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20: Minimization using Tabular Method (Part 2)
PROF. INDRANIL SENGUPTA
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
What we Discussed Earlier?
• How to generate the set of all prime implicants for a given function?
– Using the systematic procedure of the tabular method.
• What we shall see now?
– How to select the smallest set of prime implicants that cover all the true minterms
of the function.
– We shall again use a tabular method using prime implicant chart.
Switching Circuits & Logic Design 2
Prime Implicant Chart
• It is a tabular data structure, which pictorially depicts the covering relationship
between prime implicants and minterms.
– Useful to select the minimum set of prime implicants.
– Minterms listed along columns, while prime implicants listed along rows.
– A ‘x’ is entered in the table if the corresponding prime implicant covers the
corresponding minterm.
• A row of the table is said to cover all the columns where there are ‘x’.
• If a column has a single ‘x’, the prime implicant corresponding to the row in
which the ‘x’ appears is an essential prime implicant.
Switching Circuits & Logic Design 3
• What do we have to do?
– Select a minimal subset of prime implicants such that each column contains at least
one ‘x’ in the rows corresponding to the selected subset, and the total number of
literals in the prime implicants is as small as possible.
Here, B and D are essential prime
implicants.
In addition, we have to select either
A or C (to cover the minterms 1 & 9).
Switching Circuits & Logic Design 4
• Two minimal expressions are possible for the function:
F = x’z’ + xz + x’y’
F = x’z’ + xz + y’z
Switching Circuits & Logic Design 5
What about Don’t Care Combinations?
• We do not list the don’t care minterms as column headings in the prime
implicant chart.
– Because it is not necessary to cover all of them.
13 15 17 18 19 20 21 23 25 27 29 31
A = vz F(v,w,x,y,z) = (13,15,17,18,19,20,21,23,25,
B = wxz 27,29,31) + Φ (1,2,12,24)
C = vwx y
D = vw xy Essential prime implicants are A, B and D.
E = vw x y
F = v wxy
Only minterm 18 is not covered, which can be
G = w x yz ensured by including either E or G.
H=wxyz
Switching Circuits & Logic Design 6
An Example
0 1 4 20 22
D
0 1 3 4 7 13 15 19 20 22 23 29 31
E
A = wxz
F
B = xyz
G
C = w yz
H
D = vw xy
I
E = vw xz
F = w xy z (b) Reduced prime implicant chart.
G=vwxz
H=vwyz Condition for selection:
I=vwxy (H+I)(G+I)(F+H)(E+F)(D+E)
(a) Prime implicant chart. = EHI + EFI + DFI + EGH + DFGH
Switching Circuits & Logic Design 7
Another Example
Switching Circuits & Logic Design 8
• Some heuristic rules may be used to simplify the problem.
– A row U of the prime implicant chart dominates row V, if U covers every column
covered by V.
– If U does not have more literals that V, then V can be deleted from the chart.
We can select the prime implicants: A,
B, J, K, C, and E.
Switching Circuits & Logic Design 9
• Another rule for reducing table size:
– A column C1 of the chart dominates column C2 if C1 has an ‘x’ in every row in
which C2 has an ‘x’.
– The dominating column C1 can be deleted.
10 11 18 19 26
C
D
E Columns 11 and 19 can be deleted.
F
G
H
I
Switching Circuits & Logic Design 10
END OF LECTURE 20
Switching Circuits & Logic Design 11