Professional Documents
Culture Documents
G. F. Hewitt
Imperial college London
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NEUTRON HISTORIES IN THERMAL REACTOR POWER FROM URANIUM
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U-235 1 kg produces joules
(80 terrajoules)
3 million kg of coal
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Figure of merit for coolant I Figure of merit for coolant II
Cross sectional
Area A
L
Q
M
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Water as a reactor coolant I Water as a reactor coolant II
• Single phase light water has: • Boiling light water advantages
– High availability and low cost – Direct steam generation in reactor (no steam generators
– High Figure of Merit required)
• but problems are: – Can operate at lower pressure for same thermodynamic
efficiency
– Low boiling point. High pressure required to achieve even
moderate thermodynamic efficiencies • Boiling light water disadvantages
– Neutron absorption relatively high – enriched uranium required – Radiolysis problem. H2O splits into H2 and O2 which enter steam
for light water reactors phase where recombination is much slower than in liquid. O2
– Corrosive at high temperature – special containment materials causes stress corrosion cracking.
required. Strict control of water chemistry required. – Steam circuit slightly radioactive.
• Single phase heavy water (D2O) has lower neutron
absorption and natural uranium can be used. Expensive!
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Pressurised Water reactor (PWR) I Pressurised Water reactor (PWR) II
Schematic diagram Typical four-loop station
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Pressurised Water reactor (PWR) IV Boiling water reactor I
Passive cooling in AP600 Typical flow circuit
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CANDU Reactor I
RBMK Reactor
Fuel element
Natural uranium
(no enrichment)
Heavy water
investment high
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