1. A new medication's adverse effects are compared to a placebo.

The results of a straightforward

random sample of 565 patients are as follows. Is there sufficient data to infer that the treatment is
not dependent on the side effect of nausea at a significance level of = 0.10?

Result Drug Placebo Total

Nausea 36 13 49
Non Nausea 254 262 516
Total 290 275 565

 The null hypothesis Ho: The adverse effect of nausea has no bearing on the treatment.
 The alternative hypothesis H.: The nauseating side effect determines the course of
treatment.
 The level of significance a = 0.10
 The degrees of freedom: = (2-1) x (2-1) = 1 x 1 = 1
 The test of statistics can be calculated using the table below:
Row/Column E O (O-E) (O-E)² (O-E)²
E
1,1 49∗290 36 10.85 117.72 4.681
= 25.150
565
1,2 49∗275 13 -10.85 117.72 4.936
=23.849
565
2,1 516∗290 254 -10.85 117.72 0.444
=264.849
565
2,2 516∗275 262 10.85 117.72 0.469
=251.150
565

¿ (O−E)²
x ²=Ʃ Observe−expected ¿ ² =Ʃ =10.53
expected E

 The critical value: 2.17

 Decision: Since x²= 10.53 > 2.71. There is enough quantifiable evidence to disprove the
unreliable hypothesis and support the hypothesis that the treatment and reaction are related.