  x  

   cos  nx    cos  nx     dx
2   2  2  
0
2
2 1   1  1  

   cos  n   x  cos  n   x   dx
2   2  2  
0

2
  1  1 
 sin  n   x sin  n   x 
 
2 2  2
  
2   1  1 
n  n   
  2  2  0

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 11
 FOURIER SERIES

 

2 1 1 
   sin  2 n    
 0    sin  2 n    
 0 
2   1  1 
n   n  
  2  2 

 
2   sin  2 n   sin  2 n  

   
2   1  1 
n   n  
  2  2  
bn  0

The Fourier series of f  x  over the interval  0, 2  is

a0  
f  x    an cos n x   bn sin n x 1
2 n 1 n 1

4 2
 
 4 2  1 
f  x    4n 2  1 cos n x   0sin n x
2 n 1  n 1

2 2 4 2  1 
f  x    4n 2  1 cos n x
 n 1 

Consider x  0

2 2 4 2  1 
f  0    4n 2  1 cos 0
 n 1 
2 2  4 2  1 
 x 0       4n 2  1
 1  cos x 

n 1


2 2 4 2  1 
0



  4n2  1
n 1

2 2 4 2  1 



  4n2  1
n 1

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 12
 FOURIER SERIES

1   1 

2 n 1  4n2  1

1 1 1 1
  
2 3 15 35
`
1 1 1 1
   
2 1 3 3  5 5  7

x 0 x 
4. Find the Fourier series of the function f  x    hence deduce
2  x   x  2

2 1

8 n 1  2n  12
Solution: W.K.T the Fourier series of f  x  defined over the interval  0, 2  is

a0  
f  x    an cos n x   bn sin n x 1
2 n 1 n 1

2
1
a0 
  f  x  dx
0
 2
1

  f  x  dx   f  x  dx
0 
 2
1

  x dx    2  x  dx
0 
 2
1  x 2   x2  
      2 x   
  2  0  2  
 

1   2    2    2  2  
2
   0     2      2  
2
  2    2  2  
  

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 13
 FOURIER SERIES

1  2 4 2 2
   4 2
  2 2
 
 2 2 2 
1
  2 

a0  

2
1
an 
  f  x  cos nx dx
0
 2
1

  f  x  cos nx dx   f  x  cos nx dx
0 
 2
1

  x cos nx dx    2  x  cos nx dx
0 
 2
1    sin nx    cos nx     sin nx    cos nx   
  x   1      2  x      1   
    n   n  n 0   n   n  n   
 1 1  
   sin n   0    cos n   cos 0  
1  n n2  
  
 1 
    2  2  sin 2n   2    sin n   2  cos 2n  cos n  
1
 n n  
11
 n
 1
  2  1  1  2 1   1 
n

n
 
n 



1
 2  1  1  1   1 
n n

n  

2  1  1
n

an   
n 2

2
1
bn 
  f  x  sin nx dx
0

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 14
 FOURIER SERIES

 2
1

  f  x  sin nx dx   f  x  sin nx dx
0 
 2
1

  x sin nx dx    2  x  sin nx dx
0 
 2
1     cos nx    sin nx      cos nx    sin nx   
  x    1      2  x      1   
    n   n  n 0   n   n  n   
  1 1  
  cos n  0    sin n  sin 0 
1   n n2  

  
  1 
    2  2  cos 2n   2    cos n   2  sin 2n  sin n  
1
 n n  
1    1   1 
n n
   
 n n 

bn  0

The Fourier series of f  x  defined over the interval  0, 2  is

a0  
f  x    an cos n x   bn sin n x 1
2 n 1 n 1
 
 2 
f  x     2  1  1 cos n x   0sin n x

n
2 n 1  n   n 1

 2 
f  x   2 
1  1 cos n x
n
2 n 1  n


Consider x0

  2
 f  x   x 0    2  1  1 cos 0
n
2 n 1  n  


 2 
 x x  0  0   2   1 n
 1

2 n 1  n

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 15
 FOURIER SERIES


 2 
 2 
1  1
n
2 n 1  n


 2 
 1   1 
n
2  
2 n 1  n
 22 2 2 2 
  0   0   0  
2  12 32 52 72 
 41 1 1 1 
  2 2 2 2 
2  1 3 5 7
2 1 1 1 1 
 2  2  2  2  
8 1 3 5 7

Fourier series of a function defined over  0, 2l 

a0   n x   n x
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n 1  l  n 1  l 
2l
1
a0   f  x  dx
l0

 n x 
2l
1
an   f  x  cos   dx
l0  l 

 n x 
2l
1
bn   f  x  sin   dx
l0  l 

Problems

1. Obtain the Fourier series of f  x   e x over the interval  0, 2 

Solution: W.K.T the Fourier series of f  x  defined over the interval  0, 2l  is

a0   n x 

 n x 
f  x    an cos    bn sin 
 
2 n 1  l  n 1  l 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 16
 FOURIER SERIES

2l  2  l  1

a0  
f  x    an cos  n x    bn sin  n x 
2 n 1 n 1

2l
1
a0   f  x  dx
l0
2
1
  e  x dx
10
2
 e x 
 
 1  0

  e 2  e 0 
a0  1  e 2

 n x 
2l
1
an   f  x  cos   dx
l0  l 

 n x 
2
1
  e  x cos   dx
10  1 
2
  e  x cos  n  x  dx
0

 e ax 
 w . k . t .  e ax
cos  bx  c  dx  
 a cos  bx  c   b sin  bx  c  

 a 2  b2 
2

 e x 

an   
2 
1cos  n  x   n sin  n  x  

1   n  
 0



1
1 n 
2 2 
e2  1cos  2n    n sin  2n    e0  1cos  0   n sin  0  

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 17
 FOURIER SERIES

1  e2  1
 2 2  
1 n 
1 1  e2 
an  2 2  
1 n 

 n x 
2l
1
bn   f  x  sin   dx
l0  l 

 n x 
2
1
  e  x sin   dx
10  1 
2
  e  x sin  n  x  dx
0

 eax 
 w . k . t .  e ax
sin  bx  c  dx  
 a sin  bx  c   b cos  bx  c  

 a 2  b2 
2

 e x 

bn    1sin  n  x   n cos  n  x   
2 
1   n  
 0



1
1 n 
2 2 
e2  1sin  2n    n cos  2n    e0  1sin  0   n cos  0  
1  n  e2  n  
 2 2  
1 n 

n 
bn  2 2 
1  e2 
1 n 

The Fourier series of f  x   e x defined over the interval  0, 2  is

a0  
f  x    an cos  n x    bn sin  n x 
2 n 1 n 1

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 18
 FOURIER SERIES

1  e2  1 
1  e  cos  n x    n  1  e2  sin  n x 
e x
  2 2 
2
 2 2  
2 n 1 1  n  n 1 1  n 

2. Obtain the Fourier series of f  x   2 x  x 2 over the interval  0, 2 

Solution: W.K.T the Fourier series of f  x  defined over the interval  0, 2l  is

a0   n x   n x
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n 1  l  n 1  l 
2l  2  l  1
a0  
f  x    an cos  n x    bn sin  n x 
2 n 1 n 1
2l
1
a0   f  x  dx
l0
2
1

  2 x  x 2 dx
10

2
  x 2   x3  
 2     
  2   3   0

 1
 22  0  23  0
3
  
8
4
3
4
a0 
3

 n x 
2l
1
an   f  x  cos   dx
l0  l 

 n x 
2
1

  2 x  x 2 cos 
10

 1 
 dx

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 19
 FOURIER SERIES

2
 
  2 x  x 2 cos  n  x  dx
0
2
  sin n x    cos n x    sin n x 


  2x  x2 
 n 
    2  2x 
 n  n 
   2  
 n  n  n

0
 1 1 
  0  0   2 2  2cos 2n  2cos 0   3 3  sin 2n  sin 0  
 n n 
1
 2 2  2  2 
n
4
an 
n 2 2
 n x 
2l
1
bn   f  x  cos   dx
l0  l 

 n x 
2
1

  2 x  x 2 sin 
10

 1 
 dx
2
 
  2 x  x 2 sin  n  x  dx
0
2
   cos n x    sin n x   cos n x 


  2x  x2 

n
   2  2x 
  n  n 
   2  
 n  n  n

0
 1 2 
  0  0   2 2  2sin 2n  2sin 0   3 3  cos 2n  cos 0 
 n n 
1 2
 2 2  0  0  3 3  0  0
n n
bn  0

The Fourier series of f  x   2 x  x 2 defined over the interval  0, 2  is

a0  
f  x    an cos  n x    bn sin  n x 
2 n 1 n 1

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 20
 FOURIER SERIES

4  
4
2 x  x  3   2 2 cos  n x    0sin  n x 
2
2 n 1 n  n 1

2 4  cos  n x 
2 x  x2    n2
3  2 n 1


2  x 0 x4 2 1
3. Obtain the Fourier series of f  x    hence deduce 
x  6 4 x8 8 n 1  2n  12

Solution: W.K.T the Fourier series of f  x  defined over the interval  0, 2l  is

a0   n x 

 n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n 1  l  n 1  l 
2l  8  l  4
a0   n x 

 n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n 1  4  n 1  4 
2l
1
a0   f  x  dx
l0
8
1
  f  x  dx
40

1 
4 8
   f  x  dx   f  x  dx 
4  0 4 
1 
4 8
    2  x  dx    x  6  dx 
4  0 4 

1   
4 8
x2   x2
  2x      6x  
4  2 0  2 4 


DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 21
 FOURIER SERIES

1  42   82  42  
  8   0     48    24   
4   
2   2  2   
1
  0
4
a0  0

 n x 
2l
1
an   f  x  cos   dx
l0  l 

 n x 
8
1
  f  x  cos   dx
40  4 
1  n x   n x  
4 8
   f  x  cos   dx      4  dx 
f x cos
4  0  4  4 
1  n x   n x  
4 8
    2  x  cos   dx    x  6  cos   dx 
4  0  4  4  4  
   n x     n x   
4 
  sin  4     cos  4    
  2  x       1 
     
   n     n    n    
   4     4   4   
1          0 
  
4 8
   n x     n x    
   sin  4     cos  4    
   x  6     1 
    
    n     n    n    
        4   4   
   4        4 
 4 16 
  2sin n  2sin 0   2 2  cos n  cos 0  
1 n n
  
4
 2sin 2n  2sin n   2 2  cos 2n  cos n 
4 16

 n n 
1
4 n
16
  16
 0  2 2  1  1  2 2 1   1 
n

n
 
n 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 22
 FOURIER SERIES


4 
n 2 2 
1  1 n
 
1   1 n 

4
n 

 2 2  2  2  1 
n

an 
8
n 2 2
1   1 
n

 n x 
2l
1
bn   f  x  sin   dx
l0  l 

 n x 
8
1
  f  x  sin   dx
40  4 
1  n x   n x  
4 8
   f  x  sin   dx   f  x  sin   dx 
4  0  4  4  4  

1  n x   n x  
4 8
    2  x  sin   dx    x  6  sin   dx 
4  0  4  4  4  
   n x     n x   
4 
   cos  4     sin  4    
  2  x       1     
   
  n     n    n   
   4     4   4   
1          0 
  
4 8
   n x     n x    
    cos      sin    
   x  6    4    1   4   
    n     n   n    
           

   4     4   4    4 
 4 16 
 2cos n   2cos 0    sin n   sin 0 
1  n n
2 2 
  
4
2cos 2n  2cos n   2 2  sin 2n  sin n  
4 16

  
n n
1 8
4 n 
  n
8
  2 2  1  1  0  2 2 1   1  0
n
 n
 


DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 23
 FOURIER SERIES


4 
n 2 2 
 1 n

 1  1    
1 n 
 
4
 2 2  0
n
bn  0
the Fourier series of f  x  defined over the interval  0, 2l  is

a0   n x 

 n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n 1  4  n 1  4 
0  8   n x 

 n x 
   2 2 1   1 cos    0sin 
n
 
2 n 1 n     4  n 1  4 

8 1  n x 
 1   1
n
f  x  cos  
 2 n2 
n 1
  4 
consider x  0

8 1  n 0 
 1   1
n
f  0  cos  
 2 n2 
n 1
  4 

8 1
 1   1
n
 2  x  x 0 
 2 n2 n 1


2
8 1
 2 12
1   
 11

1
22
1 
   1 2

1

32
1    1 
3
 
1
42
1  1 4
1
52
1   1 5

2 2 0 2 0 2 
 2  2  2  2  2 
4 1 2 3 4 5
2 1 1 1 
 2 2  2  2 
4 1 3 5
2 1 1 1 
 2  2  2 
8 1 3 5

2 1

8 n 1  2n  12

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 24
 FOURIER SERIES

Fourier series of a function defined over   ,  

a0  
f  x    an cos n x   bn sin n x
2 n 1 n 1


1
a0 
  f  x  dx


1
an 
  f  x  cos n x dx


1
bn 
  f  x  sin n x dx


NOTE

1. If f   x   f  x   f  x  isan even function

2. If f   x    f  x   f  x  isan odd function
3. If f  x  and g  x  are even functions then f  x   g  x  is an even function.
i.e., product of two even functions is an even function.
4. If f  x  and g  x  are odd functions then f  x   g  x  is an even function.
i.e., product of two odd functions is an even function.
5. If f  x  is an even function and g  x  is an odd function then f  x   g  x  is an odd
function.
i.e., product of an even function and odd function is an odd function.
 a
2 f  x  dx if f  x  is an even fuction
6.  f  x  dx   0
a


if f  x  is an odd fuction
a
 0

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 25
 FOURIER SERIES

Problems

1. Obtain the Fourier series of f  x   x 2 over the interval   x   . Deduce the following


2 1
a  2
6 n 1 n

2 
 1n1
b 
12 n 1 n2

2 1
c 
8 n 1  2n  12
Solution: f  x   x 2 replace ' x ' by   x  , f   x     x   x 2  f  x  hence function is even
2

f  x   x 2 is even over theinterval    x    bn  0 and Fourier series is

a0 
f  x     an cos nx .............. 1
2 n 1

1
a0 
  f  x  dx


2
 a0 
  f  x  dx f  x  is even
0

2

 a0  x 2
dx
0

2  x3 
 a0   
  3 0
2  3
 a0    o 
3 
2 2
 a0 
3

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 26
 FOURIER SERIES


1
an 
  f  x  cos nx dx



2
 an 
  f  x  cos nx dx  f  x  is even 
0


2

 an  x 2
cos nx dx
0

 u v dx  u v1  u v2  u v3  u v4

2   sin nx    cos nx    sin nx  
 an   x 2     2x     2  
  n   nn   n  n  n 0
2  1  2 
    
  n 
 sin n 0 
2
n 2  cos n
  0  
2
n 2
sin n  0  

w.k .t sin n  0

4cos n
 
n2
4  1
n
 an 
n2

Substitute a0 , an in equation 1

a0 
f  x     an cos nx .............. 1
2 n 1
2 2  4  1
n
f  x   cos nx ..........  2 
3  2 n 1 n 2

put x  0 in equation  2  then

2
 4 2

 1n cos n0
 f  x   x 0 
3 n 1 n

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 27
 FOURIER SERIES

2 
 1n
  x  0  0  3  4 n 2
x2

n 1

2
 4

 1n
3 n 1 n2

2


 1n1 .......................
a
12 n 1 n2

put x   in equation  2  then

2
 4 2

 1n cos n
 f  x   x  
3 n 1 n

2 
 1n 
  x     3  4 n 2  1n cos n   1
x2 2 n

n 1

 
2 2
 4

 12n
3 n 1 n2
2 2
 4
 
 1 2n

2
3 n 1 n

2 1
 2
.......................  b 
6 n 1 n
adding equation  a  and  b 

2 2


 1n1  
1
6

12 n 2  n2
n 1 n 1
n 1
3 2   1   1 
  
12 n 1  n 2 
 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 28
 FOURIER SERIES

2 2 2 2 2
 2
 0  2  0  2  0  2 ...............
4 1 3 5 7

2 1 1 1 1
 2
 2  2  2 ...............
8 1 3 5 7

2  1
 ...............  c 
8 n 1  2n  12

2. Obtain the Fourier series of f  x   x over the interval   x   . Deduce the following


2 1

8 n1  2n  12
Solution: f  x   x

replace ' x 'by f   x    x  x  f  x 

 f  x  is an even function  bn  0 and Fourier series over theinterval   ,   is
a0  
f  x    an cos  nx    bn sin  nx  .......  a 
2 n 1 n 1

1
a0 
  f  x  dx


 a
 2 f  x  dx If f  x  is even
f  x dx   0
 a
2
a0   f  x  dx w.k .t 
 
0 a
 0 If f  x  is odd

2 x x0
a0   x dx f  x  x  
 0  x x0

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 29
 FOURIER SERIES


2  x2 
a0   
  2 0

a0 
2 1 2
  2
  0
 
a0  

1
an 
  f  x  cos  nx  dx


2
an 
  f  x  cos  nx  dx
0

2
an 
  x cos  nx  dx
0


2   sin  nx     cos  nx   
an   x    1  
  n   n  n  0
2  1  1 
an     sin n  0    2  cos n  cos0   
  n  n 
2
an  2  1  1
n

n  

substitute a0 , an in equation 1


 2 
f  x   2 
1  1 cos  nx 
n
2 n 1  n


put x  
f  x   x  x at x  


 2 1
   n2  1  1 cos  n 
n

2  n 1


DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 30
 FOURIER SERIES


 2 1
    1
2 
  1 
2n n

2  nn 1



 2 1
 1   1
n

2  n2 
n1


2 2 2 2 2

 0   0   0  ...............
4 12 32 52 72
2 1 1 1 1
 2  2  2  2 ................
8 1 3 5 7

2 1

8 n1  2n  12
 2x
1  ,   x  0
 
3. Obtain the Fourier expansion of the function f  x  defined by f  x   
1  2 x , 0  x  

 

2 1
and hence deduce that 
8 n1  2n  12
2x 2x
f1  x   1  , f2  x   1 
 
2x
f1   x   1   f2  x 

Note:If f1   x   f2  x  then the function is even
If f1   x    f 2  x  then the function is odd
 the given function is even  bn  0 and Fourier series is
a0 
f  x     an cos nx .......... 1
2 n 1

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 31
 FOURIER SERIES


1
a0 
  f  x  dx


2
 a0 
  f  x  dx is even function
0

2  2x 
 0   
 a0  1 dx


2   2  x2 
 a0   x    
     2 0

 a0 
2
   0    2  0 
1
 
 
2
 a0     

 a0  0

1
an 
  f  x  cos nxdx


2
 an 
  f  x  cos nxdx f  x  is even function
0

2  2x 
 an   1   cos nx dx
 0  

2  2 x  sin nx   2    cos nx  
 an  1    
    n      n  n  0
2  2  sin n   2  
 an   1   0   2   cos n  cos 0  
    n  n  
2 2
 an   2 1   1 
  n

n 



4
 n 

 an  2 2  1   1 
n
 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 32
 FOURIER SERIES

substitute a0 and an in equation 1

0  4 
 
f  x     2 2  1   1  cos nx......  2 
2 n 1  n 
n

To get the required result put x  0
 2x   2x 
f  x   1    1   at x  0
     
f  0  1
equation 2 becomes

 

4  n 
1=  2 2 
1   1  cos 0
n 1  n 

 

2 1 
 1   1 
n
2 
 
4 n 1 n

 

2 1 
 1   1 
n
2 
 
4 n 1 n

2 2 2 2 2
 2
0 2 0 2 0 2
4 1 3 5 7

2 1 1 1 1
 2
 2  2  2 ...............
8 1 3 5 7

2 1

8 n 1  2n  12
 ,   x  0
4. Obtain the Fourier expansion of f  x   and hence deduce that
 x, 0 x 

2 1

8 n1  2n  12

Solution: f  x  is neither even nor odd

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 33
 FOURIER SERIES

a0  
f  x    an cos nx   an sin nx........ 1
2 n 1 n 1

1
a0 
  f  x  dx


1 
0
 a0    f  x  dx   f  x  dx 
   0 

1 
0
 a0     dx   xdx 
   0 

1   x2  
  x     
0
 a0 
  2 0 

1
 
 a0     0        2  0 

1
2 

1  2 2
 a0     
 2 
1   2 
 a0   
 2 

 a0 
2

1
an 
  f  x  cos nxdx


1 
0
 an    f  x  cos nxdx   f  x  cos nxdx 
   0 

1 
0
 an     cos nxdx   x cos nxdx 
   0 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 34
 FOURIER SERIES


1   sin nx    cos nx   
0
  sin nx 
 an       x   1   
   n    n   n  n  0 
1 1 
 an  0  0  0  0  2  cos n  cos 0  
 n 
1
 an  2  1  1
n

n  

1
bn 
  f  x  sin nxdx


1 
0
 bn    f  x  sin nxdx   f  x  sin nxdx 
   0 

1 
0
 bn     sin nxdx   x sin nxdx 
   0 

1    cos nx    sin nx   
0
   cos nx 
 bn       x   1   
   n    n   n  n  0 
1  1 1 
 bn    cos 0  cos n    cos n  0  cos 0   2  sin n  sin 0  
 n n n 
1  1 1 
 bn   1  cos n    cos n  0   2  0  0  
 n n n 
1  
 bn   1  2cos n  
 n 
1
1  2  1 
n
 bn 
n 

substitute a0 and an , bn in equation... 1

  1  
1
f  x    2  1  1 cos nx   1  2  1  sin nx....  2 

n n
4 n 1  n   n 1 n
 
put x  0 toget the required result but f  x  is not defined at x  0

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 35
 FOURIER SERIES

 f  x   x  x 
    
 f x0   f x0 
0  2 
 
    
 f 0  f 0
 f  x   x 0  
 2 
 
 0     
f  0   
 2 

f  0 
2
  1  
1
f  0    2  1  1 cos 0   1  2  1  sin 0.............  2 
n n
4 n 1  n   n 1 n
 

   1 
  2  1  1
n

2 4 n 1  n  
  1  1 
   2  1  1
n
2 4  n 1 n  
 1  1 
  2  1  1
n
4  n 1 n  

2 1 
 1   1 
n
2  
4 n 1 n

2 2 2 2 2
  0   0   0  ..........
4 12 32 52 72
2 1 1 1 1
    ..........
8 12 32 52 7 2

2 1

8 n 1  2n  12

5. Obtain the Fourier series f  x  x and hence deduce

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 36
 FOURIER SERIES

 1 1 1 1 1
 1       ................
4 3 5 7 9 11
Solution: f  x   x replace' x 'by   x 
f   x    x   f  x  f unction is even a0  0 and an  0 and Fourier seriesis

f  x    bn sin nx......... 1
n 1

1
 bn 
  f  x  sin nx dx


1
 bn 
  f  x  sin nx dx

f  x  is an odd function and sin nx is an odd function f  x  sin nx is an even function

2
 bn 
  f  x  sin nx dx
0

2
 bn 
  x sin nx dx
0

2    cos nx    sin nx  
 bn   x     1  
  n   n  n 0
2  1 1 
 bn    cos n  0    sin n  sin 0 
  n n2 

2  1
n
 bn 
n
n 1
2  1
 bn 
n
n 1
 2  1
f  x   sin nx .........  2 
n 1 n

put x  to get the requried result
2

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 37
 FOURIER SERIES


 2

 1n1 sin n   
 
2 n 1 n 2
 1 1 1
 1  0   0   0   ......
4 3 5 7
 1 1 1
 1    ........
4 3 5 7

6. Obtain the Fourier series f  x   x sin x over theinterval   ,  

Solution: f   x     x   sin   x      x    sin  x    x sin x
 function is even over theinterval   ,  
 bn  0 and Fourier seriesis
a0 
f  x    an cos nx........ 1
2 n 1

1
a0 
  f  x  dx


2
 a0 
  f  x  dx function is even
0

2
 a0 
  x sin x dx
0
2 
 a0   x   cos x   1  sin x   0

2
 a0      cos   0    sin   sin 0  

2
 a0      1

 a0  2

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 38
 FOURIER SERIES


1
an 
  f  x  cos nx dx


2 1
an   x sin x cos nx dx cos A sin B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B  
 0
2

2 1 
an   x  sin  nx  x   sin  nx  x    dx
 0 2 

2 1 
   
 0  2 
an  x   sin n  1 x  sin n  1 x 
  dx

 
1  
an    x sin  n  1 x dx   x sin  n  1 x dx  dx........  2 
  0 0 

1    cos  n  1 x    sin  n  1 x     cos  n  1 x    sin  n  1 x   
an   x    1    x
   1   
 
 
  n  1   n  1
n 1 
2
  2
   
n 1
   0
  1  
   cos  
n  1   o  
1
2
sin  
n  1   sin 0  
1  n  1  n  1  
an   
  1 
   cos  n  1   0   1
2
sin  n  1   sin 0   
  n  1  n  1  
n 1 n 1
  1   1  1 
an    
  n 1 n 1 
 
n 1 
1 1 
an   1  n  1  n  1
n 1  n  1   n  1 
an   1  
 n2  1 
n 1  2 
an   1  2 
 n  1

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 39
 FOURIER SERIES

 2  1n 1 
an   2  for n  2
 n  1 
To find a1 put n  1 in equation.....  2 

 
1  
a1    x sin 1  1 x dx   x sin 1  1 x dx  dx
  0 0 

1
a1 
  x sin 2 x dx
0

1    cos 2 x    sin 2 x  
a1   x    1  
  2   4 0
1  1 1 
a1    cos 2  0    sin 2  sin 0 
  2 4 
1
a1 
2
  2 1 n 1 
f  x 
2  1 
   cos x     2
   cos nx
2  2  n  2  n  1 

Fourier series of a function defined over  l , l 

a0   n x 

 n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n 1  l  n 1  l 
l
1
a0   f  x  dx
l l

 n x 
l
1
an   f  x  cos   dx
l l  l 

 n x 
l
1
bn   f  x  sin   dx
l l  l 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 40
 FOURIER SERIES

Problems

1. Obtain the Fourier series of f  x   x3 defined over the interval  2, 2 

Solution: W.K.T the Fourier series of f  x  defined over the interval  l , l  is

a0   n x   n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin   l2
2 n 1  l  n 1  l 

Given that f  x   x3 defined over the interval  2, 2 

f  x   x3

 
f   x     x    x3   x3   f  x 
3

i.e., f   x    f  x   f  x  is an odd function.

 a 0  0 & an  0

 n x 
l
1
bn   f  x  sin   dx
l l  l 

 n x 
2
1
 bn   x3 sin   dx
2 2  2 
 n x 
x3 sin    odd function  odd function  even function
 2 

1  n x  
2
 bn   2 x3 sin   dx 
2  0  2  

 n x 
2
   x3 sin   dx
0  2 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 41
 FOURIER SERIES

2
   n x     n x   
   cos  2     sin  2   

 
 x3 


n 
 
   3x 2  
 n  n 
 

    2 2  
 2  
  
   n x     n x  
  cos  2    sin   
  6x       6   2  
  n  n  n   n   n   n   n  
  2   2 2   0
 2 2   2 2

 2 3 43 2
 n 2 
cos n  0  
n2  2
2 sin n 0  

  
 68 6  16 
   2cos n  0    sin n  sin 0  
 n3  3 n4  4 
 16  1n 96  1n 
   3 3 
 n  n  

16  1  6 
n
 bn   2 2  1
n  n  

The Fourier series of f  x   x3 defined over the interval  2, 2  is

a0   n x 

 n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n 1  2  n 1  2 

0   n x 
x    0cos 
 
 16 1 
6   n x 
n

 
 
3
 1 sin  
2 n 1  2  n 1 n   n 2  2   2 
 16  1  6
n
  n x 
x 
3

 2 2  sin 
1 
n 1 n  n    2 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 42
 FOURIER SERIES

2. Obtain the Fourier series of f  x   e x defined over the interval  l , l 

Solution: W.K.T the Fourier series of f  x  defined over the interval  l , l  is

a0   n x 

 n x 
f  x    an cos    bn sin 
  l l
2 n 1  l  n 1  l 

Given that f  x   e x defined over the interval  l , l 

f  x   e x
f  x  e    ex   f  x 
 x

f x  f  x
 f  x  is neither odd nor even function.
l
1
a0   f  x  dx
l l
l
1
   e  x dx
l l
l
1  e x 
   
l  1  l

1  l l
  e  e
l  
1
  el  el 
l
2sinh l
 a0 
l

 n x 
l
1
an   f  x  cos   dx
l l  l 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 43
 FOURIER SERIES

 n x 
l
1
   e x cos   dx
l l  l 
l
 
1  e x   n x  n

 n  x  
     cos  l   l sin  l   
l  n2  2      
1 2
 l l

   l  n  
1 1  e   cos  n    l sin  n    

   2  
l  l  n2  2  l  n 
   e   cos  n    sin  n   
 l2   l  
l  e l  1n  el  1n 
 
l 2  n2  2  

l  1
n
   el  e  l 
l n  
2 2 2

l  1
n
   2sinh l 
l 2  n2  2

l  1 2sinh l
n
 an 
l 2  n2  2

 n x 
l
1
bn   f  x  sin   dx
l l  l 

 n x 
l
1
   e x sin   dx
l l  l 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 44
 FOURIER SERIES

l
 
1  e x   n x  n

 n  x  
     sin  l   l cos  l   
l  n2  2      
1 2
 l l

   l  n  
1 1  e   sin  n    l cos  n    

   2  
l  l  n2  2  l  n 
   e   sin  n    cos  n   
 l2   l  
1   n  el  1 n  el  1 
n n
l2
   2   
l  l  n2  2   l l 


 n   1n 
  2
l n  2 2 
 el  e  l 
 

 n   1n 
  2   2sinh l 
 l  n2  2 
 
2n   1 sinh l
n
 bn 
l 2  n2  2

The Fourier series of f  x  defined over the interval  l , l  is

a0   n x   n x
f  x    an cos     bn sin   l l
2 n 1  l  n 1  l 

2sinh l
 2
 
 l 1 n 2sinh l
 n x   2n   1 sinh l
n
 n x
f  x  
l cos  sin  
n 1 l  n   l  n 1 l 2  n2  2  l 
2 2
2

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 45
 FOURIER SERIES

sinh l  l  1 2sinh l x   2n   1 sinh l

n n
 n  n x
f  x   2 cos   sin  
n 1 l  n   l  n 1 l 2  n2  2  l 
2 2
l

NOTE

 f1  x 
 for  a  x  0
f  x  
 f2  x 
 for 0  x  a

If f1   x   f 2  x  Then f  x  is an even function

f1   x    f 2  x  Then f  x  is an odd function

1  2 x for  3  x  0
3. Obtain the Fourier series of f  x    hence
1  2 x for 0  x  3

2 1
deduce that 
8 n 1  2n  12
Solution: W.K.T the Fourier series of f  x  defined over the interval  l , l  is

a0   n x   n x
f  x    an cos     bn sin   l 3
2 n 1  l  n 1  l 
a0   n x 

 n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n 1  3  n 1  3 

f1  x   1  2 x & f 2  x   1  2 x
f1   x   1  2   x   1  2 x  f 2  x 
 f  x  is an even function.
 bn  0

l
1
a0   f  x  dx
l l

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 46
 FOURIER SERIES

3
1
   f  x  dx  f  x  is even 
3 3
3
2
   f  x  dx
30
3
2
   1  2 x  dx
30
3
2  x2 
   x  2  
3   2   0

 
2 3
  3  32  0 
3 0
2
   6 
3
 a0  4

 n x 
l
1
an   f  x  cos   dx
l l  l 

 n x 
3
1
   f  x  cos   dx
3 3  3 

 n x 
3
2
   f  x  cos   dx
30  3 

 n x 
3
2
   1  2 x  cos   dx
30  3 

3
   n x     n  x  
  3     
2
sin  cos
  1  2 x       2 
  n n  3  
3  n   
   
  3   3 3   0

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 47
 FOURIER SERIES

2 3 18 
    5sin n  sin 0   2 2
cos n  cos 0  
3  n n 
12 
   1
n
 an  2 2 
1
n 

The Fourier series of f  x  defined over the interval  3,3 is

a0   n x 

 n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n 1  3  n 1  3 
4  12   n x 

 n x 
f  x    2 2  1  1 cos  
n
  0sin  
2 n 1 n     3  n 1  3 

12 1  n x 
f  x   2   n2  1  1 cos 
n
 
 2
n 1  3 

Put x  0

12 1
 f  x   x 0  2   n2  1  1 cos  0 
n

 2
n 1


12 1
 n2  1  1
n
 1  2 
 2
n 1


12    1  1   1  1   1  1   1  1   1  1 

1 2 3 4 5
 1  2   2       
   12   22   32   42   52  

12  2 2 2 
 3  0   0  
 2  12 32 52 

24  1 1 1 
 3  0   0  
 2 12 32 52 

2 24  1 1 1 
   0   0  
8  2 12 32 52 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 48
 FOURIER SERIES


2 1
 
8 n 1  2n  12
 4x 3
 1  for  x0
4. Obtain the Fourier series of f  x   
3 2
1  4 x for 0  x 
3
 3 2
Solution: W.K.T the Fourier series of f  x  defined over the interval  l , l  is

a0   n x   n x
f  x    an cos     bn sin   l3
2 n 1  l  n 1  l  2

a0   n x    n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n 1  3  n 1  3 
 2   2 
a0   2n x 

 2n x 
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n 1  3  n 1  3 

4x 4x
f1  x   1  & f2  x   1 
3 3
4x 4x
f1   x   1  1  f2  x 
3 3
 f  x  is an even function.
 bn  0

l
1
a0   f  x  dx
l l

3
1 2
f  x  dx
3 3
 
2 2

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 49
 FOURIER SERIES

3
2
2
 
3  f  x  dx  f  x  is even 
0
3
2
2  4x 
 
3  1   dx
 3 
0
3
2 4  x2  2
   x   
3  3  2  
0

2 3 4  3  
2
       0
3  2 6  2  
2 3 4  9  
       0
3 2 6  4  
 a0  0

 n x 
l
1
an   f  x  cos   dx
l l  l 

3
1 2  n x 
f  x  cos   dx f  x  is even 
3 3
  
 3 
2 2  2 
3
2 2  n x 
   f  x  cos   dx
3  3 
2 0  2 
3
2  n x 
4  4x 
 
3  1   cos  3  dx
 3   
0  2 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 50
 FOURIER SERIES

3
      n x    2
  sin  n x    cos   
   3    3  
4  4 x   4   2  
  1     2       
3  3  n   3   n  n  
  3   3 3 
  2   2 2 
    0
     
4  2n  4  3    n 2 
3 
   n 2 
3
 4  3 3 
    1     sin  sin 0        cos 3  cos 0  
3  3  3  2    3    3  2n 2n    
   2     2  
4 3 
   2 2 cos  n   cos 0  
3 n  
4
 2 2  1  1
n

n  
4 
1   1 
n
 an  2 
n
2 

The Fourier series of f  x  defined over the interval 3  2

, 3
2  is
a0   2n x   2n x
f  x    an cos     bn sin  
2 n 1  3  n 1  3 
0  4   2n x   2n x
f  x     2 2 1   1  cos  
n
  0sin  
2 n 1 n     3  n 1  3 

4   2n x
f  x  
n
2 2 
1   1 
cos  
n 1 n   3 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 51
 FOURIER SERIES

HALF RANGE FOURIER SERIES

HALF RANGE FOURIER COSINE SERIES

If f  x  is a function defined in the interval  0,l  then half range Fourier cosine series is given
by

a0  n x 
f  x    an cos  
2 n 1  l 

l
2
where ao   f  x  dx
l
0

l
2  n x 
an   f  x  cos   dx
l
0
 l 

HALF RANGE FOURIER SINE SERIES

If f  x  is a function defined in the interval  0,l  then half range Fourier sine series is given by


 n x 
f  x   bn sin  l 

n 1

l
2  n x 
where bn   f  x  sin   dx
l
0
 l 

PROBLEMS

1. Expand f  x    x  1 as half range Fourier Sine series for 0  x  1 .

2

Soln: Given interval  0,1

  0, l    0,1
 l 1

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 52
 FOURIER SERIES

We know that Half range Fourier Sine series is given by


 n x 
f  x   bn sin  l 

n 1

 f  x   bn sin  n x  ........(1)
n 1
l
2  n x 
bn   f  x  sin   dx
l
0
 l 
1
bn  2   x  1 sin  n x  dx
2

2   cos  n x     sin  n x    cos  n x 

1
 
bn  2  x  1 
n
   2  x  1     2  
    n  n   n  n  n 0
 1 2 
bn  2    0  1  0  3 3  1  1 
 n n
n

 
 1
 n n 
2
bn  2   3 3  1  1 
n
 


bn 
2
n

1 
2
 n 2 2
 1  1
n

Substituting in (1), we get

 n 1  n2 2   1 


2  2 
 f  x   1  sin  n x 
n

n 1 

  n 1  n2 2   1 


2 1  2 
 f  x   1   sin  n x 
n
 n 1  

2. Expand f  x    x  1 as half range Fourier Cosine series for 0  x  1 . Hence deduce the
2

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 53
 FOURIER SERIES


2 1
following a)  2
6 n1 n

 1n1   2
b)  n2 12
n1

2 1
c) 
8  2n  12
n1

Soln: Given interval  0,1

  0, l    0,1
 l 1

We know that Half range Fourier Cosine series is given by

a0   n x 
f  x    an cos  
2 n 1  l 
a0 
 f  x    an cos  n x  .............1
2 n 1
l
2
ao   f  x  dx
l
0
1 1

 2   x  1 dx  2  x 2  2 x  1 dx
2

0 0
1
 x3  x2  
 2  2   x 
 3  2  
   0
1  1 
 2  1  0   1  0   1  0    2   1  1
3  3 
2
ao 
3

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 54
 FOURIER SERIES

l
2  n x 
an   f  x  cos   dx
l
0
 l 
1
an  2  x  1 cos  n x  dx
2

2  sin  n x     cos  n x     sin  n x   

1

an  2  x  1     2  x  1     2 
  n   n  n   n  n  n   0
 
an  2 0  2 2  0   11  0 
2
 n 
4
an  2 2
n
Substituting in (1), we get

2 
 4 
 f  x   3    2 2  cos  n x 
2 n 1  n  

1 4   1 
 f  x    2   2  cos  n x  ............. 2 
3  n 1  n 

Deductions

a) Put x  0 in eqn (2)

1 4   1 
 2   f  0    2   2  cos  0 
3  n 1  n 

1 4   1 
  0  1   2  2 
2
3  n 1  n 

1 4  1 
1  2
3 
  n2 
n 1

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 55
 FOURIER SERIES


4  1   1
2  2  
  1 
  n   3
n 1

 1  2 2
  2   
n 1  n  4 3

 1  2
  2 
n 1  n  6
b) Put x 1 in eqn (2)

1 4  1 
 2   f 1   2
3 
  n2  cos  n .1
n 1

1 4  1 
 1  1    n2  cos  n 
2

3 2 n 1

1 4  1 
  n2   1
n
0  2
3  n 1

4  1  1
  n2   1
n
 
2 n 1 3
  1n 

2  1
  2   

n 1  n  4  3

  1n 

2
   

n 1  n 2  12

  1 n 
  
   
2

n 1  n 2  12

  1 n 
  
   
2

n 1  n 2  12


DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 56
 FOURIER SERIES

  1n  1 

2
  

n 1  n 2  12

  1n 1 

2
   

n 1  n 2  12


c) Adding deductions a) and b),

n 1

 1     1   2
2
we get    2      
 n  n 1
 n 2  6 12
n 1 
  n 1
1  1  3 2
  2  

n 1  n n 2  12


 

 
2
 1
   2 1   1  1  
n

n 1  n  4

 

 1 n  2
   2 1   1  
n 1  n  4

1 1 1 1 2
  2  0   2   0   ..... 
12 22 32 42 4
1 1 2
  2   2   ..... 
12 32 4
 
2
1 1
 2  2  2  .....  
1 3  4
 1  2
  
 2
n 1  2n  1  8

3. Expand f  x   cos x as half range Fourier Sine series for 0  x   .

Soln: Given interval  0, 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 57
 FOURIER SERIES

  0, l    0,  
 l 
We know that Half range Fourier Sine series is given by

 n x 
f  x   bn sin  l 

n 1

 f  x   bn sin  nx  ........(1)
n 1
l
2  n x 
bn   f  x  sin   dx
l
0
 l 

2
bn 
  cos x sin  nx  dx
0

bn    sin  x  nx   sin  x  nx   dx
2 1
 2 0

  sin  n  1 x  sin  n  1 x  dx
1
bn 
 0

1   cos  n  1 x cos  n  1 x 
bn    
   n  1  n  1  0
1  1 
bn  
   n  1
 cos  n  1   cos 0  
1
 cos  n  1   cos 0  
 n  1 
1  1
bn  
   n  1 
 1n1  1 
1
 n  1  
 1n1  1 


1  1 1   1 
 
n
  1  1   1 
n
bn  
   n  1  n  1  1 
  

bn  
1  1
   n  1 
  1  1 
n 1

 n  1 
  1  1 
n 



DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 58
 FOURIER SERIES

bn 
   1  1 
n
1

1 

   n  1  n  1 

bn
  1  1 
n
1

1 

   n  1  n  1 

  1  1  n  1  n  1 
n

bn
  
 n2  1 
2n  1  1
n

bn   
 n 1
2
 
Substituting in (1), we get

  2n  1n  1 
 f  x        sin nx
  
n 1 

 n 2
1 


 f  x   
2  
 n  1n  1
  sin  nx 
 n 1  n 2  1
   


DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS 59