MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

INSTRUCTION: Perform what is being asked.

1. The side effects of a new drugs are being tested against a placebo. A simple random sample of
565 patients yields the result below. At a significance level of α = 0.10, is there enough evidence
to conclude that the treatment is independent of the side effect of nausea?

Result Drug Placebo Total

Nausea 36 13 49
No nausea4 254 262 516
Total 290 275 565

a. The null hypothesis H o : the treatment of side effect is independent

b. The alternative hypothesis H a : the treatment of side effect is dependent
c. The level of significant α =: α = 0.10
d. The degrees of freedom:
(number of rows – 1) x (number of columns – 1) = (2 – 1) x (2 – 1) = 1 x 1 = 1
e. The test statistics:

Row, column E O (O – E) (O – E)2 (O – E)2

E
1,1 49 ∙290 36 10.8 116.64 4.628
=25.2
565
1,2 49 ∙275 13 −10.8 116.64 4.900
=23.8
565
2, 1 516∙ 290 254 −10.8 116.64 0.440
=264.8
565
2, 2 516∙ 275 262 10.8 116.64 0.464
=251.2
565

2 2
(observed−expected) (O−E)
x =∑ =∑
2
=¿ 10.432¿
expected E

f. The critical value: From α =0.10 and d . f =1, the critical value is 2.71
g. Decision: Since the x 2 ≈ 10.432>2.71, then there is enough statistical evidence to reject the null
hypothesis H o , therefore the answer is alternative hypothesis H a the treatment of side effect is
dependent.