The Hashemite University

Department of Civil Engineering

Flexural Design – Doubly

Reinforced Beams

Dr.
Dr Hazim Dwairi

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University

Maximum Area of Steel (As,max)

• The ACI code puts an upper limit on the area of

steel by limiting the tensile reinforcement strain
to 0.004 or more, this guarantees a strain
ductility of = 0.004/0.00207 = 2 which allows
enough warning before failure.
• Recall that in this class, reinforcement ultimate
strain was limited to 0.005
0 005 rather than 0
0.004.
004
Therefore, maximum area of steel will be
computed based upon 0.005 strain in steel.

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University

1
 εcu = 0.003 0.85f’c
c a Cc
N.A.

Ts
εsu = 0.005
0 005

Compatability Equilibrium ACI Definition based upon ε su = 0.004

Cc = Ts f c'
d −c ρ max = 0.364β1
ε su = ε cu fy
c 0.85 f c' ab = As ,max f y
d −c 0.85 f c' ab
0.005 = (0.003) As ,max = For f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 414
c fy MPa:
3 3 f c' ρmax = 2.1% (ACI Definition)
∴ c = d ; a = β1d As ,max = 0.319 β1 bd
8 8 fy ρmax = 1.83% (our definition)

f c'
∴ ρ max = 0.319 β1
fy
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University

Doubly Reinforced Beams

• Reasons for adding compression steel:

¾ To increase ductility – larger εsu at ultimate.
ultimate
¾ Allows addition of tension steel beyond As,max, i.e
changes mode of failure from compression to tension
failure.
¾ Reduces deflections by increasing section moment of
inertia
• Compression steel by itself doesn’t
doesn t add much to
beam capacity, however, it changes the mode of
failure of the beam which allows the addition of
tension reinforcement beyond As,max, and that’s
what make the difference in the beam capacity
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University

2
 Effect of Compression Steel
• Reduces depth of
N.A., i.e., “c”.
• Increases ultimate
strain in tension
steel, i.e., increases
section ductility.
• Thus, allows
additional tension
steel to be added
added.

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University

Analysis of Beams with

Compression Steel – Example 1
• Compute the design moment strength of the
below. f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 414
beam shown below
MPa.
60 mm

2φ16
537 5 mm
537.5
600 mm

5φ25

400 mm
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University

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 Design of Doubly Reinforced
Beams
• Compute the required flexural strength (Mu)
• Compute
C t maximum
i area off steel
t l (A
(As,max)
• Compute Mn1 due to As,max
As ,max f y a⎫
a= ⇒c=
0.85 f b c
'
β1 ⎪⎪
⎬for rectangular sections
a ⎪
M n1 = As ,max f y (d − ) ⎪
2 ⎭
z If Mu > φMn1 then doubly reinforced beam.
If not, then singly reinforced beam
z Compute additional required M n 2 = M u − M n1
capacity (Mn2) φ
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University

• Check the strain in the compression steel

c−d' ⎧⎪ε su' ≥ ε y ⇒ f s' = f y
ε =
'
su ε cu ; if ⎨ '
c ⎪⎩ε su < ε y ⇒ f s = Esε su
' '

z Compute
p area of compression
p steel and
additional required area of tensile steel
M n2
As' =
f (d − d ' )
s
'

f s' '
As 2 = ( ) As ⇒ As = As ,max + As 2
fy

A’s A’s
As = As,max
d
+ As2
d-d’

a M n 2 = As' f s' (d − d ' )

M n = M n1 + M n 2 M n1 = As ,max f y (d − )
2
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University
= As 2 f y (d − d ' )

4
 • Select the bars for tension steel first, if two
layers are required, increase As a bit more than
calculated
Revise: A’s,new= A’s,calc. + (fy/f’s)(As,selected – As,calc.)
• Pick the compression steel bars based upon
A’s,new; always use a bit more than required
• Verify the design, so that:
φMn ≥ Mu
εsu ≥ 0 0.005
005
Note: The idea behind this design procedure is to add
equal compression and tension forces due to A’s and As2,
respectively. This way, the depth of the N.A. will not
change and strain in tensile steel will be at least 0.005
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University

Design of Beams with

Compression Reinforcement –
Example 1
• Design a rectangular beam for MD = 200 m m--kN and ML =
300 mm--kN if f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 414 MPa. The
maximum permissible dimensions are shown below.
Interior exposure. (Note: dead load moment includes the
beam self weight). 400 mm

A’s
600 mm

As

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University