NARAYANA E- TECHNO SCHOOL,

SECTOR – 87 FARIDABAD

SESSION :- 2022-23
CLASS – 12TH ( IIT BATCH)
ROLL NO. -

PHYSICS PROJECT
TOPIC :- METRE BRIDGE
SUBMITTED TO :-
MR. RAJIV RANJAN SIR
MR. ABHISHEK TIWARY SR
SUBMITTED BY :-
ANUSHA CHOUDHARY
 INDEX
S. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1) Certificate of Excellence 1
2) Acknowledgment 2
3) Introduction 3
4) Metre Bridge 4,5
5) Aim of the project and mateial
Required 6
6) Theory 7
7) Circuit diagram 8
8) Observation9
9) Calculations 10
10) Procedure11
11) Construction 12
12) Working 13
13) Result, Precautions and source of errors 14
 CERTIFICATE OF
EXCELLENCE
This is to certify that Anusha Choudhary
student of class 12th has successfully
completed the research on the below
mentioned project under the guidance of
Mr. Rajiv Ranjan sir and Mr. Abhishek
Tiwary sir during the year of 2022-23 in
partial fulfillment of physics practical
examination conducted by Narayana E-
techno School.

_____________ ____________
Sign of External Sign of Internal
Examiner Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully,
Many people have best owned upon me their blessings
and the heart pledge support, this time I am utilizing to
thank all the people who have been concerned with
this project.
Primarily I would like thank god for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I would like to
thank my principal Mrs. Kanthi Kaza and my Physics
teacher Mr. Rajiv Ranjan sir and Mr. Abhishek Tiwary
sir whose valuable guidance has been the ones that
helped me to patch this project and make it full proof
success,her suggestions and instruction has served as
the major contribution towards the completion of this
project.
Then I would like to thank my parents who have helped
me with their valuable suggestions and guidance which
has been very helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project. Secondly, I would also like to
thank my friends, and classmates who helped me a lot
in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
 INTRODUCTION
The metre bridge works on the principal
of wheatstone bridge that is named after
the scientist who came up with the
concept, Sir Charles Wheatstone.
The meter bridge practical is a particularly
important physics laboratory experiment.
Meter bridge is an apparatus used in
laboratories to find the resistance of a
metal coil (or by any other substance). It is
referred to as a meter bridge because it
consists of a constantan (or manganin)
wire that is 1 meter long and has a
uniform CSA.
This project report is based on practical
analysis of how we can find resistance of a
given wire and determine its resistivity.
 METRE BRIDGE
 A metre bridge, also known as a slide wire bridge, is an
instrument that works on the principle of wheatstone bridge. It
is used to determine the unknown resistance of a conductor.
 A metre bridge is an apparatus utilized in finding the unknown
resistance of a coil. The below figure is the diagram of a useful
meter bridge instrument.

 In the figure, R is called as the Resistance, P is the Resistance

coming across AB, S is the Unknown Resistance, Q is the
Resistance between the joints BD.
 AC is the long wire measuring 1m in length and it is made of
constantan or manganin having a uniform area of the cross-
section Such that L1 + L2 = 100
 Assuming that L1 = L => L2 = 100 – L
Relation obtains the unknown resistance of the given wire:
X = RL2/L1 = R(100 – L)/L
 And the specific resistance of the material for a given wire is
obtained by the relation = (3.14) r2X/l
where, r = the radius of the cable and also l = length of the
wire.
 The devices required in finding the unknown resistance of a
conductor using a meter bridge are:

 Metre bridge
 Resistance box
 Galvanometer
 Unknown Resistance of a length 1 m
 Screw gauge
 Connecting Wires
 Jockey
 One way key

In the metre bridge, one of the lateral kinds of resistances is replaced

by a wire having a length of the uniform cross section of about 1m.
The other pair consists of one known and an unknown pair of
resistances. The one part of the galvanometer is connected in
between both resistances, whereas the other part of the wire is
finding the null point where the galvanometer is not showing any
deflection. At this point, the bridge is said to be balanced.
 AIM OF THE PROJECT
To find resistance of a given wire using a
metre bridge and hence determine the
resistivity (specific resistance) of its material.

MATERIAL REQUIRED
 A metre bridge
 A leclanche cell ( battery eliminator)
 A Galvanometer
 A resistence box
 A jockey
 A one – way key
 A resistence wire
 A screw gauge
 A metre scale
 A set square
 Connecting wire
 A piece of sandpaper
 THEORY
Metre bridge apparatus is also known as a
slide wire bridge. It is fixed on the wooden
block and consists of a long wire with a
uniform cross-sectional area. It has two gaps
formed using thick metal strips to make
the wheatstone bridge
In the metre bridge, one of the lateral kinds of
resistances is replaced by a wire having a
length of the uniform cross section of about
1m. The other pair consists of one known and
an unknown pair of resistances. The one part
of the galvanometer is connected in between
both resistances, whereas the other part of
the wire is finding the null point where the
galvanometer is not showing any deflection.
At this point, the bridge is said to be
balanced.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

OBSERVATION
Length of given wire L =…….cm
Table for unknown resistance (X)

Resistance from Length AB = Length BC = Unknown Resistance X =

box, R (Ohm) l (cm) (100-l) (cm) [R(100-l)]/L (Ohm)

0.5 58.3 41.7 0.35

0.7 60.7 39.3 0.45

1 61.9 38.1 0.61

1.5 61.1 38.9 0.95

Least count of the screw gauge
Pitch of screw gauge = …….mm
Total no.of divisions on the circular scale = ………..
∴ L.C of the given screw gauge =
Pitch / no.ofdivisionsonthecircularscale
= ……mm
Zero error e = ……mm
Zero correction c = -e = ……mm
Radius of the resistance wire

Main scale Circular scale Total reading Mean D Mean radius

reading (mm) reading  (diameter) (mm) (mm) (D/2) (mm)

0 43 0.43 0.42 0.21

CALCULATIONS
Calculation for X
The value of l is determined from the position
of D and recorded in column 3 of Table 1.
Find length (100 – l) cm and write in column
4.
Calculate X and write in column 5,
MeanX=X1+X2+X3+X4/4=……ohm
Calculation for D
Mean corrected diameter =
D1(a)+D1(b)+…..+D4(a)+D4(b)/8=…mm=….cm
Calculation for specific resistance
Specific resistance of the material of the
given wire,
ρ=X.πD2/4L=…..ohmcm=……ohmm
Standard value of the specific resistance of
the material of the given wire,
ρ0 = …..ohm.m
Percentage error =
ρ−ρ0/ρ0×100
= ………%
 PROCEDURE
 The arrangement of the apparatus should be as shown in the circuit
diagram.
 The wire whose resistance is to be determined should be connected in
the right gap between C and B without any formation of loops.
 The resistance box should be connected in the left gap between A and B.
 All the other connections should be as shown in the circuit diagram.
 Plug the key K in place of 2-ohm resistance in the resistance box.
 The jockey should be first touched gently to the left end and then to the
right end of the bridge.
 The deflections in the galvanometer should be in opposite directions and
if it is in one direction then the circuit connections are not correct. Note
the galvanometer deflection.
 Let D be the null point where the jockey is touching the wire. The
movement of the jokey should be gentle from left to the right of the
galvanometer.
 Take a 12 value from the resistance box should be taken such that when
the jockey is nearly in the middle of the wire, there shouldn’t be any
deflection.
 Note the position of D to know the length of AD = l.
 Four sets of observations should be taken by changing the value of 12.
 Record the observations in a tabular form.
 Stretch the resistance wire to find its length using a metre scale.
 Using screw gauge measure the diameter of the wire at four different
places keeping it in a mutually perpendicular direction.
 Record the observations in the table.

CONSTRUCTION
It consists of a constant or manganin wire AC of length
1 metre, stretched between two thick copper strips,
over a wooden board. Between A and C, a battery is
connected. Between copper strips, a central strip (D) is
connected to provide two gaps, between them. In one
gap, a resistence box (R) and in another gap a wire of
unknown resistence (x) are connected. With D, a
galvanometer and a jockey are connected.

WORKING
 (TO DETERMINE UNKNOWN RESISTENCE OF THE GIVEN WIRE )
A certain value of resistence (R) is aaplied using a resistence box and
jockey is slided over the wire to obtain null deflection point (B).
AB (Balancing length) = L cm
Therefore,
BC = (100 – L) cm
If P and Q be the resistence of the portions of the wire, then
P/Q= L/(100-L)
And from the principle,
P/Q= R/X
Therefore,
R/X= L/(100-L)
OR, X= (100-L)R/L
Knowing L and R, Unknown resistence of the given wire can be
calculated
TO DETERMINE SPECIFIC RESISTENCE/ RESISTIVITY OF THE GIVEN
WIRE
If R is the radius and L be the its length, then
 Ρ = XA/L
= X.π r*2/L

RESULT
 The value of unknown resistance X = …….
 The specific resistance of the material of the given wire = ………
 Percentage error = …….
 PRECAUTIONS
 The connections should be neat, tight and clean.
 Plugs should be tightly connected in the resistance box.
 The movement of the jockey should be gentle and it shouldn’t be
rubbed.
 The key K should be inserted only when the observations are to be
taken.
 The null point should be between 45cm and 55cm.
 To avoid the error of parallax, the set square should be used to
note the null point.
 There shouldn’t be any loops in the wire.
 The diameter of the wire should be measured in two
perpendicular directions that are mutual.

SOURCE OF ERRORS
 The screws of the instrument might be loose.
 The wire might be of non-uniform diameter.
 There might be a backlash error in the screw gauge.
THANK