DJJ10033

WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 2 : DRILLING

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO1) :

Apply the knowledge of basic mechanical components

and equipment, hand tools and measuring equipment
in workshop technology
 CONTENTS
Differentiate between the drilling machine and
drill bit :-
1) Introduction
2) Drill bit (twist drill)
3) Drill sizes
4) Steps of marking out before drilling
5) Method of holding a drill bit
6) Spindle speed revolution (rpm) and the feed rate
including factors that influence the selection of
the cutting speed
7) Types of coolants, function and advantages
8) Standard Operating Procedures for drilling
 1) INTRODUCTION

• Drill used to make holes on the metal surface.

• Process to drilling holes usually using drilling
machine or lathe machines.
• Drill made from durable steel and tungsten
carbide
1) INTRODUCTION

Hand Drill

Radial Arm Drilling

Machine

Bench Drilling Machine

Multi Spindle Machine

Pillar Drilling Machine

Gang Spindle Drilling

Machine
 2) DRILL BIT (TWIST DRILL)

Taper Shank
Shank

Flute

Cutting Edge/ Lip

Body

Margin/Land
Web
Cutting
Edge/ Lip
Body Clearance
Clearance Angle
Flute Cutting Angle
 3) DRILL BIT SIZE
Size of drill bit can be measure in 4 types:
a) Size in Metric System
b) Size in Fraction System
c) Size in Number System
d) Size in Letter System

****Method How to Test a Drill Size ****

 3a)DRILL SIZE- METRIC SYSTEM
a)
 3b)DRILL SIZE- FRACTION SYSTEM
b)
 3c)DRILL SIZE- NUMBER SYSTEM
c)3. Size in Number System
– In this system, the size is given from
numbers 1 or = 0.228 inches until
number 97 =0.0059 inches.
 3d)DRILL SIZE- FRACTION SYSTEM
4. Size in Letters System
d)
– Drill also has a size from letters A to Z.
• A drill size (the smallest) =0.234 inch
• Z drill size (the biggest) = 0.413 inch
*Method How to Test a Drill Bit Size *

• Drill size can be measured by using :-

Drill Gauge Micrometer

 4) STEPS OF MARKING OUT DRILLING

a) Mark the center hole with a center punch.

b) Make two circles,
1st circle = for same size of the hole
2nd circle = more smaller than the other one.
c) Make the center of the hole again, with a center punch.
 4) STEPS OF MARKING OUT DRILLING

d) • Turn on the machine and make sure;

the marking hole exactly on center
hole

e) • Check either the drill rotating at

concentric or not rotates concentric. To
check either the drill bit on the center
hole or not. See Figure
f)
• If the cutting out off center hole, the hole
diameter be can be corrected by making
grooves by using a round knife point
 5) METHOD TO HOLDING A DRILL BIT
Straight shank
Morse Taper Sleeve

• Smaller than spindle

• held in geared drill chucks Drill socket
(three adjustable jaws to
clamp onto the drill).
• The shank set into the
spindle of the drilling
machine by inserting the Used to hold twist drills too large
chuck's shank into the to fit into either the drill press
spindle's . spindle or a sleeve
 5) METHOD TO HOLDING A DRILL BIT
Drill Drift
Drill sleeves

• Remove shank from spindle

• known as taper key
Using Drill Drift

Used to hold tapered

shank twist drills that are
too small for the tapered
hole in spindle of the
drilling machine
6a) CALCULATE SPINDLE SPEED REVOLUTION (RPM)

1. rpm: Speed of spindle in revolution per minute or N

2. Rate rotation of spindle is based on size of drill bit
. If drill bit smaller, then rpm more higher.
3. Important of measuring speed of spindle :
i. Determine types of material
ii. Identify Speed cutting of material
iii. Centre line drill bit.
6a) CALCULATE SPINDLE SPEED REVOLUTION (RPM)

High
Carbon
Speed Carbide
steel
Steel

Cutting speed increased

6a) CALCULATE SPINDLE SPEED REVOLUTION (RPM)
Exercise 1
• Calculate spindle speed in rpm for the hole
with center line 35mm on aluminum surface
with cutting speed 25 meter per minute.
Using heavy duty drill bit.

rpm = 227.2
6a) CALCULATE SPINDLE SPEED REVOLUTION (RPM)
Exercise 2

Find the cutting speed for :

i) Diameter 9mm with spindle speed 180 rev/min
ii) Diameter 6mm with spindle speed 20 rev/min
iii) Diameter 5mm with spindle speed 160 rev/min
iv) Spindle speed 120rpm with diameter 10 mm
6a) CALCULATE SPINDLE SPEED REVOLUTION (RPM)
Exercise 3

Find the spindle speed for :

i) Diameter 16mm with surface speed 20m/min
ii) Diameter 14mm with cutting speed 30 m/min
iii) Diameter 15mm with surface peed 15m/min
6a) CALCULATE SPINDLE SPEED REVOLUTION (RPM)

Exercise 4
• Calculate rev/min required to drill a hole
15mm diameter in a piece of machine steel
(CS 90) . Answer= 1909.6≈ 1910rpm
Exercise 5
• Find the cutting speed of 10 mm diameter
drill with a spindle 178 rev/min.
6b) STANDARD SPINDLE SPEED REVOLUTION (RPM)
 6c) FEED RATE

• Feed rate Increase as drill size increases

• To coarse – chip cutting edge
• To light – chattering noise, dulls cutting edge
6d) FACTOR IN SELECTING THE CUTTING SPEED

• Diameter and material of cutting tool

• Type of material being cut (material of work
piece)
• Condition of drilling machine
• Speed of twist drill referred to as cutting
speed, surface speed or peripheral speed
• Distance point on circumference of drill will
travel in 1 min
 7a) Introduction Coolants
 Function : To release heat from drill and
workpiece.
 Advantage : No friction between drill bit and
chip drill bit, become heat and drill cutting bit
will stick each other and crack. Cool the cutting
edge
 Lubricate the non-cutting surfaces and chips
 Wash away fine chips
 7b) TYPES OF COOLANTS
Coolant Description
Oils / straight oil From mineral , vegetable,
compounded and synthetic
use for low speed operations
Emulsion /soluble oil Mixture of oil, water & additive
semisynthetic Chemical emulsion
(little mineral oil diluted in
water)
Synthetic chemical with additive dilute in
water and contain no oil
7c) CUTTING FLUID
 8) STANDARD OF PROCEDURE FOR DRILLING
PROCESS
• Ensure item to drill is secured
• Wear appropriate PPE and appropriate clothing and footwear, no
loose clothing or jewellery or hair
• Make certain drill rotation is correct
• Select correct type and size of drill bit for job
• Ensure drill bit is properly installed and secured in chuck
• use clamp/vice to secure and support work piece
• Always ensure power is off and unplugged from power source
before changing drill bits, making adjustments or changing
accessories
• Always use a sharp bit. Check the bit to see if it runs true and free
from vibration. A dull or vibrating bit can cause damage to the
machine and/or serious injury.