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8 How Do Organisms Reproduce?

Summary

N
Reproduction is a process by which organisms give rise to new organisms of the same kind.

HA
In the process of reproduction, the existing organisms are called parents and new organisms
produced by them are called offspring.
One of the basic events in reproduction is the creation of a DNA copy. In the form of DNA, the
characteristics are inherited from parents to offspring.

AS
The process of reproduction is classified into two main groups: asexual and sexual reproduction.
In asexual reproduction, certain body cells undergo repeated mitotic divisions and give rise to two

AK
or more new organisms of the same kind.
Different methods of asexual reproduction are — fission, budding, fragmentation, spore formation,
regeneration, vegetative propagation, parthenogenesis and tissue culture.
PR
Fission is a process of division of a single celled organism into two or many cells (called binary
and multiple fission respectively), e.g., Amoeba.
Budding is a method of reproduction in which a protuberance develops on the mature organism’s
RS

body, attains full maturity and then detaches, e.g., Yeast and Hydra.
Spore formation : Spores are special cells formed within special structures called ‘sporangia’ that
disseminate and can form the entire plant. This is exclusive to the plant kingdom, e.g., mushroom,
HE

ferns and mosses.

Vegetative propagation is a method of reproduction in which a vegetative plant part (i.e., a non-
OT

reproductive part or a non-flowering part) produces a new plant.

For artificial propagation by man, the commonly used methods are :
(i) Cutting in which a stem is given an oblique cut and the cut stem is kept under appropriate
BR

conditions to give rise to an entirely new plant, e.g., Rose and China rose.
(ii) Layering is a process in which the stem, while still attached to the mother plant is burried
under the soil for a while, till it strikes new roots. It is then detached from the mother plant,
e.g., Jasmine. This is called ‘soil layering’. The other form of layering is ‘air layering’ in which
L

incision is made on the bark of a tree and covered with moist soil. When rooting takes place
YA

in the cut portion, the entire portion is cut and used for propagation.
(iii) Grafting is a process in which two parts of different plants are joined by bandaging them
tightly. This allows cambial activity to unite the two portions. The one that contributes the
O

root is called ‘stock’ and the one that contributes the shoot is known as ‘scion’.
Bicoloured roses and different varieties of mangoes are made by this method.
G

Advantages of Vegetative Propagation

(i) It allows quicker and easy propagation.
(ii) Better qualities of the plants can be maintained and the quality can even be enhanced as in
seedless oranges.
(iii) It results in propagation of those plants which do not produce viable seeds or produce seeds
with prolonged period of dormancy.

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Disadvantages of Vegetative Propagation

Most of these propagated plants do not produce viable seeds and hence curtail natural reproduction.
Regeneration is the ability of an organism to replace or repair any lost part. Sometimes, an
entire organism can be made from its fragmented body, e.g., Planaria. When an unfertilised egg
can be made to develop into an entire organism, it is known as ‘Parthenogenesis’ in animals and
‘Parthenocarpy’ in plants.
The reproductive part of a plant is its flower. A complete flower has four whorls —sepals, petals,
androecium and gynoecium.
Male gametes are the pollen grains produced by the anther lobes and the female gametes are the

N
ova within ovules present inside ovaries.

HA
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma is known as pollination.
Pollination

AS
Self Cross

In the Between two Transfer of pollen from

the anther to the

AK
same flower flowers of the
same plants stigma of different
flowers of different
plants but of the
PR
same species.

Upon pollination, pollen gets deposited on the stigma. The pollen germinates by forming pollen
RS

tubes. Each tube carries two male nuclei at its tip.

The ovary bears ovules. The number of ovules vary from one (as in mango) to many (as in orchid).
During syngamy, the first male nucleus fuses with the ovum to form the zygote. The second male
HE

nucleus fuses with the polar nucleus to form the endosperm.

The entire process is summarised as “double fertilisation” and triple fusion.
OT

The fertilised ovule develops into a seed and the fertilised ovary into the fruit.
Sexual reproduction necessarily requires two gametes usually different from one another. Male
gamete is the spermatozoa and female gamete is the ovum.
BR

In most animals single individual produces only one type of gamete and hence is unisexual.
However, there are organisms that possess both testicles and ovaries and are called bisexuals or
hermaphrodites, e.g., earthworm and leech.
L

The fusion of the two gametes is known as ‘fertilisation’.

YA

Sexual reproduction provides wider scope for variation between the parents and the offsprings.
Male reproductive system in human consists of the following organs —
(i) Testes in the scrotum
O

(ii) Epididymis
(iii) Vas deferens
G

(iv) Urethra
(v) Penis
(vi) Accessory glands (seminal vesicle and prostrate gland)
Female reproductive system in humans consists of the following organs —
(i) Ovaries
(ii) Fallopian tubes or oviducts
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(iii) Uterus or womb

(iv) Vagina
The attainment of sexual maturity is known as puberty.
The gonads control and regulate three major functions :
(a) They produce the gametes as well as the sex hormones (testosterone is produced by the testicles
and estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries).
(b) They help in the functioning of the accessory sex organs (i.e., organs which are part of the
reproductive system but do not directly produce gametes).

N
(c) They help in the development of secondary sex characters like breast development in girls and
growth of facial hair in boys.

HA
In male the testicles are lodged in the scrotum outside the body as the process of sperm formation
requires a temperature lower than the normal body temperature. The other parts of this system are :
(a) Vas deferens

AS
(b) Urethra, a common passage for the release of urine as well as sperms. Testicles function
throughout the life of a man, from puberty onwards, though the quality of the sperms declines

AK
with age.
The female puberty is considered to be attained with the first menstrual discharge and this is called
‘Menarche’. The stoppage of menstruation marks the end of the reproductive life in females and
PR
is known as ‘Menopause’.
The ovaries at birth contain groups of cells called follicles, which mature one at a time throughout
the reproductive life of a female in a cyclical manner. Out of a group of follicles only one matures
RS

as an ovum or egg. The other cells in the group serve as nourishers. Upon attaining maturity the
egg is expelled into the oviduct also known as the fallopian tube.
Population control involves measures by which fertilisation is prevented. The three common methods
HE

are :
(a) Physical barrier methods like condoms or placing of IUCDs (Intra Uterine Contraceptive
Devices) in the uterus of the female.
OT

(b) Chemical methods like use of oral or vaginal pills.

(c) Surgical methods which involves a reversible surgery in which the tubes conducting the gametes
BR

are cut and tied. It is known as vasectomy in males and tubectomy in females.
STDs are sexually transmitted diseases, also called Veneral Diseases (VDs). They are transmitted
from the infected individuals to healthy ones during sexual contacts. Gonorrhoea and syphilis are
common STDs. AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is also transmitted by sexual
L

contact. Responsible sexual behaviour and prudence can help to prevent the spread of STDs.
YA

Both government (National Population Policy and National Health Policy) and non-government
organisations are endeavouring to control the fertility rate.
O

Question Bank
G

A. 2 Marks Questions
1. (a) Which multicellular animal reproduces by budding?
(b) Observe the diagram. Write its name and, where does it found?
Ans. (a) Yeast and Hydra both
(b) Rhizopus, found on bread.

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2. (a) Look at the given table. Which of the following combinations are correct?
Organisms Types of reproduction
(i) Spirogyra Fission
(ii) Planaria Regeneration
(iii) Yeast Budding
(iv) Rhizopus Vegetative propagation

(b) Define the term ‘Clone’.

Ans. (a) (ii) and (iii)

N
(b) Clone is a vegetatively produced descendant of a single parent.

HA
3. (a) The following figures illustrate binary fission in Amoeba in an incorrect sequence.
Give the correct sequence.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

AS
AK
PR
(b) Match the columns
I II
RS

(a) Zoophily 1. Pollination by birds

(b) Ornithophily 2. Pollination by insects
HE

(c) Entomophily 3. Pollination by bats

(d) Chiropterophily 4. Pollination by animals
OT

Ans. (a) (i), (iv), (ii), (iii)

(b) (a)–(4), (b)–(1), (c)–(2), (d)–(3)
4. (a) The place where fertilisation take place in the human body is
BR

(b) Give the function of Cu ions of IUDs

Ans. (a) Oviduct
(b) It Suppreses sperm motility.
5. What are seminal vesicles? Mention their function.
L

Ans. They are sac like pouches attached to the vas deferens near the base of the urinary bladder.
YA

They produce a sugar rich fluid that provides energy to sperms to move.
6. (a) Give examples of two wind pollinated plants.
O

(b) State the methods used for growing rose plants.

Ans. (a) Rice and Maize
G

(b) (i) Stem cutting      (ii) Bud grafting

7. (a) State what type of method is used for growing jasmine plant.
(b) Name some plants where layering is used.
Ans. (a) Layering
(b) Layering is used in lemon, guava, Hibiscus, Bougainvillia, jasmine and several other
ornamental plants.

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8. (a) Which technique would you use for propagating improved varieties of mango and rose?
(b) Which process results in formation of zygote?
Ans. (a) For mango—grafting, a type of artificial vegetative propagation is used.
For rose—stem cutting, another type of artificial vegetative propagation is used.
(b) The fusion of germ cells during fertilisation results in formation of zygote.
9. (a) What is carpel?
(b) What is puberty?
Ans. (a) Carpel is present at the centre of a flower and is the female reproductive part.

N
(b) Puberty is the age or period, when the reproductive organs of a child start functioning and
the child attains sexual maturity.

HA
10. (a) What is parturition?
(b) What are oral contraceptives?
Ans. (a) The birth of the fully developed foetus is called parturition.

AS
(b) The oral contraceptives (OCs) are purely hormonal preparations that inhibit the production
of gametes by the action on hypothalamus, pituitary and the ovaries.

AK
11. (a) What is epididymis?
(b) Why do testes lie outside the abdominal cavity?
Ans. (a) This is a coiled tube like structure which is firmly attached to the testis.
PR
(b) Testes are present inside a fibrous covering called scrotum or scrotal sac. The scrotum
helps in maintaining 1–3°C lower than the body temperature. This is necessary for the
development of sperms.
12. (a) What is an explant?
RS

(b) What is the gestation period of human foetus? Mention in days.

Ans. (a) A cell, organ, or piece of tissue which has been transferred from animals or plants to a
HE

nutrient medium in the tissue culture technique is called explant.

(b) 266 days
13. Differentiate between fertilisation and germination.
OT

Ans.
Fertilisation Germination
BR

(i) It is the fusion of male and female In it the food reserves present in a seed are
gametes. broken down and the embryo starts to grow.
(ii) It occurs in plants and animals of It occurs only in seeded plants.
L

various types.
YA

(iii) It actually brings about fusion of During germination, seeds convert into seed-
gametes. ling.
(iv) F ertilisation occurs only after It begins when a seed starts to absorb water.
O

pollination when the pollen grain has

germinated and sent the male gametes
G

to the ovule.
14. What is the difference between budding and fission?
Ans. Budding : It is development of small part of the body of the parent organism as an outgrowth
due to repeated cell division at one specific site. Example : Yeast.
Fission : The process by which a unicellular parent organism splits or divides to form two or
more new organisms. Example : Amoeba, Plasmodium.
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15. What is tissue culture? Mention its advantages.

Ans. Tissue culture is a type of artificial vegetative propagation in which an isolated plant part is
cultured, under aseptic condition with proper nutrient medium. A number of plants can be grown
through tissue culture at a time.
Advantages of tissue culture :
(i) It is a quick method of multiplication of plants.
(ii) Virus-free plants are produced by this method.
(iii) It can overcome seed dormancy.

N
16. What are the functions performed by the testes in human beings?
Ans. Functions of testes :

HA
(i) They produce sperms, which contain haploid set of chromosomes from father.
(ii) They produce a hormone called testosterone, which brings about secondary sexual characters
in males.

AS
17. When and how does multiple fission take place?
Ans. Under unfavourable conditions, multiple fission which results in the formation of many new

AK
organisms from a single parent takes place. Multiple fission occurs by the formation of a cyst.
Nucleus divides followed by the distribution of cytoplasm around the daughter nuclei. On the
return of favourable conditions, daughter cells are released by breaking the cell wall.
PR
18. Some crop plants can be grown from the seeds as well as vegetatively from stem cutting. List
any four advantages of vegetative propagation in such cases.
Ans. (i) The plants that cannot produce viable seeds, can be easily grown by vegetative propagation.
(ii) The plants grown from the seeds may show variations.
RS

(iii) Easier, less expensive and a rapid method of propagation.

(iv) Superior quality of fruits or flowers can be produced.
HE

19. Leaves of Bryophyllum fallen on the ground produce new plants whereas the leaves of Jasmine
do not, why?
Ans. In Bryophyllum, vegetative propagation occurs through leaves. Buds occur in notches of
OT

Bryophyllum leaf. However, when the leaf falls down and comes in contact with the soil, the
buds sprout and produce plantlets. Leaves of rose do not contain buds and cannot give rise to
plantlets.
BR

20. In tobacco plant, the male gametes have twenty–four chromosomes.

(i) What is the number of chromosomes in the female gamete?
(ii) What is the number of chromosomes in the zygote?
L

Ans. (i) 24 chromosomes (ii) 48 chromosomes.

YA

21. Why is it said that “sexual reproduction promotes diversity of characters in the offspring”?
Ans. It is because sexual reproduction results from the fusion of two gametes coming from two
different and sexually distinct individuals. This leads to variation which is necessary for evolution.
O

22. Why cannot fertilisation take place in flowers if pollination does not occur?
Ans. Pollination is essential for transfer of pollen grain to stigma. In the absence of pollination, there
G

will be no male gamete (pollen grain) for fertilisation. Hence, fertilisation cannot take place in
flowers if pollination does not occur.
23. Mention any two functions of human ovary.
Ans. Functions of human ovary :
(i) It produces female gamete (called ovum).
(ii) It secretes female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone).

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24. Define sexually transmitted disease and give two examples.

Ans. Sexually transmitted diseases are the diseases spread from an infected to a healthy person
through sexual contact, e.g., gonorrhoea, syphilis, AIDS and trichomoniasis.
25. Distinguish between external fertilisation and internal fertilisation.
Ans.
External Fertilisation Internal Fertilisation
(i) The fusion of male gamete (sperm) (i) The fusion of gametes occurs inside
and female gamete (ovum) occurs the body.

N
outside the body.

HA
(ii) Both individuals discharge their (ii) Only the male discharges sperms into
gametes outside the body. female genital tract.
(iii) Development occurs outside the body. (iii) Development occurs inside the body.

AS
(iv) Example: Frog. (iv) Examples: Human, Birds, Cattle, etc.

26. In given figure label the parts that are concerned with :

AK
(A) Production of egg
(B) Site of fertilisation
(C) Site of implantation PR
(D) Site of entry of sperms
27. List four advantages of vegetative propagation.
Ans. Advantages of vegetative propagation
RS

(i) Plants raised by vegetative propagation bear flowers and fruits earlier.
(ii) Plants that do not produce viable seeds can be propagated by this method.
HE

(iii) All plants produced are genetically identical.

(iv) Many vegetative plant parts can be used. Thus many new plants can be produced at a
time.
OT

B. 3 Marks Questions
1. How do organisms whether reproduced asexually or sexually maintain a constant chromosome
BR

number through several generations. Explain with the help of suitable example.
Ans. Maintenance of chromosome number over generations.
In asexual reproduction, new individuals or daughters are formed through mitotic divisions,
L

e.g., Amoeba. There is replication of DNA/chromosomes followed by equal distribution of

YA

chromosomes among the daughter cells.

In sexual reproduction chromosome number is maintained through two processes, gametogenesis
and fertilisation. Meiosis occurs during gametogenesis. Here, the chromosome number is halved.
O

For example, human beings with 46 chromosomes produce ova with 23 chromosomes and
sperms with 23 chromosomes. Fertilization involving fusion of an ovum (23 chromosomes) with
G

a sperm (23 chromosomes) produces a zygote with 46 chromosomes. The young one develops
through mitotic divisions of the zygote so that cells of the grown up individual come to have
46 chromosomes.
2. (a) Mention the role of the following organs of human male reproductive system : (i) Testis
(ii) Serotum (iii) Vas deferens (iv) Prostate gland
(b) What are the two roles of testosterone?
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Ans. (a) (i) Testis. Produces sperms hormone testosterone.

(ii) Scrotum. Holding the two testes outside the abdominal cavity for providing optimum
temperature (2ºC less than body temperature) for sperm maturation.
(iii) Vas Deferens. Passage of sperms from epididymis to ejaculatory duct.
(iv) Prostate Gland. Secretes nutritive fluid for activation of sperms and clotting enzyme
for extruded semen.
(b) Testosterone Regulates sperm formation, puberty changes in boys and maintenance of
male secondary organs and traits.
3. List four points of significance of reproductive health in a society. Name any two areas related

N
to reproductive health which have improved over past 50 years in our country.
Ans. (i) People can lead a safe, responsible and satisfying reproductive life.

HA
(ii) Provides protection from catching STDs.
(iii) Advantage of small family, care of the children as well as their proper upbringing
(iv) Less mortality among the new borns.

AS
(v) Maintenance of proper health of the mother and lesser chances of maternal mortality.
Improvement: (i) Reduction in the rate of population growth.
(ii) Decrease in the spread of STDs.

AK
(iii) Adoption of small family norm.
4. State in brief the role of human male reproductive system. Why is it called the urinogenital
system?
PR
Ans. (i) Human male reproductive system synthesises sperms in seminiferous tubules of testes.
The testes lie in a pouch of skin or scrotum outside the abdomen to provide 1º–3ºC
termperature lower than that of body.
(ii) Leydig cells present in the connective tissue of testes secrete male sex hormone or
RS

testosterone for maintaining the secondary male sex traits.

(iii) The sperms are stored in epididymes and passed out at the time of ejaculation when
HE

secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper’s glands mix with them to
form semen.
Urinogenital System. The passage way of male reproductive system is common with the passage
OT

of urine from the body. Therefore, male reproductive system is also called urinogenital system.
5. In the diagram of human male reproductive system given below :
BR

D
L

A
YA

B
C X
(a) Label parts A and B.
O

(b) Name the hormone produced by organ ‘X’. What is the role of this hormone in the human
male?
G

(c) Mention the name of substances that are transported by tubes.

(i) C (ii) D
Ans. (a) A — Seminal vesicle
B — Prostate gland
(b) X (Testes) secrete hormone testosterone which brings about changes in appearance seen in
boys at the time of puberty.

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(c) (i) Sperms are transported by tube C vas deferens.

(ii) Tube D (urethra) transports the urine.
6. Differentiate between pollination and fertilisation.
Ans.
Pollination Fertilisation
(i) It is the transfer of pollen grains from (i) It is the fusion of male and female
anther to the stigma of a flower. gametes.
(ii) It is a physical process. (ii) It is a physio-chemical (biological)

N
process.
(iii) It occurs only in seed plants. (iii) It occurs in plants and animals of various

HA
types.
(iv) It carries the male gamete to the (iv) It actually brings about fusion of gametes.
female sex organs.

AS
(v) It precedes fertilisation. (v) Fertilisation occurs only after pollination
when the pollen grain has germinated and
sent the male gametes to the ovule.

AK
7. (a) Why is vegetative propagation practised for growing some types of plants?
(b) Name the different parts of a flower that has germ cells.

Ans.
(c) List any two agents of pollination. PR
(a) Some plants like banana, seedless grapes, rose, which cannot produce viable seeds, can be
easily grown by vegetative propagation. To get genetically identical copies and to maintain
and preserve a stock of selected varieties, vegetative propagation is the only means. It is
RS

an easier less expensive and rapid method of propagation.

(b) Stamen and pistil both have germ cells.
   (c) Wind and water.
HE

8. Draw a diagram of female reproductive organs and label the following parts :
(a) Production of egg (b) Site of fertilisation
(c) Site of implantation (d) Entry of the sperms
OT

Ans.
Oviduct (Site of
BR

(fertilisation
Uterus (site of Ovary (Production
(implantation (of egg
L
YA

Vagina (Entry of
(Sperms
O

9. (a) Explain the terms :

(i) implantation (ii) placenta
G

(b) What is the average duration of human pregnancy?

Ans. (a) (i) Implantation: The embedding of a fertilised mammalian egg into the wall of the
uterus (womb) where it will continue developing, is called implantation.
(ii) Placenta: After implantation, a disc like special tissue develops between uterus
wall and the embryo, called placenta. The placenta is responsible for exchange of
nutrients, oxygen and waste products between the embryo and the mother.
(b) The average duration of human pregnancy is 280 days or 40 weeks.
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10. Only through labelled diagramatic representations, represent the process of budding as seen in
Hydra.
Ans.

Bud

Nucleus

N
11. Draw the structure of an ovule.

HA
Ans.

AS
Nucellus

AK
Antipodal cells
Embryo sac
Polar nuclei
PR Egg

Synergids
RS

Integuments
Micropyle
Funiculus
HE

12. Draw a labelled picture of an anther and a carpel of a flower.

Ans.
Pollen grains
OT

Pollen sac Stigma

Anther Style
BR

Ovary
Ovule
Filament
L
YA

13. What is the structure of an embryo sac?

Ans. Embryo sac is present within the ovule. The embryo sac contains an egg or female gamete
towards the micropyle and two polar nuclei in the centre. The embryo sac, in addition to an
O

egg and a secondary nucleus, also contains two synergids and three antipodal cells. The embryo
sac is surrounded by a nutritive tissue called the nucellus.
G

14. What are the factors responsible for the sharp increase in population?
Ans. Human population is increasing everyday and the increase is to the extent that the population
doubles in about 35 years. It is estimated that the world human population would be 50 billion
in 2100 A.D. Factors responsible for population explosions are :.
(i) Sufficient availability of food.
(ii) Better nutrition.
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(iii) Better health care.

(iv) Reduction in mortality rate due to better medical facilities and health care.
(v) More children reaching the reproductive age.
15. (a) Draw the diagram showing germination of pollen on stigma. Label the following parts on
it:
(i) Male germ cell
(ii) Pollen tube
(iii) Ovary
(iv) Female germ cell

N
(b) How does fusion of male and female gametes take place in plants?
(c) List in tabular form any two differences between a male gamete and a female gamete.

HA
Ans. (a)

AS
Male germ cell

Pollen tube

AK
Ovary

Female germ cell

PR
RS

(b) After passing into ovule, the pollen tube enters the embryo sac through one of the synergids.
It then bursts open to release its two male gametes. One male gamete fuses with the female
gamete, called oosphere. It gives rise to zygote. Zygote grows to form the embryo.
HE

(c)
Male Gamete Female Gamete
(i) Size. It is generally smaller. (i) Female gamete is generally larger.
OT

(ii) Food. It has little stored food. (ii) It contains a lot of stored food.
(iii) Motility: The male gamete is (iii) The female gamete is generally non-
BR

generally motile. motile.

16. Draw a labelled diagram showing reproductive organs in male human body along with its
position.
L

Ans.
YA

Diaphragm
Aorta
O

Ureter
G

Urinary bladder
Spermatic cord Prostate gland
Sperm duct
Penis Urethra
Testis Epididymis

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17. What is menstruation? Why does it occur?

Ans. At the time of ovulation, cycle of events take place in the uterus and vagina.
The cycle of events taking place in the ovaries and uterus every twenty-eight days and marked
by menstrual flow, is menstrual cycle. It occurs as:
(i) In case, fertilisation occurs, the inner wall of uterus thickens to receive the developing zygote.
(ii) In case, fertilisation does not take place, the thickened wall along with the blood vessels
breaks down and moves out of the vagina in the form of discharge called menstrual flow

N
which lasts for 4-5 days.

HA
18. (a) Name the parts labelled A, B, C, D and E.
(b) Where do the following functions occur?
(A)

AS
(C)

AK
(E)
(B)
PR (D)

(i) Production of an egg

(ii) Fertilisation
RS

(iii) Implantation of zygote

(c) What happens to the lining of uterus;
HE

(i) before release of a fertilised egg?

(ii) if no fertilisation occur?
OT

OR
Name the parts A to E of human female reproductive system. Name the part in which fertilisation
BR

takes place in the system.

Ans. (a) A – Oviduct or fallopian tube
B – Ovary
L

C – Uterus
YA

D – Cervix
E – Vagina
(b) (i) Ovary (ii) Fallopian tube (iii) Uterus
O

(c) (i) In human female, before release of fertilised egg uterus prepares itself every month to
G

receive and nurture the growing embryo. The lining of uterus thickens and is richly
supplied with blood to nourish the growing embryo.
(ii) If fertilisation does not occur, the lining is not required any more. Hence, the thickened
lining of the uterus breaks down along with blood vessels. The degenerated part of
uterus along with the blood moves out of the vagina in the form of bleeding, is called
menstruation.

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C. Case Based Questions [4 Marks]

1. Observe the diagram. Answer the following questions.
(a) What is the diagram showing ?

N
HA
(b) Name two other plants which get reproduced in the similar mode as above.
(c) Define the mode of reproduction shown in the diagram.
OR

AS
Differentiate between budding and binary fission.
Ans. (a) Natural vegetative propagation in ginger.
(b) Potato and turmeric.

AK
(c) Vegetative reproduction is a form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants in which a
new plant grows from a vegetative part of the parent plant such as root, stem or leaf.
OR PR
Differences between budding and binary fission-
Budding Binary fission
(i) The formation of a new organism The division of a single organism into two
RS

through a bud from the parent daughter organisms is referred to as binary

organism is referred to as budding. fission
HE

(ii) Budding is a type of vegetative Binary fission is a type of fission.

propagation.
2. Ovaries are small oval-shaped organs that give rise to female gametes or eggs. Each ovary
OT

releases one egg alternatively each month. There are several thousand follicles that ripe as eggs
and are released through the process of ovulation.
(a) Where is the progesterone hormone prepared?
BR

(b) Observe the figure and answer the question. During which period ovulation is taking
place?
Ovulation
L Relative Blood Level
YA

LH

FSH
O

Estradiol
G

Progesterone
1 7 14 21 28
Days of Menstrual Cycle
(c) What changes are observed in the uterus before ovulation?
OR
Give the function of progesterone and oestrogen hormones.

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Ans. (a) In corpus luteum

(b) Between 13-15 days
(c) The inner lining of the uterus becomes thick and soft with a lot of blood capillaries.
It prepares the uterus and body to accept a fertilized egg, or to start the next cycle if
pregnancy doesn’t happen.
OR
Progesterone prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation. Oestrogen
hormone has many roles in the body, from controlling puberty to strengthening bones.

N
3. Look at the given picture and answer the questions-

HA
(a) Which device prevents implantation by irritating the lining of uterus?
(b) What could be the possible reason for declining female to male sex ratio in our country.
(c) Suggest two measures to achieve 1:1 ratio.

AS
OR
Name those parts of a flower which serve the same function as the following do in animals.

AK
(i) Testis
(ii) Ovary
(iii) Eggs
PR
(iv) Sperms
Ans. (a) Copper-T prevents implantation by irritating the lining of uterus.
(b) Because of reckless female foeticides, child sex ratio is declining at an alarming
RS

rate in our country.

(c) Measures to achieve 1:1 ratio
HE

(i) People should be literate to understand the importance of girl child.

(ii) Prenatal sex determination has been prohibited by law. It should be followed
strictly.
OT

OR
In animals In flowers
BR

(i) Testes — Anther

(ii) Ovary — Ovary
(iii) Eggs — Ovule
L

(iv) Sperms — Pollen grains

YA
O
G

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HA
AS
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PR
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OT
BR
L
YA
O
G

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Gateway to For Classes 9 and 10

By: Dr Vinod Goel
SCIENCE

Physics
 About the Books
Gateway to Science—Physics for Classes 9 & 10 have been written strictly
according to the latest syllabus & examination pattern prescribed by the
CBSE and Textbooks of NCERT, New Delhi. While preparing the books, our
aim has been to promote understanding of the basic principles of Physics
and at the same time, retain its excitement.
Salient Features of the Books :
} Strictly according to the latest CBSE syllabus, examination pattern
and NCERT Textbooks

}
Clear, simple and unambiguous language

}
Labelled diagrams and detailed illustrations to further clarify the
concept

}
Concepts supplemented by suitable day-to-day examples

}
Topic-wise video lectures as a support for effective learning

}
Numerical Problem (Class-10), Specimen & Sample problems with
their solutions as per the examination pattern
}
Interesting and informative text under DID YOU KNOW? (Class-10)
}
Well-designed exercises to assess conceptual, reasoning, skill and
application-based learning as per the latest recommendations of the
CBSE board
}
Past years’ Board Examination Questions, included under the
chapter-wise exercises (Class-10)
}
Questions of the latest CBSE Sample Paper added under the chapter-
wise exercises (Class-10)

The Exercise (in each chapter) includes:

}
Paragraph Based Questions }
Assertion-Reason Type Questions
}
Multiple Choice Questions }
Very Short Answer Type Questions
}
Short Answer Type Questions }
Long Answer Type Questions
}
Case Study Based Questions }
Application-based Questions
}
NCERT Exemplar Problems (with Answers, Hints and Solutions)

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Gateway to For Classes 9 and 10

By: Dr Chand Seth
SCIENCE

Chemistry
 About the Books
Gateway to Science—Chemistry for Classes 9 & 10 have been written strictly
according to the latest syllabus and examination pattern prescribed by the
Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). While preparing the books,
our aim has been to promote understanding of the basic principles of
chemistry, and at the same time, retain the excitement of the students.
Salient Features of the Books :

•
Strictly according to the latest CBSE syllabus, examination pattern and
NCERT Textbooks

•
Topic-wise Video Lectures as a support for effective learning

•
SAMPLE PROBLEMS with their solutions as asked in the examination

•
Simple Hands-on Experiments to show the students the fun aspect of
learning

•
Interesting and informative text under DID YOU KNOW?

•
Key Points at the end of each chapter

•
Well-designed exercises to assess conceptual, reasoning, skill and
application-based learning as per the latest recommendations of the CBSE
board

•
Past years’ Board Examination Questions, included under the
chapter-wise exercises (Class-10).

•
Questions of the latest CBSE Sample Paper added under the chapter-wise
exercises (Class-10).

•
Exhaustive exercises for each chapter categorised into:
} Multiple-choice questions } Assertion and Reason
} Very short answer type questions } Short answer type questions
} Long answer type questions } Passage-based questions
} Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) questions
} Case Study based questions

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Gateway to For Classes 9 and 10

SCIENCE By: Dr Preeti Saxena

Biology
 About the Books
Gateway to Science—Biology for Classes 9 & 10, have been written
strictly according to the NCERT Textbooks and the latest Syllabi and
Examination Pattern prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary
Education (CBSE), New Delhi.
Salient Features of the Books :

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Explanation of concepts in simple and easy language with Clear
and concise presentation of the content

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Topic-wise video lectures to support effective learning

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Emphasised on building the concept and relevant
visualisation for better understanding

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Some really interesting and informative text under YOU MUST
KNOW, related to the respective chapters

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Simple Hands-on Experiments under Activity to show the
students the fun aspect of learning

•
Well-designed exercises to assess conceptual, reasoning, skill,
and application-based learning as per the latest
recommendations of CBSE

•
Exhaustive questions for each chapter categorised into Multiple
choice, Assertion and Reason based, Very Short, Short, Long
and HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills)

•
As per the latest pattern of examination, Case Study based
questions in each chapter

•
Past years’ Board Examination Questions, included under the
chapter-wise exercises in Class-X.

•
Questions of the latest CBSE Sample Paper added under the
chapter-wise exercises in Class-X.

•
Glossary, a vocabulary section comprising the definitions of the
important terms given in the chapters

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Core Science
Lab Manual with For Classes 9 and 10

Practical Skills By : V.K. Sally,

Chhaya Srivastava
 Key features of the books are :
® Based on the latest C.B.S.E. Syllabus.
® Concepts are clearly explained.
® Apparatus/Chemicals required to carry out the experiments
are clearly mentioned.
® Instructions have been given, so that the students can easily
perform the experiments.
® Stress has been laid on diagrams, which are properly labelled.
® Precautions and Sources of Errors are given at the end of
each experiment.
® Relevant questions with answers are given under the heading
Viva-Voce for each experiment.
® Practical Based Questions have been given along with their
answers, at the end of each experiment.
® Previous Years' Solved CBSE Examination Questions based
on practicals have been included.

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