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Comparison between the Human and the Technical Visual System

Retina with neural cells

(120 million rods and
cones)
visual centre
physical image visual neurons
(800 000) data

Basics of Digital Image Processing lens

human visual system

Lecture 05

physical image

data
camera

Image acquisition Image preprocessing Image processing

technical visual system
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Digital
Basics Radiology
of Digital ImageLevel II
Processing Basics of Digital Image Processing

First Steps of Image Processing Properties of a digital Image

Picture elements (Pixel):

Generation: Are matrix elements which contain
The attenuation of the X-ray beams by the specimen - X position
- Y position
Imaging onto detector: - Intensity information (here Gray values or pixel values)
The three-dimensional object is projected onto a two-
dimensional image plane Image
Pixel = Picture x element Image Matrix
Digitisation:
The continuous image is converted into a matrix of discrete 255 200 150 100 50 0
values (pixels). The existing continuous intensity values 0 50 100 150 200 255
have to be transformed into a set of grey values 0 50 100 150 200 255
0 50 100 150 200 255
(quantisation).
0 50 100 150 200 255
3 0 50 100 150 200 4255

Basics of Digital Image Processing Basics of Digital Image Processing

Effect of the Number of Pixels on the Image Resolution Effect of the Number of Pixels on the Image Resolution
16 x 16 Scanned Values 32 x 32 Scanned Values

Required Required
Number of Number of
Pixels per image Pixels per image

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Basics of Digital Image Processing Basics of Digital Image Processing

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Effect of the Number of Pixels on the Image Resolution Effect of the Number of Pixels on the Image Resolution
64 x 64 Scanned Values 256 x 256 Scanned Values

Required Required
Number of Number of
Pixels per image Pixels per image

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Basics of Digital Image Processing Basics of Digital Image Processing

Effect of the Number of Pixels on the Image Resolution Effect of the Number of Pixels on the Image Resolution
512 x 512 Scanned Values 1024 x 1024 Scanned Values

Required Required
Number of Number of
Pixels per image Pixels per image

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Basics of Digital Image Processing Basics of Digital Image Processing

Effect of the Grey Value Resolution Effect of the Grey Value Resolution
1 Bit = 2 Grey Values 2 Bit = 4 Grey Values

Required Required
number of number of
grey levels grey levels

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Basics of Digital Image Processing Basics of Digital Image Processing

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Effect of the Grey Value Resolution Effect of the Grey Value Resolution
3 Bit = 8 Grey Values 5 Bit = 32 Grey Values

Required Required
number of number of
grey levels grey levels

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Basics of Digital Image Processing Basics of Digital Image Processing

Effect of the Grey Value Resolution Effect of the Grey Value Resolution
6 Bit = 64 Grey Values 8 Bit = 256 Grey Values

Required Required
number of number of
grey levels grey levels

15 16

Basics of Digital Image Processing Basics of Digital Image Processing

Presentation of 256 Grey Values from 12 or 16 bit Noise Suppression by Digital Image Integration
256 screen grey values

Bildschirmgraustufen
256

12Bit
12 bit (4096)
(4096)bzw.
or 1616
bitBit
(65536)
(65536)grey values
Grauwerte

Interessie-
of-
Interessie
region Vorher
before Nachher
after
render
interest
Bereich

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Basics of Digital Image Processing Basics of Digital Image Processing

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Improved Visibility of Details by Spreading the Contrast Result of a Digital Filtering (right)

Also: window leveling

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Basics of Digital Image Processing Basics of Digital Image Processing

Intensity Profile Determination of the Size of Flaws by Means of

Reference Specimens
FDD
greyGrauwert
value FOD

position
Ort

Sphere  1 mm
Image position
Bild profile
Profil
2 x the diameter of the sphere
image = 2 mm length of the flaw
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Basics of Digital Image Processing Basics of Digital Image Processing

Reference Sphere on a Cast Part

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Basics of Digital Image Processing