ENGLISH 8 – FINAL GRAMMAR SUMMARY

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

EITHER…OR / NEITHER…NOR

SO / NEITHER + SPECIAL VERB

So + special verb – used to avoid repeating words that were already mentioned. Used in affirmative sentences.
Ex: Kevin likes to play soccer, and so does his brother. (Kevin likes to play soccer and his brother likes to play soccer
too.)
Ex: We can swim, and so can you.
Ex: I have gone to the beach, and so has she.
Ex: You are late, and so am I.

Neither + special verb – used to avoid repeating words that were already mentioned. Used in negative sentences.
Ex: I shouldn’t stay up so late, and neither should you. (I shouldn’t stay up so late, and you shouldn’t stay up so late
either.)
Ex: Kimmy hasn’t gone to the show, and neither has her cousin.
Ex: He didn’t call me yesterday, and neither did you.
Ex: My sister wouldn’t like this scarf, and neither would you.

HAD BETTER
Had better and Had better not – used when we want to advise someone that there will be negative consequences if
the person doesn’t follow our advice.
Notes:
# had better stays the same for all persons;
# had better does not change tenses;
# had better is always followed by another verb;
# the verb that comes after had better is always in the infinitive form without “to”.

Ex: We had better go to the party or Belinda will be upset with us.
Ex: I’d better start exercising or I will get fat.
Ex: He had better not forget about the meeting with the boss.
Ex: They’d better not try to open this jar.

WHO / THAT / WHICH / WHOSE to refer to people or things

We can use either who or that to refer to people.

Ex: That’s the woman who/that I talked to you about.
Michael is the one who/that is responsible for the department.

We use only that to refer to things.

Ex: This is the book that I read last month and liked.
Those are the tablets of medicine that the doctor told me about.

When who/that are not immediately followed by a verb, we can omit it.
Ex: There was a shoe store across the street that I liked to go to.
Or
There was a shoe store across the street I liked to go to.

These are the people who/that I talked about.

Or
These are the people I talked about.

Note: When “who/that” are immediately followed by a verb we need to use them.
Ex: This is the woman who/that was at the hospital with you.
There’s a newspaper that has everything about our city.
3RD CONDITIONAL (hypothetical situations in the past)

COULD HAVE / MIGHT HAVE

SHOULD HAVE
MUST

WISH

Brenda wishes she were a doctor.

I wish I weren’t sick right now.
I wish I could travel to USA on my vacation.
Jess wishes he had a new computer.
I wish I won the lottery.
My friend wishes he didn’t have class tomorrow.
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

MAY – expressing a wish

May your brother get a good grade on his math exam.
May you have a good day at work.
May your cousin have a blast at her sweet sixteen party.
May our team win the basketball game tomorrow.
May you have a nice trip to Europe.
It’s so sad that Johnny’s grandma died. May she rest in peace.