Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways: Esetstiea!. C$Py

ESETSTIEA!.
EO!TORIAL COpy
C$PY
UNIVERSITY
UNIVENSITY OF
OF MINNESOTA
MINNESOTA
ST. AITTHONYFALLS
ST. ANTHONY FATLSHYDRAULIC TABORATORY
HYDRAUTICLABORATORY
LORENZ
TORENZ G.
G. STRAUB,
STRAUB, Director
Director
Technical
Techniccl Paper
Pcper No.
No. 19,
19, Series
Series B
Closed Conduit Spillways

Hydraulics of Closed Spillways
Part VIII. Miscellaneous
Part MiscellaneousLaboratory Tests
Laboratory Tests
Part IX. Field Tests
Part Tests
by
by
Fred
Fred W. Blaisdell,
Blcisdell, Hydraulic
Hydrculic Engineer
Engineer
USDA,
USDA, ARS
ARS
1958
Mcnch 1958
March
conducted by
Study conducted by
UNITED STATES
I'MTED STATES DEPARTIvIENT
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUTTURE
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
AGRICI'ITURAI RESEARCH SERVICE
SERVICE
WATER CONSERVATION
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION NESEARCH
RESEARCH DIVISION
cooperation with
in coopercrtion with the
Minnesota Agriculturol
Minnesotcr Agricultural Experiment
Experiment Stction
Station
and the
St. Anthony
St. Anthony Fclls
Falls Hydrculic
Hydraulic Lcboratory
Laboratory
Minneapolis, Minnesotq
Minnecpolis, Minnesota
A B ST R A C T
ABSTRACT
The
T h e theory
t h e o r y oof f t hthe
e hydraulics
h y d r a u L i c s ooff closed c l o s e d conduit
c o n d u i t sspillways
p i l l w a y s has h a s beenb e e n given
g i v e n in i n Part
P a r t IofI o f t hthis
is
report
r e p o r t series.
s e r i e s . Parts P a r t s II I I to
t o VII,
V I I , giving
g i v i n g results
r e s u l t s of o f tests
t e s t s ono n several
s e v e r a l forms
f o r m s of o f the t h e closed
c l c s e d conduit
conduit
spillway
s p i l l w a y and a n d a discussion
d i s c u s s i o n of o f vortices,
v o r t i . c e s , have
h a v e also
a l s o been
b e e n published.
p u b l i s h e d . Parts P a r t s VIII V I I I aand
n d IX, I X , presented
presented
in
i n this
t h i s paper,
p a p e r , reportr e p o r t the t h e results
r e s u l t s of o f tests
t e s t s ono n a number
n u m b e r of o f additional
a d d i t i o n a l forms
f o r m s of o f the
t h e closed
c l o s e d con-
con-
duit
d u i t spillway.
s p i l l w a y . In I n ccontrast
o n t r a s t to t o the
t h e ggeneral
e n e r a l testst e s t s rreported
e p o r t e d in i n prior
p r i o r FParts,
a r t s , the t h e tests
t e s t s reported
r e p o r t e d here here
are
a r e model
m o d e l testst e s t s of o f specific
s p e c i f i c field
f i e l d structures
s t r u c t u r e s and a n d actual
a c t u a l field
f i e l d tests
t e s t s of o f full
f u l L size
s i z e structures.
s t r u c t u r e s . The The
results
r e s u l t s haveh a v e beenb e e n presented
p r e s e n t e d in i n such
s u c h a way w a y that
t h a t they
t h e y have
h a v e general
g e n e r a l application
a p p l i c a t i o n to t o thet h e design
d e s i g n ofof
the
t h e type
t y p e of o f structure
s t r u c t u r e theyt h e y represent.
represent.
iii
iii
..
CCONTENTS
O N T E N T S
Page
Page
Abstract • . • . . • • . . • • • . . . • . . • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • •
Abstract iii
iii
List of
List of Figures
Figures . . . . . . . • . . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • vii
vii
List of
of Tables
Tables . . . . . . • . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • ixix
List
FORWARD. . • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • •
FORWARD 1
PART VIII.
PART VIII. MISCELLANEOUS LABORATORY TESTS
MISCELLANEOUS LABORATORY TESTS •••••••••••••••.•• I1
INTRODUCTION ..•.••• . • • . • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • . • • • . • • . • • • • •
INTRODUCTION I
1
18-INCH STEEL
18.INCH STEEL PIPE
PIPE •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
. 1
DESCRIPTION OF
DESCRIPTION OF SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY ••••.•••. 0 0 •••• 0 ••••••• 0 0 0 11
APP ARA TUS AND

.A.PPARATUS AND PROCEDURE.
PROCEDURE 0 .0 .0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 33
DESCRIPTION OF'
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW
FLOW .• 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 ·0 0 . 0 33
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 _0 0 0 . 0 • 0 0 0 44
Weir Coefficient
Weir Coefficient . 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 •• 0 0 0 0 • 0 • 0 0 . 0 •••• 0 44
Entrance Loss
Entrance Loss Coefficient
Coefficient. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • • • . • • 44
PRESSURE COEF'FICIENTS.. •
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS . . • . • • 0 ..••••••••••. 0 • • • • . . 5
5
CONCLUSIONS AND
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS. . • • . . • • • • • . • • • • • • 5
5
o
30-INCH
3O.INCH SQUARE
SQUARE DROP INLET
INLET CULVERT
CULVERT . • . • • • • . • 0 . • • . • • • • • • • 6
DESCRIPTION OF SPILLWAY.
SPILLWAY . . . . • . . • • . • • • • • • . • . • • • . . . 66
APPARATUS
APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE.
PROCEDURE. • . .. . • • • . • • • • • . . . • • • • • • • . • 7
One-Fourth Scale
One-Fourth Scale Model .
. •
. .
• • . • . . . • • • 0 •••• 0 • • • • • • • • 7
Full
FullSScale
c a l eModel
M o d e l. . • . • . . • • . • • . . • • • • 0 •••. . . . t tI' . • • • • • • 7I
TEST
T E S T PROCEDURE
P R O C E D U R E•.•. .• . • • . • . • . • • . . 0 •.••••• 0 . . • • • • . 0 • 9I
o
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION OF
OF FLOW
FLOW ..•.••••••••••••••••. 0 •..• 0 • • 9
DISCHARGE
COE FFICIENTS .•• 0 • • • • • • • • . • • . . . . • • . • • • • • 10
10
Weir
Weir Coefficient
Coefficient • . . • • . . • • . • • • • • 0 •••••• 0 0 • 0 .•• 0 0 10
10
l 1
Orifice
Orifice Coefficient
Coefficient . • • . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • . • • 0 • 0 • 0 11
Entrance
Entrance Loss
Loss Coefficient
Coefficient •• 0 .•• 0 • 0 •••••• 0 0 ••• 0 •• 0 . l2
12
PRESSURE
P R E S S U R ECOEFFICIENTS.
C O E F F I C I E N T S . 0. 0 •• 0 •••••••. 0 • . • • • • . . 0 •• 0 . t2
12
CONCLUSIONS
CONC LUSIONS AND
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS ••••• 0 • . • • • • . • . • . • l2
12
300-FOOT
3.o-FOOT SQUARE
SQUARE DROP
DROP INLET
INLET CULVERT
CULVERT ••• 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • 13
13
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION OF
OF SPILLWAY.
SPILLWAY • . • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • 13
13
APPARATUS
APPARATUS AND
AND PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE.•••••••••
. . ; • • • • • • • • . • . • . . • L4
14
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION OF
OF FLOW
FLOW •••.•••.•••.•••••••••• 0 0 ••• 0 • 15
15
DISCHARGE
COEFFICIENTS ..•••••••••••..••••••••• 0 • • 16
16
Weir
Weir Coefficient
Coefficient . . • • • . . • . • • • • • • • • . . • • . • . • . • . • • . 16
16
Short-Tube
Short-T\rbe Coefficient
Coefficient • . • • . . • • • . • 0 • • • • . . • • • • . • • • • t7
17
Entrance
Entrance Loss
Loss Coefficient
Coefficient ••.••••••••••.•. 0 •• 0 • • • • • L7
17
iv
1V
Page
Page
PPRESSURE COEFFICIENTS.
R E S S U R EC O E F F I C I E N T S . .. . . . . . . • . • . • . . • • . • • • . • • • • . • 1188
CONCLUSIONS AND
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS. . . • • . • • • • • • . • • . . • 1199
PAR T IX.
PART IX. FIELD
FIELD TESTS
TESTS. . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . • . • • 2200
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . • . • • . • • • • . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . • • • . . •
INTRODUCTION 2200
24-INCH DIAMETER
24-INCH DIAMETER CLOSED
CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY AT
CONDUIT SPILLWAY AT STILLWATER,
STILLWATER,
OKLAHOMA . .. . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . • • . • . • • •
OKLAHOMA 2200
DESCRIPTION OF
SPILLWAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . • . . ," • 2222
APPARATUS
A AND
PPARATUS A PROCEDURE.
ND P R O C E D U R E . .. . . . • . . • . . • • . . . . . . • • • . • . 2244
DESCRIPTION OF
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW
FLOW . . . . . . • . . • • . • • . • •'. • . . . . . . . . . • 2255
COEFFICIENTS. . . . • . . . • . . . . . • . . . • . . . . • • • • t29
o
Weir Coefficient . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . • . • • . . • . .
Weir Coefficient 2299
Loss Coefficient
Entrance Loss Coefficient. . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . • • • • . . . . . 2
299
PRESSURE
P COEFFICIENTS.
R E S S U R EC OEFFICIENTS. . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
300
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATiONS

CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . • • • . . . . . 3
300
2-FOOT SQUARE
z.FOOT INLET CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY
SQUARE DROP INLET SPILLWAY NEAR NEL- NEL-
SON, WISCONSON
SON, WISCONSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . • • 30
30
SPILLWAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . • 31
31
APPARATUS
A P P A R A T U S AND
A N D PROCEDURE.
PROCEDURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 32
32
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW
FLOW • . . . . . • • • • • . . . . . • . . . . • • . • • • . . 33
33
DISCHARGE
DISCHARGE C O E F F I C I E N T.S. . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..4'. .. . .• . •.
COEFFICIENTS • • 35
35
Weir Coefficient . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
36
Entrance Loss-
Loss Coefficient.
Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . 36
36
PRESSURE
C O E F F I C I E N T S . .. . . . . . . . . • • . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . 37
37
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . • • . • • . . . • • . 37
37
ORIGINAL
ORIGINAL REPORTS.
REPORTS . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . 37
37
Mimeographed
Mimeographed Report.
Report . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
37
Typewritten
Typewritten Report
RePort • . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 42
42
8-INCH
8-INCH DIAMETER
DIAME'TER CLOSED
CLOSED CONDUIT
CONDUIT SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY NEAR NEAR EDWARDSVILLE,
EDWARDSVILLE,
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
43
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION OF
OF SPILLWAY.
SPILLWAY . . . . • . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
43
APP ARA TUS AND

APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE.
PROCEDURE. •. •. •. • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . 43
43
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION OF
OF FLOW
FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 44
44
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS.
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . 45
45
Weir Coefficient
Weir Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4D
Entrance
Entrance Loss
Loss Coefficient.
Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
46
PRESSURE C O E F F I C I E N T S . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . 46
+o
CONCLUSIONS AND
REC OMMEND/I.TIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 46
46
v
Page
14-INCH DIAMETER
14.INCH DIAMETER CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY SPILLWAY NEAR EDWARDS. EDWARDS-
VILLE, ILLINOIS
VILLE, ILLINOIS. • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • . . . . • . . • • . . • • • • • . • . • • • 46o
+
DESCRIPTION OF
SPILLWAY. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4
466
APP ARA TUS AND PROCEDURE.

APPARATUS PROCEDURE. .• .• . • . • • • • • • • . . . • • • • • . . . • 4
477
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW. • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • . • . . . . . . . . . . • 4
477
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS. • • • . • . . . • . • • • . • . • . . • . . . . . . 48
48
Weir Coefficient • . • . • • • • . • • • • • • . . . . . . • . • • • . • . . •
Weir Coefficient 49
49
Orifice Coefficient . • • . • • . . • • • • . . • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • .
Orifice Coefficient 49
49
Entrance
Entrance Loss
Loss Coefficient.
Coefficient . . . . . . . • . . • • • • • . • • . • . • . • 49
49
PRESSURE
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS.
COEFFICIENTS. . . . • • • • . • • . . . . . . . . . • • • . • . • • 49
49
CONCLUSIONS
CO}TCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
RECOMMENDATIONS . • • • . . . • . • . • . • • • • 49
49
12.INCH CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY

12-INCH SPILLWAYAT AT SOIL CONSERVATION EXPER- EXPER.
IMENT
I M E N T STATION,
S T A T I O N , BETHANY, M I S S O U R I . . . . . . . . . . .. T~ . . . . . • . . . • . •
B E T H A N Y , MISSOURI 50
50
SPILLWAY • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
50
APPARATUS PROCEDURE. . . . . . . • . . . . • • • • . • • . . • . . •
APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE. 51
51
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW
FLOW . . . • • • . • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 51
51
DISCHARGE
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS.
COEFFICIENTS . . • . . . . • • • • • • • . • . . . . • . . . . . 51
51
Weir
Weir Coefficient . . . . • • • . • • • • • • . . . . • . . • . • . . . • . . . 52
52
Entrance Loss Coefficient.
Coefficient • . . . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . • . • . • . 53
53
PRESSURE
PRESSURE COEFFICIENT
COEFFICIENT •
. .• • • • • • . • • . • . . . . . . • . . . • • • . • • 53
53

RECOMMENDATIONS . • . • • • • . . . . . • • • • • 54
54
vi
vi
LLIST
I S T OF
O F I G U R E S
FFIGURES
Figure
Figure Page
Page
VVIII-1
III-1 18-in. Steel
1B-in, Steel Pipe
Pipe Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillway
Spillway. 22
VIII-2
VIII-2 Surface of
Surface of 18-in.
18 -in. Steel
Steel Pipe
Pipe . . . • . . . . . . 33
VIII-3
VIII.3 Full Flow
Full Flow atat Exit
Exit of
of 1B-in.
18-in. Steel
Steel Pipe
Pipe . . . t4
VIII-4
VIII.4 Weir Flow
Weir Flow Discharge
Discharge Coefficient
Coefficient for
for 1B-in. Steel Pipe
18-in. Steel Pipe '.
55
vul-5
VIII-5 30-in. Square
30-in. Square Drop
Drop Inlet
Inlet Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillway
Spillway at at McCredie,
McCredie,
Missouri . . • . . • . . . . . • . . • . . . • • . . . . • . . .
Missouri t)6
VIII-6
VIII-6 Crest of
Crest of Drop
Drop Inlet
Inlet Spillway
Spillway at
at McCredie,
McCredie, Missouri
Missouri .. .
. ..•... 88
VIII-7
V III.7 Head-Discharge Curve
Head-Discharge Curve for
for McCredie,
McCredie, Missouri,
Missouri, Closed
Closed Condui.t
Conduit
Spillway . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o9
Spillway
VIII-8
VIII.B Head-Weir Coefficient
Head-Weir Coefficient Curve
Curve forfor McCredie,
McCredie, Missouri,
Missouri, Closed
Closed
Conduit Spiliway
Conduit Spillway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
111
VIII-9
V III-9 Head-Discharge Curve
for Orifiee
Orifice Control
Control at at McCredj.e,
McCredie, Missouri,
Missouri,
Closed Conduit
CIosed Conduit Spillway
Spillway . . . • • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . I12
2
VIII-10
V III- 1O 3-ft Square
3-ft Square Drop
Drop Inlet
Inlet Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillway,
Spillway, Crawford
Crawford County,
County,
Iowa . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iowa 1
133
VIII-ll
V III-11 Topography in
Topography in Vicinity
Vicinity ofof Closed
Closed Conduit Spillway at
Conduit Spillway at Crawford
Crawford
County, Iowa
County, Iowa .. . • . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . • . . . . . 14
1 A
VIII-12
V III.12 Model of
Modet of Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillway,
Spillway, Crawford County, Iowa
Crawford County, Iowa . . . . 14
L+
VIII-13
VIII-13 Head-Discharge Curve
Head-Discharge Curve forfor Crawford
Crawford County,
County, Iowa, Closed Conduit
Iowa, Closed Conduit
Spillway
Spillway • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . 15
15
VIII-14
V III.14 Paper
Paper Punchings
Punchings Trace
Trace Surface
Surface Currents Near Original
Currents Near Drop Inlet
Original Drop Inlet
of
oi Crawford
Crawford County,
dounty, Iowa,
Iowa, Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillway.
Spillway. HID =
H/D = 0.83.
0.83. 16
lo
VIII-15
VIII.15 Dye
Dye Injected
Injected Behind
Behind Anti-Vortex
Anti-Vortex Wall
Wall Traces
Traces Path
Path of FIow for
of Flow for
Original
Original Design
Design of of Crawford
Crawford County,
County, Iowa,
Iowa, Closed
Closed Conduit Spill-
Conduit Spill-
way
w a y ..
. . . . • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . • . '. ' . . . . • . 16
16
VIII
V I I I --16
16 Paper
Paper Punchings
Punchings Show How Dike Dike From
From Anti-Vortex
Anti-Vortex Wall Road-
Wall to Road-
way
way Fill
Fill Prevents
Prevents Flow
Flow inin Back
Back of Wall
Wal1 and Improves
Improves FIQ.w Dis-
Flglw Dis-
tribution
tribution Around
Around Drop
Drop Inlet
Inlet of Crawford
Crawford County,
County, Iowa, Closed
Closed
Conduit
Conduit Spillway
Spillway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t6
16
VIII
v u l --17
1? Scour
Scour in Vicinity
Vicinity of Inlet
Inlet of Crawford
Crawford County,
County, Iowa, Closed Conduit
Closed Conduit
Spillway
Spillway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t7
17
VIII - 188
VIII.T Head-Weir
Head-Weir Coefficient
Coefficient Curve
Curve forfor Crawford
Crawford County,
Closed
Conduit
Conduit Spillway
Spiliway . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
L I
VIII -199
VIII.1 Paper
Paper Punchings
Punchings Trace
Trace Surface
Surface Currents
Currents Near
Near Modified
Modified Drop Inlet
Drop Inlet
of
of Crawford
Crawford County,
CIosed Conduit
Conduit Spillway
Spiliway . . . . . . . . 18
18
VIII
V I I I .-220
O Head-Discharge
Head-Discharge Curve
Curve for
for Short
Short Tube
Tube Flow
Flow in in Crawford
Crawford County,
County,
Iowa,
Iowa, Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillway
SPillway . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 1B
18
VIII
VIII-- 21
21 Local
Local Pressures
Pressures for
for Crawford
Crawford County,
County, Iowa,
Iowa, Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spill-
Splll-
way
w a y .. .
. ..................•......•.......... 19
19
IX-1
IX.i Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillway
Spillway atat Stillwater,
Stillwater, Oklahoma
Oklahoma .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . 20
20
rx-2
IX -2 Entrances
Entrances for
for Stillwater,
Stillwater, Oklahoma,
Oklahoma, Closed
Closed Conduit Spillway .. .. .. ..
Conduit Spillway 2l
21
rx-3
IX-3 Concrete
Concrete Pipe
Pipe Groove
Groove Entrances,
Entrances, Experiment
Experiment I, 1, Stillwater, Okla-
Stillwater, Okla-
homa
homa .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
22
IX-4
IX-4 Rounded
Rounded Pipe
Pipe Entrance,
Entrance, Experiments
Experiments 2, 3, 5,
2, 3, 5, and
and 6,6, Stillwater,
Stillwater,
Oklahoma
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 22
22
IX
I X- 5 Debris
Debris Guard,
Guard, Experiment
Experiment 3,
3, Stillwater,
Oklahoma .. .. .. . . . . . 22
22
IX
I X-6
-6 Square-Edged
Square-Edged Pipe
Pipe Entrance,
Entrance, Experime
Experimentnt 4,
4, Stillwater,
Oklahoma 22
22
IX-7
IX-7 Drop
Drop Inlet
Inlet Entrance,
Entrance, Experiment
Experiment 5,
5, Stillwater,
Oklahoma .. .. ..•. .... 23
23
vii
vt1
Ptarc Page
Page
a er, O klaho ma. te

23
f,f,-t Tertnre of Co
0" ere e Cu.
Concrete Culvert Pipe and Join
vert Pipe Joint, , Stillwater, Oklahoma.
-9
f,f-g Cracking
Cracking 0of B ituminous Coating
Bituminous Coating ofof 24 - i n . Cor
24-in. e ta! P
ru ga ed Metal
Corrugated ipe,
Pipe,
Oklahoma. . n =
- wa t er, Oklahoma
Stillrater, = 0 . 0218 . . . . . . . . . . . •
0.0218 23
23
IX-
IX-l0lO Te s t Sit
Test Sitee at Stillwa t er, Okla
Stillwater, homa. Dam
Oklahoma. Dam on Lake
Lake Carl
CarI Blackwell,
Blackwell,
Si phons, and Valve
Siphons, Valve House
House in
in Background;
Background; Parshall
Parshall Flume
Flume and
Gate in in Upper
Upper Center
Center Discharging
Discharging 20 cfs;
cfs; Headwall
Headwall for
for Experi-
Experi-
ment
ment 5 in in Foreground;
Foreground; Staff
Staff Gage and Stilling
Stilling Well
Well at Right
Right .
. .. .. . 24
24
IX-ll
IX-11 Typical
Typical Hydraulic
Hydraulic Grade
Grade Line
Line and Head
Head Losses
Losses at Entrance
Entrance and
Elbow,
Elbow, Stillwater,
Oklahoma ...............•..... 25
25
IX-l2
IX-12 Flow
Flow Condition
Condition at Concrete
Concrete PipePipe Groove
Groove Entrance,
Entrance, Stil lwa t er,
Stillwater,
Oklahoma
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . 25
25
IX-13
IX-13 Flow
Flow Condition
Condition at Rounded
Rounded Pipe
Pipe Entrance,
Entrance, Stillwater,
Stillwater, Oklahoma.
Oklahoma. . 25
25
IX-l4
IX-14 Flow
Flow Condition
Condition at Square-Edged
Square-Edged Pipe Pipe Entrance,
Stillwater, Okla-
Okla-
homa
h o m a .. . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
25
IX-15
IX-15 Flow
Flow at Entrance
Entrance to Drop lnlet 4.3 ft Deep, Stillwater,
Drop Inlet Stillwater, Oklahoma
Oklahoma . 26
26
IX-l6
IX-16 ,Transition From
'Transition From Pipe
Pipe to Weir
Weir Control
Control at Entrance
Entrance to Drop Drop Inlet
Inlet
8.4 ft Deep, Stillwater,
Oklahoma • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
27
IX-17
IX-17 Head-Discharge
Head-Di.scharge Curve
Curve for
for Part
Part Full
Full Flow
Flow with
with Concrete
Concrete Pipe
Pipe
Groove
Qroove Entrance,
Entrance, Experiment
Experiment I,
1, Stillwater,
Oklahoma . . .. 28
28
IX-18
HeAd-Discharge Curve
Curve for
for Part
Part Full
FulI Flow
Flow with
with Rounded
Rounded Pipe
Pipe En-
En-
trance,
trance, Experiments
Experiments (with trash
2 and 3 (with trash rack),
rack), Stillwater,
Stillwater, Okla-
Okla-
homa
homa . . ..........•....•.•.•.•.•............... 28
28
IX-19
Curve for
for Part
Part Full
Full Flow
Flow with
with Square-Edged
Square-Edged Pipe
Pipe
Entrance,
Oklahoma ..•....•..•......... 28
28
IX-20
IX-20 Head-Coefficient
Head-Coefficient Curve
Curve for
for Weir
Weir Flow
Flow Over
Over Drop
Drop Inlet
Inlet Crests.
Crests.
Experiments
Experiments 5 and 6, Stillwater,
Oklahoma. ... .
. .. . . . 28
28
IX-21
IX-z1 Martha
Martha Johnson
Johnson Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillway
Spillway . . . . . . . . . 31
31
IX-22
IX-22 Martha
Martha Johnson
Johnson Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillways
Spillways in
in May
May 1944 . 32
32
IX-
I X - 223
3 Martha
M a r t h a Johnson
J o h n s o n Pond
P o n d on
o n April
A p r i l 8,
B , 1937
193? .
.•. •
. .
. .. .. '"'.. . . . . 33
33
IX-24
IX-24 Martha
Martha Johnson
Johnson 2-ft
2-ft Square
Square Drop
Drop Inlet
Inlet Spillway
Spillway on April
April 8, 1937.
193?.
Head Over
Over Crest
Crest is
is About
About 2 ft, Discharge
Discharge About
About 100 cfs
cfs . 34
34
IX-25
IX-25 Martha
Martha Johnson
Johnson 2-ft
2-ft Square Drop
Drop Inlet
Inlet Spillway
Spillway on April
April 8,
B, 1937. . 34
34
IX-26
IX-26 Weir
Weir Flow
FIow Head-Discharge
Curve for
for Martha
Martha Johnson
Johnson Closed
Closed Con-
Con-
duit
duitSSpill
p i l lway
w a y•
. ..
. .........••.••..............••..• 35
35
IX-27
IX-27 Pipe
Pipe Flow
Flow Head-Discharge
Curve for
for Martha
Martha Johnson
Johnson Closed
Closed Con-Con-
duitS
duit p i l l w a y.
Spillway . ... . . . . . . . . . . • • • . • • . • • . • • • . . . . . . . . . . 36
36
IX-28
IX-28 Love
Love Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillway
Spillway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . 43
43
IX-29
IX-29 Time-Discharge
Time-Discharge Curve
Curve for
for Love
Love Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillway.
Spillway. Test
Test of
of
August
A u g u s t 14,
1 4 , 1939
1939 .........................•....... 45
45
IX-30
Curve forfor Love
Love Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillway.
Spillway. Tests
Tests of
A u g u s t 14
August 1 4 and
a n d 18,
1 8 , 1939
1939 ..•...•.•.••.......... 45
45
IX-31
IX-31 Young
Young Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillway
Spillway •.. . . . • . • . . . . • • . . . 47
47
IX-32
IX-32 Time-Discharge
Time-Discharge Curve
Curve for
for Young
Young Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillway
Spillway 4B
48
IX-33
Curve for
for Young
Young Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillway.
Spillway 49
49
IX-34
IX-34 Bethany,
Bethany, Missouri,
Missouri, Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillway
Spiliway . . • . • • . . . . 50
50
IX.35
IX-35 Entrance
Entrance to Bethany,
Bethany, Missouri,
Missouri, Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spillway
Spil.lway .. 51
51
IX-36
IX-36 Head-Discharge Curve
for Bethany,
Bethany, Missouri,
Missouri, Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spill-
Spill-
w a y .. .
way . ...•....•.......... . ........... . .•.... 52
52
IX.3?
IX-37 Weir
Weir Flow
Flow Head-Discharge
Head-Diseharge Curve
Curve forfor Bethany
Bethany, , Missouri,
Missouri, Closed
Closed
Conduit
Conduit Spillway
Spiilway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
53
viii
vLlr
LLIST F rTABLES
l q ! oOF ABtEq
Table
Table Page
Page
IX-l
IX-1. ENTRANCE LOSS
ENTRANCE COEFFICIENTS, Stillwater,Oklahoma,
LOSS COEFFICIENTS, Stillwater,Oklahoma, E:<pts.
Expts. . 29
29
IX-2
IX-2 RECOMMENDED VALUES
RECOMMENDED VALUES OF OF THE
THE LOCAL PRESSURE DEVIATION
LOCAL PRESSURE DEVIATION
AT
A THE
T T TOPOF
HE T OPOF T THE
H E PPIPE O.5D
IPE O OWNSTREAM F
DOWNSTREAM
.5D D FROM HE E
R O M TTHE N-
EN-
TRANCE, Stillwater,
TRANCE, Stillwater, Oklahoma, Closed Conduit Spillway
Spillway . • . . . • 29
ix
ix
HYDRAULICS OF
HYDRAULICS OF CLOSED
CLOSED CONDUIT
CONDUIT SPILLWAYS
SPILLWAYS
Results of
Results of Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous Laboratory
Laboratory and Field Testst
and Field Tests*
FORWARD
FORWARD
The theory
The theo r y of
of the
the hydraulics
hy draulics of of closed
closed conduit
conduit spillways
spillways has been given
has been in Part
given in Part I*'s
I** of
of
this report
this report series.
series. Parts
Parts IIII to
to VII,+8*
VII,*** giving
giving results
results of
of tests
tests on
on several of the
forms of
several forms the closed
closed
conduit spillway
conduif spillway andand aa discussion
discussion of of vortices,
vortices, have
have also
also been published. Parts
been published. VIII and
Parts VIII and IX,
IX,
presented in
presented in this
this paper,
paper, report
report the the results
results of
of tests
tests on number of
on aa number additional forms
of additional forms ofof the
the
closed conduit
tlosed conduit spitfway.
spillway. Diicharge
Discharge coefficients
coefficients and
and design rec,ommendations are
design recommendations are recorded.
recorded.
The results
The res ults described
described here
here areare aa product
product ofof an
an investigation conducted by
investigation conducted by the staff of
the staff of
the Agricultural
the Agricultural Research
Research Service,
Service, U.U. S.
S. Department
Department of Agriculture, located
of Agriculture, at the
located at St. Anthony
the St. Anthony
Falls Hydraulic
Falls HydrauliC Laboratory,
Laboratory, University
University of of Minnesota, Minneapolis . There
Minnes ota, Minneapoiis. the Agricultural
There the Agricultural
Research Service,
Research Service, the
the Minnesota
Minnesota Agricultural
Agricultural Experiment
Experiment Station,
Station, and
and the
the St.
St. Anthony Falls
Anthony Falls
Hy dr au lic Laboraiory
Hydraulic L aboratory cooperate
cooperate in
in the
the solution
solution ofof problems
problems concerning conservation hydrau-
concerning conservation hydrau-
l ics. Some
lils. Some of of the
the experiments
experiments werewere made
made atat thd
the Laboratory,
Laboratory, but but many made by
were made
many were by other-s.
others.
The source
The source of of all
all iniormation
information isis acknowledged
acknowledged in in the
the paper.
paper. AII data were
All data reanalyzed by
were reanalyzed by the
the
writer. Theanalytical
writer. The analytical methods
methods and
and thethe computations
computations havehave been checked by
be en checked Robert V.Keppel.
by Robert V. Keppel.
PART VIII
PART VIII
Miscellaneous LaboratorY
Miscellaneous Laboratory Tests
Tests
IINTRODUCTION
N T R O D U C T I O N
A number
A number of of laboratory
laboratory tests
tests that
that have been
been made
made on
orf closed
closed conduit spillways do not
conduit spillways fall
not fall
into
into any
any of the categories
of the categories of of Pa r ts II
Parts II through
through VI,
VI, yet
yet they
they are
are of
of some
some interest.
interest. Therefore,
Therefore,
dis cussed in
discusied in tthis
his Part
Pirt are
are the results
results of of tests
tesls on an 18-in.
1B-in. steel pipe with
steel pipe vertical and hori-
with vertical hori-
zontal
zontal le g s and
legs and two
two field
field structures
structures that
that were
were modeled
modeled and tested
tested in laboratory.
in the laboratory.
18-INCH
1 B - I N C H STEEL
S T E E L P I P E
PIPE
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION OF
OF SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY
The
The spillway
spillway consi sted of aa flared
consisted flared entrance,
entrance, aa drop
drop inlet pipe 18
inlet pipe 1B ft standard 4-
long, aa standard
ft long, 4-
piece
piece long radius elbow
long iadius-elbow made
made up in
in 3D-degree
30-degree segments,
segments, and
and a
a horizontal
horizontal barrel
barrel 30
30 ft
ft long.
long.
The
The total
total fall
faII through
through the
the spill way was
spillway was 21.93
21.93 ft.
ft.
The
T h e entrance
e n t r a n c e consisted
c o n s i s t e d of
o f aa fl
f l are
a r e 11.04
1 1 . 0 4 in. ( 0.62
i n . (0 . 6 26D)
6 D ) high h a v i n g aa top
h i g h having d i a m e t e r oof
t o p diameter 21.63
f 21.63
in.
in. (1.23D).
(1.23D). ThisThis fl are was
flare was proportioned
proportioned so so that
that thethe contraction
contractionofof the the stream leaving the
stream leaving crest
the crest
would
would fill
fili the
the dropdrop inlet
inlet..
The
The crest
crest was
was about
about one
one foot
foot above
above the
the approach
approach channel
channel floor. A false
floor. A floor level
false floor with
Ievel with
tthe
he ccrest
res t was
was installed
installed for
for the
the full
full w idth of
width of the
the 8-ft
B-ft wide
wide approach
approach and and for distance of
for aa distance ft
of 66 ft
upstream.
upstream. Originally
Originally the
the fal se floor
false floor co n sisted of
consisted of 33 ft
ft by
by 88 ft galvanized-iron
ft galvanized iron sheets. Part of
sheets. Part of
the
the floor
floor was
was replaced
replaced with
with concrete
concrete after
after one
one of
of the
the sheets
sheets waswas lifted
lifted out by the
out by the water, crump-
water, crump-
led
led into
into aa ball
ball and
and carried
carried through
through tthehe pipe.
pipe.
t A g r i c u l t u r a l Research
*Agricultural R e s e a r c h Se
S ervice
r v i c e Report
R e p o r t No. 41-505-?6.
N o . 41-505-76.
**Fred W. Blaisdell, Hydraulics of Closed Con@q!.Qglllways--Part I. Theory and ltsAp-

plication, St. Anthon-y-f;i
a;7Tg5B-'.
***Fred
+f*ppsd W.w. Blaisdell,
Blaisdell, Hy draulics
draulics of
of Closed
Closed Co nduit SPillwaf:suparts
Condult throu
s--Parts IIII through VII. Re-
V I I . Re-
sults
sults of
of Tests
Tests on
on Several
Several Forms of the Splllway, St. Anthony Fa! Hydraulic Laboratory Tech- s
nical Pape r No. 18-B, March 1958.
2
An
An anti-vortex wall 4 ft high
anti-vortex wall high by
by 6 ft long (2.?2D by
long (2.72D by 4.08D) locatedd tangent
4.08D) was locate the
tangent to the
downstream
downstre:im side
side of
of the
the drop
drop inlet.
inlef. This
This wall
wall was
was spiked
spiked to the faJ se floor
false floor supports with 16d
supports with
nails
nails and was wedged
andwas against the
wedgedagainst the tunnel
tunnel roof.
roof. Nevertheless, pressure behind
Nevertheless,thethe pressure wall bent
behind the wall bent
the
the spikes
spikes and
and forced
foried the
the wall
wall upstream
upstream over
over the
the inlet.
inlet. The
The anti-vortex
anti-vortex wall was
wall then bolted
was then bolted
to the
the conc rete approach
concrete approach floor.
floor.
ro
(\I
Plon
Pion
~
=01'-
, .
~~
~I Folse floor
':~.J:i.~~~~
:;ltzry 3 4 f ^
;.7:t';a.i
3 N.S.
ES.
io
ol
(\I
El ev o ti o n
Elevation
b
6 •
~f
T:2 I •I
19
~ 018
13
S t d . long
Std. long
1JI7
I: 5'-On
20
•I~ 10'-On
21
I.
29. 985 '
Id-o·
22
I
.1
r o d i u s elbow
radius elbow
Fig.
F i g . VIII-l
V l l l - l - la-in.
l 8 - i n . Steel
S t e e l Pipe
P i p e Closed
C l o s e dCondu
C o n d uiti t Spillway
S p i l l r r c y.
The form
form and dimensions
dimensions of
of the drop
drop inlet
inlet, , the elbow,
elbow, and the barrel
barrel are
are shown
shown in Fig.
Fig.
VIII-I.
VIII.1.
The
The pipe pipe waswas made made of of spirally
spira).ly welded
welded steel steel tubing
tubing having having a nom nominali nal ddiameter
iameter of 18 1B in.
in.
and
a n d an
a n aactual
c t u a l inside
i n s i d e ddiameter
i a m e t e r of
o f 17-5/
l 7 - 5 / B 8 in.
i n . At
A t the
t h e conclusion
c o n c l u s i o n of
o f the
t h e t eests
s t s the
the ppipe
i p e ssurface
u r f a c e w was
as
covered
covered with with a uniform
uniform rust rust having
having the appearanceappearance and feel feel of
of sand paper. This
sandpaper. This surface
surface is is
shown
shown in in Fig.
Fig. VIII-2.
VIII-2.
3
APP
APPAARA
RATTUS A N D PROCEDURE
U S AND PROCEDURE
The
T h e entrance
entranceto to thet h e cclosed
l o s e d conduit
c o n d u i t spillway
s p i l l w a y wwas
a s located
l o c a t e d near
n e a r thet h e end
e n d ofofth the e wwaste
a s t e tunnel
tunnel
for
for the main main test test channel
channel at the St St.. Anthony
Anthony Falls Falls Hydraulic
Hydraulic Laboratory.Laboratory. This
This tunnel tunnel is is 8 B ft
o0 in.
in. wide
wide by by 5 ft 7 in. in. high.
high. A greater greater width width would wouLd have been desirable desirable for for the the purposes
purposes of of
these
t h e s e tests.
t e s t s . There
T h e r e wwas
a s a bend b e n d in this
inth l s tunnel
t u n n e l about
a b o u t 35
3 5 ft
f t upstream
u p s t r e a m fromf r o m t hthe
e spillway
s p i l l w a y entrance.
entrance.
What effect
effect tthis his had on the flow flow conditions
conditions is is unknown
unknown since since it it was
was impossible
impossible to enter enter the the
tunnel
tunnel du r ing the tests
duri.ng tests to observe observe the flow. flow. The tunnel tunnel exit exit was bulkheaded so all
was bulkheaded all water
water was was
forced
forced throughthrough the spillway. spillway. The
The dropdrop inletinlet passed passed through
through a 3/4-in. 3/4-in, steel steel plate plate covering
covering a
hole
hole in in the tunnel tunnel floor.
floor. Since the tunnel tunnel at this this point
point crossed
crossed the Laboratory Laboratory turbine
turbine room room
just under
just under its its roof,
roof, the drop drop inlet inlet and the the horizontal
horizontal barrel barrel were were in in the turbineturbine room room proper.proper.
This provided access
This provided access to the outside outside of of the spillway
spitlway for for the installation
installationof of the piezometers pi.ezometers used used
to measure
measure pressures pressures in in the spillway.
spillway. A heavy heavy concreteconcrete thrust thrust block block braced braced against against the tur- tur-
bine
b i n e rroom
o o m wall w a l l was
w a s pplaced
l a c e d at a t the
t h e elbow
e l b o w anda n d a heavyh e a v y aanchor
nchor b block
l o c k was
w a s pplaced
l a c e d . aat
t the t h e barrel
b a r r e l e xexit
it
to take
take carecare of of the largelarge forcesforces anticipated
anticipated and to prevent prevent vibration.
vibration. The The di s charge from
discharge from the
pipe
pipe was was allowed
allowed to spill spill on the the turbine
turbine room room floor floor and to find find its its wayway into into the tailrace. tailrace.
Fig
F i g.. VIII-2
V l l l - 2 - Surface
S u r f o c eof
o f l8-in.
l 8 - i n . Steel
S t e e l Pipe.
Plpe.
The
The headwater
headwater level level was was determined
determined at aapoint point 12 12 ft upstream
upstream fro frorn Il'!' the
the anti-vortex
anti-vortexwall. wall.
Levels
L e v e l s were
w e r e read r e a d from
f r o m a water w a t e r manometer
m a n o m e t e r and a n d a water
w a t e r level
l e v e l recorder
r e c o r d e r wasw a s used
u s e d tot o insure
insure
that
t h a t a constant
c o n s t a n t water
w a t e r surface
s u r f a c e elevation
e l e v a t i o n existed
e x i s t e d during
d u r i n g each
e a c h test.
t e s t . Piezometric p r e s s u r e s were
P i e z o m e t r i c pressures were
obtained
o b t a i n e d ata t the
t h e 222
2 points
p o i n t s indicated
i n d i c a t e d ini n Fig
F i g ..VVIII-l.
III-1. Pressures
P r e s s u r e s w were
e r e r e aread
d from
f r o m mmercury
e r c u r y m a manom-
nom-
eters
e t e r s ..
Discharges
Discharges were were measured
measured by by using
using the tailgatetailgate at the end of of the main
main test
test channel
ehannel as
a suppressed
s u p p r e s s e d weir.
w e i r . This
T h i s weir
w e i r was
w a s calibrated
c a l i b r a t e d after
a f t e r the
t h e tests
t e s t s had
h a d been
b e e n completed.
completed.
Test
T e s t procedures
p r o c e d u r e s were
w e r e similar
s i . m i l a r to
t o those
t h o s e used
u s e d for
f o r previous
p r e v i o u s tests
t e s t s ..
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION OF
OF FLOW
FLOW
This
T h i s description
d e s c r i p t i o n is is bbeing
e i n g written
w r i t t e n 11 1 1 years
y e a r s after
a f t e r the
t h e tests
t e s t s were
w e r e made.
m a d e . Time
T i m e hash a s there-
there-
fore
fore takentaken its its toll
toll of of the writer's
writerts memory memory of the details details of ol the events.
events. Vivid, Vivid, though,
though, is is the
memory
rnernory of of standing
standing on the stairs stairs leading
leading to the turbine turbine room, room, hearing hearing air being sucked
air being sucked into
into
the
the pipe pipe at certain certain flows, flows, and feeling feeling the accompanying accompanying vibration. vibration. This
This vibration
vibration was quite
was quite
noticeable
n o t i c e a b l e i nin spite
s p i t e of o f t the
h e fact
f a c t that
t h a t the
t h e turbine
t u r b i n e r oroom
o m is i s of
o f heavy
h e a v y rreinforced
e i n f o r c e d concrete
c o n c r e t e construc-
construc-
tion
tion and is is founded
founded directly directly on the underlying underlying sandstone. sandstone.
Notes
Notes obtained
obtained during during the teststests indicate
indicate that that the flow
flow phenomena
phenomena are are similar
similar to those
those
observed
observed during during the the tests
tests reported
reported previously.
previously. As
As the flow
flow increased,
increased, the depthdepth at the outlet
outlet
increased
increased until until the outlet
outlet flowed
flowed alternately
alternately full full and partly
partly full,full, the outlet
outlet finally
finally flowing
flowing com-
com-
pletely
pletely fullfull all
all ofof the time.
time. The The full-flow
fuII-flow condition
condition is shownshown in in Fig. VIII-3. The
Fig.VIII-3. The white
white appear-
appear-
ance
a n c e of t h e jjet
o f the e t is
is bbelieved
e l i e v e d to
t o be
b e a surface
s u r f a c e layer
l a y e r of
o f a water-air
w a t e r - a i r mixture.
mixture.
The
The lifting
iifting of of the false
false floor
floor and the movement movement of of the anti-vortex
anti-vortex wall
wall noted
noted previously
previously
are
a r e a direct
d i r e c t r eresult
sult of
o f the
t h e drop
d r o p ini n the
t h e level
l e v e l oof
f the
t h e water
w a t e r as
a s the
t h e velocity
v e l o c i t y i nincreased
creased in
i n the
t h e vicin-
vicin-
ity
ity ofof the inlet.
inlet. In this this region
region the pressure pressure head was was converted
converted to velocity velocity head. The drop drop in in
the
t h e water
w a t e r surface
s u r f a c e of
o f ccourse
o u r s e lowered
l o w e r e d t hthe
e p rpressure
essure on
o n t top
o p ofofththe
e false
f a l s e floor.
f l o o r . The
T h e under
u n d e r side
s i d e of
of
44
tthe
h e ffalse
a l s e ffloor
l o o r hhad a d aaccess
c c e s s tto o tthe
h e hhigher
i g h e r uupstream
p s t r e a m p rpressures
essures where
w h e r e tthe h e vvelocity
elocity w was a s llow.
o w . TThe he
ddifference
i f f e r e n c e iin n ppressure
r e s s u r e ccaused
a u s e d ttheh e ffalse
a l s e ffloor
l o o r tto o llift
i f t ooutu t aandn d ppass
a s s tthrough
h r o u g h tthe h e sspillway.
p j l l w a y . lIn n tthehe
case of
case of the
the anti-vortex
anti-vortex wall, wall, the the dropdown
dropdown of of water
water into into the the inlet
inlet underunder weir weir flow exposed part
flow exposed pdrt
oof
f ttheh e uupstream
p s t r e a m fface a c e oof f tthe
lre w wall.
a I I . TThe
h e ppressure
r e s s u r e oun n tthish i s sside
i d e ooff tthhee w waa lll
.l w was tmospherlc w
a s aatmosphenc here
whpre
tthe
he w wall
alf w was
a s eexposed
x p o s e d aand" nd"w wasa s r reduced
e d u c e d bbe e llow y d r o s t a t i c ppressure
o w hhydrostatic r e s s u r e iin n pproportion
r o p o r t i o n tto h e 've
o tthe u ' eloc
L o -c -
ity head where the surface
ity head where the surface of the waII was wetted. On of the wall was wetted. On the
t h e downstream
d o w n s t r e a m side
s l d e o
of f t h
the e a n
antit l --v o r t
vortex e x
wwall
l l l ttheh e vvelocity
e l o c i t y wwas
a s nnil i l aand
n d ffull
u I I hhydrostatic
y d r o s t a t i c ppressure
r e s s u r e eexisted.
xisted. T The i f f e r e n c e iin
h e ddifferencp . n ppressure
r e s s u r e oon n
tthe
h e ttwo w o ssides
i d e s oof f tthe
h e aanti-vortex
nti-vortex w wall
a l l ccaused
a u s e d iits t s uupstream
pstream m ovement, T
movement. This s m
h i s iis e n t i o n e d hhere
mentioned ere
because the
because the designer
designer should should realizerealize that that there there is is aa considerable
considerable force force acting acting on on thisthis type type of of
anti-vortex wall
anti-vortex wall i.n in anan upstream
upstream direction. direction.
Fig.
F lg.V lll-3 - F
VIII-3 Full Flow
u l lF att E
l o wo Exit off l8-in
x i to S t e e lP
l 8 - i n . Steel Pi ipe
p e. .
DISCHARGE COET'FICiENTS
It
I t was possibl
was p o s s i b l eet oto obtain
o b t a i n a ggood
o o d value
v a l u e for
f o r the
t h e weir
w e i r c coefficient
oefficient but no valid determination
valid determination
of
of the
the entrance
entrance loss
Ioss coefficient
coefficient was was obtainable
obtainable from frorn the
the data.
Weir
Weir Coefficient
Coefficient •
The
T h e ddischarge
i s c h a r g e c ocoefficient
efficient C for
f o r use
u s e in
i n Eq. l - 1 is
E q . 1-1 i s ggiven
i v e n in
i n Fig.
F i g . VVIII-4.
III-4. T h e pplotted
The points
l o t t e d points
are
are those
those obtained
obtained during during the tests.
tests. TheThe curve
curve shown
shown is is suggested
suggested for design use, subject
for design subject to
the restrictions
restrictions indicated
indicated belowbelow. . This
This curve
curve has the equation equation
HH
C ==33.10
C . 1 0++ 1.64--
1.64- (vIII-1)
(VIII-I)
D
D
rc
rc
which,
w h i c h , when
w h e n inserted
i n s e r t e d in
i n Eq.
E q . 1-1.
I-i gives
sives
- l JI r
q. lo
I
3/2' )
(vIII-2)
Q == [3.10 1 . 6 4DH
I 3 . 1 0+ 1.64 - |t-H"'
JLH (VIII-2)
L r r - ,
rc
As
A s indicated
i n d i c a t e d in
i n Fig.
F i g . VIII-4
V I I I - 4 these
t h e s e equations
e q u a t i o n s are
a r e valid
v a l i d up
u p to
t o aa head o f 0 .' 9
h e a d H of 5D.".
95D
rc
The
The relative
relative approachapproach channel channel width width W W"/L /L for for this
this inlet
inlet is I.89. Thus,
is 1.89. Thus, itit would
wouid be be
c
classed r r n a r r o w t ' by
m u l t i p l i e d by
c l a s s e d as
a s "narrow" according a c c o r d i n g tot o Reference
R e f e r e n c e 1-11,
I - 1 1 , and
a n d the
t h e coefficient
c o e f f i c i e n t should
s h o u l d be
b e multiplied
I/0.97 =
1/0.97 = 1.03
1 . 0 3 to t o correct
c o r r e c t for
f o r the
t h e effect
e f f e c t of
o f the
t h e narrow
n a r r o w approach
a p p r o a c h channel.
channel.
Entrance
Entrance Loss
Loss Coefficient
Coefficient
In
In order
ordei toto compute
compute thethe eentrance
ntrance loss
loss coefficient,
coefficient, itit is
is necessary
necessary to to know
know the bend loss
the bend loss
and
and the
the friction
friction loss.
loss. It
tt was
was thought
thought that
that the
the friction
friction losses
losses could
could be
be determined
determined from
fromthethe slope
slope
of
of the
the hydraulic
hydraulic grade
grade line
line as
as measured
measured by by the
the piezometers
piezometers and and the
the elbow
elbow loss
loss could
could bebe ob-
ob-
tained
tained from
from thethe drop
drop in
in the
the grade
grade line
line at
at the
the elbow.
elbow. However,
However, itit was
was not possible to
not possible to define
define the
the
hydraulic
hydraulic grade
grade line
line with
with sufficient
suffici.ent precision.
precision. This
This is
is probably
probably largely
largely attributable
attributable toto the rela-
the rela-
5
tively
tively short
short lengths
lengths of
of pipe between
between the entrance
entrance and the elbow
elbow and between
between the elbow
elbow and the
the
exit.
exrT.
An
An attempt
attempt was was made
made to compute compute the elbow elbow and friction
friction losses
losses after
after estimating
estimating values
values
of
of the coefficients.
coefficients. These
These computations
computations resulted resulted in in negative
negative entrance
entrance lossloss coefficients--a
coefficients--a
highly
highly improbably
improbably condition.
condition. In order order to have a zero zero entrance
entrance loss loss it
it would
would have been neces-
neces-
sary,
s a r y , if
i f the
t h e bend
b e n d loss
l o s s coefficient
c o e f f i c i e n t were
w e r e 0.23,
0 . 2 3 , to
t o have
h a v e a Manning's
M a n n i n g r s n ofo f 0.009.
0.009. AA coefficient
coefficient
this
this low iow is difficult
difficult to imagine
imagine for for the surface
surface shownshown in in Fig.
Fig. VIII-2.
VIII-2.
Further
Further attempts
attempts to
to evaluate
evaluate the
the entrance
entrance loss
loss coefficient
coefficient were
were abandoned.
abandoned.
4.7
4.6
oJ°
4.5
,0l (
°
4.4
° V
nO
/
4.3
° V
4.2 J
4.1
c
.0_/0
4.0 I
i
C
3.9 "
V
3.8
0/
I
3.7
J
0/
3.6
1/
0
I'
1
3.5
3.4
V
o) o.r
0.1 o.2
0.2 0.3
0.3 0.4
0.4 0,5
0.5 00.6
.6 0,7
0.7 0.8
0.8 0.9
0.9 l,o
1.0
H/D,c
'l
Fig. V l l l - 4 -- Weir
F i g . VIII-4 W e l r Flow D i s c h o r gCoefficient
F l o wDischarge e o e f f i c i e nfor
C f o r l8-in.
8 - i n . Steel
S t e e lPipe.
Pipe.
PRESSURE
P R E S S U R E COEFFICIENTS
COEFFICiENTS
The difficulties outlined

The difficulties outlined above also also prevented
prevented the determinationdeterminationof of the pressurecoeffi-
pressure coeffi-
cients; g o o d values
c i e n t s ; good v a l u e s of
o f the
t h e bend
b e n d and
a n d friction
f r i c t i o n loss
l o s s coefficients
c o e f f i c i e n t s are
a r e necessary
n e c e s s a r y in
i n order
o r d e r to
t o com-
com-
pute the the pressure
pressure coefficients,
coefficients, so no attempt attempt was was made
made to determine determine them. them.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS AND
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
Drop
Drop inletsinlets having
having the form form shown
shown in in Fig.
Fig. VIII-l
VIII-1 are are satisfactory
satisfactory and geometricallygeometrically
similar
similar structures
structures are are recommended
recommended for
for fieldfield installation
installation. . Vibrations
Vibrations sufficientsufficient to be felt felt
were
w e r e transmitted
t r a n s m i t t e d to
t o the
t h e turbine
t u r b i n e r oroom
om stairway
s t a i r w a y ' nwhen
h e n air
a i r wwas
a s sucked
s u c k e d through
t h r o u g h the
t h e sspillway.
p i l l w a y . Up-
Up-
6
lift
lift pressures
pressures can
can be anticipated
anticipated in
in the vic inity of the inl
vici.nity e t. Hydrost
inlet. atic overturning
Hydrostatic overturning forces
forces
on the anti-vortex
anti-vortex wall
wall should
should be anticipated
anticipaled and provided
provided for by the designer,
for by designer"
The
The capacity
capacity of of the drop
drop inlet
inlet crest
crest acting
acting as a weir
weir can
can be determined
determined from
from Eq.
Eq. I-I
I-1
and
a n d Fig.
F i g . VIII-4
V I I I - 4 or
o r from
f r o m Eq.
E q . VIII-2.
VIII-2.
A reliable
reliable entrance
entrance loss
loss coefficient
coefficient could
could not be determined
determined from
from the available
available data.
Local pressure constants

Local pressure constants were
were not determined.
determined.
3D-INCH
3 O - i N C H SQUARE
S Q U A R E DROP
D R O P INLET
I N L E T CULVERT
C U L V E R T
A drop
drop inlet
inlet spillway
spillway located
located on the Soil Conservation Conservation Experiment Experiment Statio Stationn at McCredie,
Mccredie,
Missouri,
Missouri, is is used
used to determine
determine the runo ff from
therunoff from the the tributary watershed in
tributarywatershed in addition
addition to it itss nor-
nor-
mal
m a l use
u s e as
a s a gully
g u l l y ccontrol s t r u c t u r e . . It
o n t r o l structure I t wwas
a s therefo
t h e r e f o rree necessary
n e c e s s a r y to
t o ccalibrat
a l i b r a t e e the
t h e crest
c r e s t ofo f this
thj.s
spillway
spillway ih ih order
order to obtain obtain a reliable
reliable relationship
relationship between between the head on the spillway spiliway crest crest and
the discharge.
discharge. This This calibration
calibration was made made at the St . Anthony Falls
St"Anthony Falls Hydraulic
Hydraulic LaboratoryLaboratory on aa
full
full scale
scale and on a one-fourth one-fourth scale scale model. model.
The
T h e results
r e s u l t s of
o f these
t h e s e tests
t e s t s are
a r e of
o f some
s o m e general
g e n e r a l interest
i n t e r e s t sinc
s i n c ee they
t h e y show
s h o w that
t h a t the
t h e spill-
spil1-
way
way may
may not flow flow full
full and because
because a comparcomparison ison is is made
made between
between the laborato r y-developed
laboratory-developed
rating
rating and field
field determinations
determinations of
of the discharge.
discharge.
DESCRIPTION
D E S C R I P T I O N OF
O F SPILLWA
S P I L L W A YY
The
T h e closed
c l o s e d conduit
c o n d u i t spillway,
s p i l l w a y , wwhich
h i c h is
i s shown
s h o w n in
i n FFig.
i g . VIII-5,
V I I I - 5 , is
i s 2 ft
f l 6 in
i n .. square
s q u a r e in cross
i n cross
section
s e c t i o n with
w i t h 4-in.
4 - i n . fillets
f i l l e t s in
i n each
e a c h corner
corner. .
2.99'
Locations
Locotionsof crest
crest
cross
cross sections
sectrons
A
M L KJ
Typico
TypicolI Crest
Crest Cross-Section
Cross-Seclion
20'-0"
FS-'O:_=~=:~=:-=:~=-=~:-: ~:-: =-i- l_-_- -~-'_-~-~-~_-~-=~= ~_-~_-_-__-_-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-'~-~-e-~-=-:-~-'_:-_- -D- -liml-e-~-s~_o_-nS- _-~-~- I~ ~

__-_-__-f-__
:___:F__a:_6_:_::
__
~L-~ Heodwall
Plan of Drop Inlet ~C EI. 820.90

920.90
((r2-r8-4r)
12-18-41)
10,
(0
7'-0' N..
O ; EI. 802.05'(12-18-41) <7(6"~
tr _ -
=0, I 4" chamfer
""
...-0.50% slope , ,,1 -
I' "I 1-2-6" I ,~'
~~~;_8 ~2~0~'-~0~" I~.__________________~6~5~'-~6~" ~

I .. , . ; .",,--
E r 802.45
.802.45
[ I!J EI.
(12-18-41)
u2-t8-4t)
"
__ ____ __________________
Sectional
Sectionol Elevation on tQ-
Elevolionon
Fig.
F i g . VIII-5
V l l l - 5 - 30-in.
3 0 - i n . Square
S q u o r eDrop
D r o p Inlet
I n l e t Closed
C l o s e dConduit
C o n d u i t Spillway
Spillwoyoatt McCredie,
M c C r e d i e , Missouri.
Missouri.
7
The
The dropdrop inletinlet is is 16 16 ft 3 in. in. high plus 4 ft 6 in.
high pius in. for
for the elbow,elbow, making
making a total total height
height of
of
20 ft 9I in. in. The
The elbowelbow at its base has a 2-ft
its base 2-ft inner
inner radius
radius and a 4-ft 4-ft 6-in.
6-in. outer
outer radius.
radius. There
There
is
is an anti-vortex
anti-vortex wall
wall 3 ft 0 in. in. high high byby 7 ? ft 6 in.
in. long
long on the downstream
downstream side side of the the crest.
crest.
The
The crest
crest itselfitself has a nominal nominal radius radius of of 4 in. in. The radius
radius apparently
apparently was formed formed by by troweling
troweling
and is is therefore
therefore somewhat somewhat irregular. irregular. The
The actual
actual crest
crest was was cross
cross sectioned
sectioned at 13 13 points
points and
templets
t e m p l e t s cut
c u t to
t o these
t h e s e cross
c r o s s sections
s e c t i o n s were
w e r e uused
s e d to
t o construct
c o n s t r u c t the
t h e model
m o d e l crests.
c r e s t s . Level
L e v e l readings
readings
showed
s h o w e d thet h e crest
c r e s t tot o be
b e level
l e v e l within
w i t h i n 0 . 04
0 4 ft.
ft.
The
The barrel
barrel is is 65 ft 6 in. in in length.
length. A flare flare 20 ft long long increases
increases the exit
exit width
width to 6 ft 6 in.
in.
Thirteen
T h i r t e e n feet
f e e t of
o f this
t h i s flare
f l a r e are
a r e covered.
c o v e r e d . The
T h e barrel
b a r r e l slope
s l o p e is
i s 0.005.
0.005.
The
The upstream
upstream slope
slope of
of the dam
dam is
is 1 on 33.. It
It is
is covered
covered with
with broken
broken stone
stone of
of about one
man
man size
size to an elevation
elevation of one foot above the spillway
spillway crest.
crest. Comparative
Comparative views
views of
of the rip-
rip-
rap
rap in
in the vicinity
vicinity of
of the crest
crest are
are shown
shown inln Fig.
Fig. VIII-6
VIII-6 for
for the prototype
prototype .and
"and for
for the two
two
models.
models.
The
The riprap
riprap isis depressed
depressed in
in the
the vicinity
vicinity of
of the crest.
crest. Elevations
Elevations of the riprap
riprap for
for 20 ft
either
either side
side of
of the drop
drop inlet
inlet were
were furnished
furnished inin order
order to reproduce
reproduce accurately
accurately the riprap
riprap ele-
ele-
vations
vations in
in the model.
model.
The
T h e model
m o d e l crests
c r e s t s wwere
e r e made m a d e of o f cement
c e m e n t mortar
m o r t a r c acarefully
refully shaped
s h a p e d tot o conform
c o n f o r m to t o the
t h e field
field
measurements.
measurements. Only
Only 4 ft of of dropdrop inlet
inlet werewere reproduced
reproduced for for the full-scale
full'scale model.
model. This This ffi)del
rncdel
was
w a s used
u s e d tot o check
c h e c k the
t h e results
r e s u l t s obtained
o b t a i n e d on
o n the
t h e one-fourth
o n e - f o u r t h scale
s c a l e model
m o d e l and
a n d tot o accurately
a c c u r a t e l y deter-
deter-
mine
mine the the head-discharge
head-discharge relationship relationship for for the lowerlower heads heads where where the effect effect of surface surface tension tension
might
m i g h t affect
a f f e c t the
t h e ccapacity
a p a c i t y of o f a rreduced
e d u c e d sizes i z e model.
m o d e l . The
T h e crest
c r e s t ofo f the
t h e oone-fourth
n e - f o u r t h sizesizem model
o d e l was
was
of
of mortar,
mortar, but the remainder remainder of the spillway spillway was of of galvanized
galvanized sheet metal. metal.
APP ARATUS AND

APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE
A special
s p e c i a l test
test b basin
a s i n 20
2 0 ft f t square
square b byy 5 ft f t deep
d e e p wasw a s built
b u i l t for
f o r these
t h e s e tests.
t e s t s . The
The b basin
a s i n waswas
located
l o c a t e d over
o v e r aa 10-in.
1 0 - i n . ssquare
q u a r e opening
o p e n i n g into
i n t o the
t h e tunnel
t u n n e l leading
l e a d i . n g to
t o the
t h e Laboratory
L a b o r a t o r y w eweighing
ighing tanks.
tanks.
These
T h e s e tanks
t a n k s wwere
e r e u sused
e d to t o determine
d e t e r m i n e the
t h e flow.
f l o w . Calibrations
C a l i b r a t i o n s have
h a v e sshown
h o w n them
t h e m to t o be
b e accurate
a c c u r a t e to
to
within
w i t h i n 0.05
0.05 p per
e r cent.
cent. .
The
The water
water was
was obtained
obtained from
from a 12 -in. supply
l2-in, supply line
line leading from tt6e
leading from ~e Laboratory
Laboratory supply
supply
channel,
channel, passedpassed through
through a control
control valve
valve and discharged
discharged into
into the test
test basin.
basin. The
The water
water left
left the
test
test basin
basin through
through thethe opening
opening into
into the tunnel,
tunnel, passed
passed through
through the weighing
weighing tanks,
tanks, and was re-
was re-
turned
t u r n e d to
t o the
t h e river.
river.
One-Fourth
O n e - F o u r t h Scale
S c a l e Model
Model
I t is
It i s desirable,
d e s i r a b l e , especially
e s p e c i a l l y for
f o r purposes
p u r p o s e s of o f calibration,
c a l i b r a t i o n , to t o use
u s e large
l a r g e --ssized
i z e d models.
m o d e l s . The
The
largest
largest complete complete model model that that could
could readilyreadily be accommodated
accommodated in in the Laboratory
Laboratory was one fourth fourth
the
the size size of of the prototype.
prototype. The The barrelbarrel of of this
this model
model was was located
located in the waste waste tunnel,
tunnel, the drop drop
inlet
inlet projecting
projecting into into the test basin through
test basin through the 10-in. 10-in. square square hole. hoIe. Unfortunately,
Unfortunately, sufficient
sufficient
space was was not availableavailable between between this this hole
hole and the weighing weighing tank tank diverter
diverter chamberchamber for for the in-in-
stallation
s t a l l a t i o n oof
f the t h e barrel.
b a r r e l . In I n order
o r d e r t oto get
g e t the
t h e barrel
b a r r e l into
i n t o the
t h e tunnel,
t u n n e l , it
i t was
w a s rreversed
e v e r s e d in i n direction
direction
with
with respect
respect to the drop drop inlet;inlet; that that is, is, the barrel
barrel was was directed
directed upstream upstream instead instead of of downstream
downstream
as in in thethe prototype.
prototype. It It is felt felt that
that thisthis dissimilarity
dissimilarity had no adverse adverse effect effect on the flow charac-
flowcharac-
teristics
t e r i s t i c s of o f the
t h e spillway.
spillway.
An
An attempt
attempt was
was made
made to hold
hold the dimensions
dimensions to within
within 0.01 in.
in. of
of the
the true
tnle dimension
dirrension. .
Full-Scale
F u I l - S c a l e Model
Model
The
The full-scale
full-scale model model was built built over
over the 10-in. 10-in. square square openingopening into into the waste waste tunnel.tunnel. It It
was
w a s realized
r e a l i z e d that
t h a t the
t h e size
s i z e ooff this
t h i s opening
o p e n i n g wwould
o u l d limit
l i m i t the
t h e flow
f l o w .. However,
H o w e v e r , t hthe
e tests
t e s t s ono n the
t h e full-
full-
scale
scale modelmodel were were planned planned to define define accurately
accurately the head-dischargehead-discharge relationship
rel.ationship only only at the the
lower
Iower heads where where surface surface tension tension might might distort
distort the the results
results obtained
obtained on the one-fourth one-fourth scale scale
model.
m o d e l . This
T h i s limitation
l i m i t a t i o n on o n the
t h e flow
f l o w that
t h a t could
c o u l d be
b e aaccomodated
c c o m o d a t e d was w a s ttherefore
h e r e f o r e n onot
t serious;
s e r i o u s ; com-
com-
plete
plete similarity
similarity between the
between the full
full model
model and the prototype prototype was was obtained
obtained for for the lower lower heads heads at
which
w h i c h this
t h i s model
m o d e l wasw a s operated.
operated.
8
(a) PrototSpe.
Prototype.
'0
(b) Four
(b) th-scale
Fourth-soale
model.
model .
(c) Full-scale
(c) Fu)-L-scale
rnodel .
model.
Fig. V t l l - 6 -- Crest
F i g . VIII-6 C r e s l of D r o p Inlet
o f Drop I n l e t Spillway
S p il l w o y at
o t l'vkCredie,
l ' v l c C r e d i e ,Missouri.
M i s s o u r i.
9
TEST PROCEDURE
TEST PROCEDURE
The procedure
The procedure for for conducting
conducting a testtest was
was as
as follows:
follows: The
The control
control valve
valve in
in the
the 12-in.
12-in.
supply line
supply line waswas adjusted
adjusted toto give
give the
the approximate
approximate desired
desired flow,
flow, and
and this
this flow
flow was
was allowed
allowed toto
run through
run through the the model
model until
until the
the rateof
rate of flow
flow through
through the
the model
model andand the
the weighing
weighing tanks
tanks had
had be-
be-
come constant.
come constant. A A head
head readingwas
reading was thenthen obtained,the
obtained, the rate
rate of
of flow
flow determined,
determined, notes
notes made
made onon
the operation
the operation of of the
the model,
model, and
and the
the head
head reading
reading checked.
checked. The
The control
control valve
valve was
was then
then opened
opened
or closed
or closed to to change
change the
the rate
rate of
of flow,
flow, and the
the procedure
procedure wasWas repeated.
repeated. Photographs
Photographs were
were taken
taken
('I ff t yyp
o p iical
c a l fflow
l o w cconditions.
onditions.
The rate
The rate of of flow
flow was
was determined
determined by by the
the time
time required
required to to fill
fill the
the weighing
weighing tanks.
tanks. The The
heaad
d o vve
e rr tthe
h e ccrest
rest wwaa ss d
determined
etermined w with
i t h tthe aid
he a off a ppOint
id o gage
oint g age wwhich was
hich w a s rread
e a d tto
o 00.001
. 0 0 1 fftt ..
This gage was
This was located
located inin a glass
glass stillingwell
stilling well whieh
which waswas connected
connected to to the
the headpool
headpool some some dis-dis-
tance upstream from
tance upstream from the
the crest
crest and at one side side of
of the
the test
test basin.
basin.
A w
A water
a t e r llevel
e v e l rrecorder
ecorder w wasa s iin operation
n o p e r a t i o n tthroughout
h r o u g h o u t tthe
h e ttests.
ests. T This
h i s rrecorder
ecorder w was a s uused
sed
ass a ccontrol
a ontrol o only
n l y aand
nd n no
o rreadings
e a d i n g s w were
ere ttaken
a k e n ffromr o m iit.t. TThrough
h r o u g h iits
t s uuse
s e iitt wwasa s ppossible
o s s i b l e t otod edeter-
ter-
mine if
mine if the
t he water
water levet level had
had reached
reached a constantconstant elevation elevation or or ifif the
the water
water surface
surface was was fluctuating.
fluctuating.
DESCRIPTION OF
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW
FLOW
Three conditions
Three conditions of
of flow
flow were observed for
wefe observed for the
the one-fourth
one-fourth size
size model:
model: weir
weir flow,
flow, ori-
ori-
fice flow at the
fice flow the drop
drop inlet crest, and full
inlet crest, full conduit
conduit flow.
flow. The full-size model
The full-size model was
was designed
designed to
to
reproduce only
reproduce only the low heads
the low heads over the crest
over the crest encountered
encountered during weir flow.
during weir flow. Head-discharge
Head-discharge
1.6 u
oo
00
t1.5
.5 ~
0 0f,
0
Pipe fflow--
Pip lc
t.4
1.4
0
t.3
1.3 ...
0o Orf i c e flow
"- Orifice low
(
t.2
1.2
o
§ '*' 9€
0o
t.t
1.1 g
rg? (j)
I
0 @
t.o
1.0 ~u
0
0 C
o .9
0 .9
oo 0o
g
H ^ .8^
F 0
U.t'
0o
~
C
cL
0
o.7
0.7 ~ o~
oo C
0u .6
.b 0o
8I 0 p~
r q -Weir
-We flow
flc
0u .5
.c <Y 0 1/4 scale model
I { IU
o-
0.4
~~
w
^ed,
•r F u l lscale
Full s c o l emodel
m od e l
0 .3
.3
fj l l
,&
~~
# ,
o,2
0.2
o . l Jr
0 .1
0o.o
.0
t ,
o
f
r
2 33 4 5 66 77 8I 9 lO
10 IIl l t2
12 t3
13 14 15 r 6 17
16 t7 l8
18 t 9 20
19
0/05/ 2
Q/D5/2
Fig. Vlll-7 - Head-Discharge

Fig. VIII-7 Heod-Dischorge Curve
Curvefor
for McCredie,
McCredie,Missouri, C
, l o e e dConduit
M i s s o u r iClosed tS p i l l w o y .
C o n d u i Spillway.
1100
data from
data from 129 129 runs
runs on
on the
the one-fourth
one-fourth size
size model
model and
and 83
83 runs
runs on
on the full model
the full model are shown in
are shown in
FFig. VIII-7.
ig. V III-7.
FFor
o r tthe
h e ffull-scale
ull-scalemo model
d e l t h ethe nnappe
a p p e cclung
l u n g t oto tthe
h e ccrest
r e s t aand
n d tthe
h e ssides f tthe
i d e s oof h e ddrop n l e t uuntil
r o p iinlet ntil
aa relative
relative head
head H/D HID of of 0.06
0.06 was was reached.
reached. At At higher
higher heads heads the nappe began
the nappe began to spring free.
to spring free.
By the
By the time
time H/O H/D:Z:- 0.11,
0.11, the
the nappe
nappe waswas completely
completely free. free. Corresponding
Corresponding values values for for the
the one-one-
fourth size
fourth size model
model are are 0.12
0.12 andand 0.15.0.15. Quantitative
Quantitative similarity similarity was was not anticipated in
not anticipated this re-
in this re-
spect because
spect because of of surface
surface tension
tension effects,
effects, thethe full-scale
full-scale model being built
model being built so so the surface tension
the surface t e nsion
effects would
effects would be be the
the same
same as as in in the
the prototype.
prototype.
Tests on
Tests on the
the one-fourth
one-fourth size
size model
model were
were made
made with
with both
both free and clinging
free and nappes. Up
clinging nappes. Up
to HID == 0.20
to H/D 0.20 no change
change inin the
the flow
flow was
was caused
caused when
when the
the nappe
nappe changed freely falling
from freely
changed from falling
to clinging.
to clinging. Between
Between H7D HID == O.2O
0.20 andand 0.24
0.24 the
the discharge
discharge for the free nappe
for the.free condition aver-
nappe condi.tj.on aver-
ages "5o.rl
ages about 2 per
per cent
cent less
less than
than for
for the
the cl.inging
clinging nappe.
nappe. Above
Above H/DHI D == 0.24 the discharge
0.24 tlne discharge forfor
the free
th-=efree nappe
nappe waswas considerably
considerably less less than
than for
for the
the clinging
clinging nappe.
nappe. This can be
This can seen in
be seen in Fig.
Fig.
VIII-7. The
VII-?. The inlet
inlet finally
finally became
became submerged
submerged with with the
the water
water falling freely down
falling freely down thethe drop
drop inlet.
inlet.
This results
This results inin orifice
orifice control
control at thethe drop
drop inlet
inlet crest.
crest. When
When the water clings
the water clings toto the sides of
the sides of
the drop
the drop inlet,
inlet, the
the weir
weir at
at the
the inlet
inlet crest
crest controls
controls thethe head-discharge relationship to
head-discharge relationship to much
much
higher hows.
higher flows. ItIt should
should bebe noted
noted that
that the
the weir head-discharge curve can apply from
weir head-dischargecurvecanapply from the
the lowest
lowest
flow up
flow up to
to the
the discharge
discharge where
where full
full conduit
conduit flow
flow controls
controls the head-discharge relationship.
the head-discharge relationship.
can be seen
It can
It seen in in Fig.
Fig. VIII-?
VIII-7 that that itit is
is possi.ble
possible to to have
have two two widely different discharges
widely different discharges
at certain
at certain heads.
heads. Both Both freeand
free and clinging
clinging nappeswere
nappes were observed observed for the one-fourth
for the one-fourth size size model,
model,
but onty
but only the
the free
free nappe nappe was was observ"ea"for
observed for the the full-scale
full-scale model model when when H,/D HI D was was in excess of
in excess of
0.1. The
0.1. The following
following quotation, quotation, taken taken from from a letter
letter written
written by by Mr. Mr. D. D. D. Smith, formerly
D. Smith, formerly Pro- Pro-
ject Supervisor
ject Supervisor aiMcCredie,
at McCredie, Missouri, Missouri, to to Mr.
Mr. NeaI Neal E. E. Minshatl,
Minshall, Project Supervisor at Madi-
Project Supervisor Madi-
"As
son, Wisconsin,
Lon, Wisconsin, who who was was making
making the the runoff
runoff studies
studies there,
there, is is pertinent.
pertinent. " As II recall, recall, the the narpe
naPpe
"
did not
did not cling
cling to to the the inside
inside of of the
the riserriser for for the
the higher
higher heads,
heads, althoughalthough it it did
did on on the lower. ' ln
the lower. In
view of
viewof thethe full-scale
f u l l - s c a l e t etest
s t results
r e s u l t s a and
n d M Mr.
r . Smith's
S m i t h t s statement,
s t a t e m e n t , i tit appears
a p p e a r s l i k
likelye l y t h a t
that t h
the e p r o
proto-to-
type nappe
t)rpe nappe is is freefree at the higher heads
the higher heads and that that the model findings
the model findings are verified.
are verified.
The
The important
important thing
thing to remember
remember in connection with
inconnection this drop
with this drop inlet
inlet closed conduit spill-
closedconduit spill-
way
way is
is that
that one cannot
cannot be certain
certain whether weir and pipe
whether the weir pipe controls will exist
controls will higher
exist at the higher
discharges
discharges or or whether
whether orifice
orifice control
control will
will exist. If the
exist. If the control
control isis orifice--the
orifice--the more probable
more probable
situation--the
situation--the capacity
capacity of
of the structure
structure is
is much
much less
less than
than if pipe flow
if pipe flow conditions
conditions exist.
exist.
D I S C H A R G E COEFFICIENTS
Weir
Weir Coefficient
Coefficients
Coefficients of diSCharge
discharge C for
for weir
weir flow
flow conditions
conditions are plotted in
are plotted in Fig
Fig. . VIII-8.
VIII-8. These
These
are
are for in Eq. 1-1.
for use in I-1. The crest
crest length
length L is the length
Length taken point of horizontal
taken at the point horizontal tan-tan-
gencyof
gency of the crest
crest rounding.
rounding. It isis not the inside
inside length
length of
of the crest.
crest. Although
Although allall full-scale
full-seale
model
modei data are
are plotted
plotted inin Fig.
F1g. VIII-8,
VIII-8, the full-scale
full-scale data obtained
obtained at heads H/L H/L in in excess
excess ofof
0.035 are
are not considered
considered typical
typical or
or similar
similar to the one-fourth
one-fourth size
size model,
model, as is noted be1ow.
noted below.
No general
general equation
equation for
for the coefficient
coefficient of discharge
discharge was obtained.
obtained. However,
However, the equation
equation
for
for weir
weir flow
flow given
given in the project
project report*
report* can be written
written
1 . 625 (vrrr-3)
Q = 4.04
Q 4 . 0 4L H
H1 '625 (VlII-3)
The solid
solid curve
curve in Fig.
Fig. VIII-8
VIII-B is the variable
variable diSCharge
discharge coefficient
coefficient obtained
obtained from
from Eq. VIII-3
VIII-3
for
for use in Eq.
Eq. 1-1;
I-1; the
the coefficient
coefficient is
is variable
variable because
because the exponent
exponent of H H is
is 1.625
1.625 instead
instead of
1.5.
1.5.
The
T h e ability
a b i l i t y of
o f Eq.
E q , VVIII-3
I I I - 3 to
t o predict
p r e d i c t the
t h e discharge
d i s c h a r g e was
w a s tested
t e s t e d by
b y ccomputing
o m p u t i n g t hthe
e d i discharge
scharge
using
using the
the equation
equationand and comparing
comparing it it with
with the discharge
discharge observedobserved duringduring the the tests.
tests. The average average
of the percentage
ofthe differences between
percentagedifferences between the the computed
computed and and the
the observed
observed discharges
discharges for for the one-
theone-
fourth
fourth scale
scale model
model is is 0.1
O.tr per per cent
cent with
with aa maximum
maximum of +5.9 ~e
of +5.9 perr cent
cent and
and aa minimum
minimum of -3.9
of -3.9
per
per cent.
cent. Only
Only three three differences
differences out out ofof 90 90 were
were greater
greater than than 44 perper cent.
cent.
*Fred W.
*Fred W. Blaisdell,
Blaisdell, Model
Model Calibration Drop Inlet
of Drop
Calibrationof Inlet Culvert Located at
Culvert Located at McCredie,
McCredie, Mis-
Mis-
souri,
souri, Soil
Soil Conservation
Conservation Service
S Project Report No. MN-R-3-25, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic
Laboratory,
G5-oratory, October
October 1944.
1944.
1
111
The
T he a average
v e r a g e ppercentage
ercentage d difference
i f f e r e n c e bbe-e- 4.7
4 .7
ttween
w e e n tthe he e equation
q u a t i o n aandn d tthe
he o observed
bserved d dis-
is- /
/
ccharges
h a r g e s ffor o r tthe
h e ffull-scale
ull-scale m model
o d e l iis s --2.7
2 . 7 pper
er 44.6
.6
ccent
ent w with
ith a m maximum
a x i m u m ooff + +12.1
1 2 , 1 pper e r ccent
ent a and
nd /
a m minimum
inimum o off --21.7
2 1 . 7 pper
e r ccent.
ent. F Fifty-one
i f t y - o n e r uruns
ns /
were used
were used in in computing
computing the the average
average differ- differ- 4 .s
4.5 •
eence.
nce. T The
he m maximum
a x i m u m hhead e a d rreading
e a d i n g uused sed w was
as •
0 . 1 1 D ((0.035L)
O.l1D 0 . 0 3 5 L ) ssincei n c e tthe
h e tturbulence
u r b u l e n c e iin n tthe
he 4.4
4 .4
ttest
e s t bbasin
asin a att hhigher
i g h e r fflows
lows w was
a s cconsidered
onsidered e ex-
x-
ccessive
essive a andn d nnot
o t ttypical.
ypical, T The
he m maximum
aximum a and
nd
minimum differences
minimum differences occurred occurred at relative relative
4.. 33
4
heads
h e a d s tHI t / oD o oft 00.05.05 a and
nd 0 0.005.
.005. T Theh e rrating
ating -5%
could, at some
could, some loss loss in in simplicity,
simplicity, have have been been 4.2
4 .2
ccorrected
o r r e c t e d ffor o r tthe
h e llarge
a r g e ppercentage
ercentage d difference
ifference
at Iowlow heads.
heads. However,
However, the the maximum
maximum actual actual 4.1. 1
4
ddifference
ifferenee w was
as o only
nly a about
bout 0 0.1
. 1 ccfs
fs a andn d a ccor-
or-
rection of
rection of thisthis magnitude
magnitude would would not not be war- war-
rranted
a n t e d ffromr o m a ppractical
ractical p point
oint o off vview.
iew.
4.0
4 .
c
IIn
n AApril
p r l l 19441944 M Mr.
r. N Neal
eal E E.. M Minshall
inshall p pre-
re- 3 .9
3.9
pared
p a r e d a ffieldi e l d rrating
a t i n g fforo r tthe
he M McCredie
cCredie d drop
rop
inlet closed
inlet closed conduit conduit spillway.
spillway. This This rating
rating is is 3.8
3.8
based
b ased o onn sstorage
torage d depletion
epletion a after
f t e r tten
e n sstorms
torms
tthat
h a t occurred
o c c u r r e d in i n 1941,
1 9 4 L , 11942
942 a and
n d 1943.
1943. T Theh e rrate
ate
of storage depletion
of storage depletion was was computed
computed from from water water 3 .7
3.7
llevel
e v e l recorder
r e c o r d e r rrecords
e c o r d s for
for e each
a c h 0.03
0 . 0 3 fftt rreduc-
educ-
ttion
i o n iin
n llevel
e v e l and
a n d the
t h e area
a r e a of
o f tthe
he p pond
ond w wasa s de-
de- 3 .66
3.
termined
termined b byy ccareful
a r e f u l ssurveys.
urveys. M Mr.r . Minshaills
Minshallrs
rating curve
rating curve had the equation equation 3.5
3.5
Q =
Q = 26.5 H1.5
2 6 . sH l'5 ((vrrr-4
VIII-4) ) 3.4
3.4 oO V4
/4 scole model
scale model
l( C o m p o n i o nruns
Companion runs
Mr.
Mr. Minshall
Minshall kindly kindly loanedloaned his his datadata so 3 .3
.3 o Clinging
O Clinging
his
his results
results could could be compared compared with with the rating rating '0
D N Not clinging
o t clinging
equation
equation developed
developed from
from the Laboratory Laboratory
tests.
tests. The 3.2
3.2 •o Fu
F uIIl l scale
s c o l e model
model
The averageaverage difference difference between between the
discharges
di,scharges determined determined from from the Laboratory
Laboratory
equation
equation and from from the field field rating
rating was v{ias +2.8 3.1
3..1
per
p e r cent
c e n t for
f o r 132 1 3 2 determinations
d e t e r m i n a t i o n s of o f the
t h e dis-
dis-
charge
c h a r g e at a t relative
r e l a t i v e he h e a ds
ds b between
e t w e e n 0.02 0 . 0 2 and
and
0.2.
0 . 2 . The
T h e differences
d i f f e r e n c e s varied
v a r i e d from
f r o m a maximum
maximum
3.O
of
o f +55
+55 p per
e r cent
c e n t to t o a minimum
m i n i m u m of - 3 7 per
o f -37 p e r cent.
cent.
0.4
There
T h e r e was
data.
w a s a vvery e r y considerable
c o n s i d e r a b l e scatter
s c a t t e r to
t o the
the H/u
data. The trend trend of of the differences
differences was, was, how- how-
ever,
e v e r , increasing
i n c r e a s i n g with w i t h the
t h e head.
head. Fig. Vlll-8 -- Head-Weir
Fig. YIII-8 Heod-WeirCoefficient
CoefficientCurve Curvefor for Mc-
C r e d i e ,Missouri,
Credie, M i s s o u r iClosed
C
, l o c e dConduit
C o n d u i tSpi
S p IIway.
illwoy.
It can
It can be concluded
coneluded that
that the rating
rating equa-
equa-
tion
tion obtained
obtained as a result
result of
of the Laboratory
Laboratory
tests
tests (Eq.
(Eq. VIlI-3)
VIII-3) gives
gives aa satisfactory
satisfactory prediction
prediction of
of the prototype
prototype flow
flow for
for weir
weir control.
control.
Orifice
Orifice Coefficient
Coefficient
The
T h e orifice
o r i f i c e flow
f l o w ddata
a t a oobtained
b t a i n e d from
f r o m t hthe
e one-fourth
o n e - f o u r t h size
s i z e model
m o d e l are
a r e pplotted
l o t t e d in
i n Fig.
F i g . VVIII-9.
III-9.
The
The head Ho shown shown is head above the crest; crest; Ho = = H in in this
this case.
case. The manner manner of plotting plotting
was
w a s aadopted
d o p t e d to t o ddetermine
e t e r m i n e i f if aa head h e a d correction
c o r r e c t i o n w was
a s n enecessary
c e s s a r y s i n csince
e from
f r o m the t h e shape
s h a p e ooff the
t h e crest
crest
it was not possible possible to determine determine the exact exact location
location of of the zero zero head elevation. elevation. The plot plot indi-
indi-
cates
c a t e s that
t h a t no n o head
h e a d ccorrection
o r r e c t i o n is i s rrequired
e q u i r e d whenw h e n HIDH f D is i s ggreater
r e a t e r than
t h a n 0.14
0 . 1 4 (H(Ho = = 0.35). Appar-
0 . 3 5 ) . Appar-
o
ently
e n t l y orifice
o r i f i c e c ocontrol
n t r o l d o does
e s n o tnote x i sexist
t below H/n =
b e l o r v HID = 0.06 ( H o == 0.15),
0 . 0 6 (Ho 0 . 1 5 ) , so
s o that b e t w e e n HI
t h a t between H / DD == 0.06
0.06
and 0.14 the data do not follow
follow the curve
curve drawn
drawn for
for the higher
higher heads.
heads.
The discharge
coefficient Co for
C for use in Eq. 1-7
I-7 is
o
6 . 1 5== 0.767.J2g
C o== 6.15
C 0.?6?{tA (VIII-5)
(VIII-5)
o
The area
area A is the cross
cross sectional
seetional area
area of the drop
drop inlet.
inlet.
L122
Entrance Loss
Coefficient
It is
It is not
not possible
possible toto determine
determine the the entrance
entrance loss loss coefficient
coefficient for for full conduit flow
full conduit flow without
without
an exact
an exact determination
determination of of the
the friction
friction factor
factor forfor the
the conduit.
conduit. This
This friction
friction factorfactor was was not not meas-
meas-
ured. However,
ured. However, the the Manning
Manning nn \rras was estimated
estimated to to bebe 0.009
0.009 and and Ku K for for use use in in Eq.
Eq. I-5 1-5 com-
com-
e
pputed
u t e d oon
n t hthat
a t bbasis. According
asis. A c c o r d i n g t oto R
Rouse
o u s e [[1-43,
i-43, p
p.. 2 1 1
211]] f
f = 00.019
. 0 1=9 for
f o r g a l v a
galvanizedn i z e d i r o
iron, n , s u c
such h aas
s
was used
was used in in the
the model,
model, andand nn * 0.0094. =
0.0094. The The agreement
agreement is is close.
close. The The mean
mean value value of of K" Ke ob ob--
ttained
a i n e d ffrom
r o m 99 rruns
uns wwas
a s 00.15. f n == 00.010
. 1 5 . IIf . 0 1 0 hhad
a d bbeen
e e n uused
s e d tthen
hen KK" w would
o u l d hhaave e n 00.01.
v e bbeeen . 0 1 . IItt
e
appears that
appears Ke = 0.15
that K^ = 0.15 is
is a satisfactory
satisfactory valuevalue forfor use
use with
with this
this drop
drop inlet closed conduit
inlet closed conduit
e
spillway.
spiIlway.
22.3
.3 -
A
I
.2 -
22.2
r-5
// r/
22.1
.1
~
/
V
/
z,o
2.0 - 4
~
{
t.9 -
1.9 v
Y
1.8
1 . 8- K-O:6.15 A~
/-L=".,r'o^fii-
3 P, l l
Q
t . 7-
1.7
1.6
t.6
Q2
a2
J/
t
V
t . 5-
1.5
1.4
t.4
_ 2 ~V {
t . 3-
1.3 ~~
&
1.2
1.2 .
1.
t .1l /~
/td
1.0
t.o I , -
~d)
2 n
a
~ o ~
0.8
o,8 a
~ o
filO
0o,6
.6 ~'
I CDC
@'
o.4 ~~
0.4 a o
0
0
oo 0.1
o.l o.2
0.2 o.3
0.3 o.4
0.4 0.5
o.5 0.6
0.6 0.7
0.7 0.8
0.8 0o.9
.9 l.o
1.0
Ho
Ho
Fig.
Fig. VIlI-9
Vlll-9 - Head-Discharge
Heod-Dischorge Curve
Curvefor
for Orifice
Orifice Control ot McCredie,
Controlat McCredie,Missouri, ClosedConduit
Misouri , Closed Spillwoy.
ConduitSpillway.
PRESSURE
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
COEFFICIENTS
No pressure
pressure coefficients
coefficients were
were obtained
obtained during
during this
this study
study since piezometers
since piezomet.ers were not
were
installed.
installed.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS AND
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
Drop
Droo inlets
inlets ofof thethe samesomesize
size as qs thethe barrel
borrel areore not
not recommended because it
recommendedbecause it is possible to
is possible to obtain,
obtain,
at
a t identical
i d e n t i c a l heads,
h e a d s , oorifice
r i f i c e control
c o n t r o l aat
t the
t h e inlet
i n l e t crest
c r e s t as
aswwell
e l l as
aswweir
e i r or p i p e control.
o r pipe c o n t r o l . Thus i t is
T h u s it is
impossible
impossible to to determine
determine thE' the actual
actual flow flow through
through the the spillway
spillway forfor relative heads in
relative heads in excess
excessof of
H D =
H I/ D = 0.35.
0.35.
13
13
The
The capacity
capacityofof the drop inlet
thedrop inlet crest
crest acting
acting as a weir can be determined
weircan determined from
from Eq.
Eq. VIII-3
VIII-3
or
or from
from Eq. I-1 if
Eq. I-I if the coefficients
coefficj.ents ofof Fig.
Fig. VIII-8
VIiI-B are
are used.
used.
The
The capacity
capacity of of the spillway,
spillway, if if the control
control isis an orifice
ori.fice at the crest
cre6t of the drop
drop inlet,
inlet,
is
i s given
g i v e n by
b y Eq.
E q . 1-7
I - 7 using
u s i n g the
t h e coefficient
coefficient Co=
o
= 6.15.
6.15.
The
The entrance
entrance loss
loss coefficient
coefficient Ke
K for
for full
full conduit
conduit flow
flow is
is about 0.15.
0 - F o o T
3.0-FOOT SQUARE
S Q U A R E D R O P
DROP r N L E T
INLET CULVERT
C U L V E R T
A
A study
study waswas made
made of
of a 3-ft square drop inlet
3-ftsquaredrop inlet culvert
culvert when
when it
it was
was desired
desired to add a flar-
flar-
ing
ing drop
drop inlet
inlet on to a highway
highway culvert already in
culvertalready place. The fact
in place. fact that
that the slope
slope of
of the culvert,
culvert,
which
which was
was 0.0667,
0.0667, was
was greater
greater than
than the friction
friction slope
slope made
made it
it questionable
questionable whether
whether the barrel
barrel
would
would flow
flow full.
full.
Some of
of the information
i.nformation obtained
obtained from
from the
the model
model tests
tests is
is of
of general
general interest
interest since
since it
it
was
was shown
shown that
that a small
small change
change in
in the drop
drop inlet
inlet dimensions
dimensi.ons would
would greatly
greatly improve
improve the per-
per-
formance
formance ofof the
the spillway.
spillway. The
The tests
tests were
were conducted
conducted inin 1941 and therefore
therefore are
are among
among the
earliest
earliest made
made with
with the
the culvert
culvert barrel
barrel on a steep
steep slope.
slope.
-E
6.5'
5.0'
@ @
:--==>h
@ @ LPiezometer numbers ModifiedDropInlel
Modified
%.eZ J/"slope
slope Piezometer numbers
75.00'
SectionolElevation
Sectional Elevofion
F i g .VIII-10
Fig. Vlll-10 - -3-ft
3 - f Square
t S q u oDrop
r e DInlet
r o p lClosed
n l e t CConduit
losedC o lnl w
d uo iyt Crawford
Spillway, ,sCp ri o w f oCounty,
r d C o uIowa.
lnotwy o
,.
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION OF
OT' SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY
The
The culvert
culvert in
in question
question was
was located
located on the farm
farm owned
owned by
by Mrs.
Mrs. Margaret
Margaret Malloy
Malloy in
in
Crawford
Crawfsrd County,
County, Iowa.
Iowa.
A
A plan
plan and section section ofof the original
original culvert culvert and the proposed proposed drop drop inlet
inlet and drop drop outlet
outlet
are
a r e shown
s h o w n i in
n Fig.
F i g . VVIII-lO.
IiI-10. The
T h e original
o r i g i n a l concrete
c o n c r e t e culvert
c u l v e r t is
i s 3 ft
f t square
s q u a r e by
b y ?75 f t long.
5 ft l o n g . The
T h e ppro-
ro-
posed
posed flared
flared drop drop inletinlet shown
shown isis proportioned
proportioned in in accordance
accordance with with the designsdesigns of Hamilton*.
Hamilton*.
The
The modified
modified drop drop inlet inlet has the center
center of of the invert
invert radiusradius moved
moved two two feet further
further upstream
upstream
than
than inin the original
original design
design resulting
resulting in in a drop
drop inlet inlet having
having a larger
larger area area and a longer longer crest
crest
length.
iength.
The
The new spillway
spillway was
was designed
designed for
for a flow
flow of
of 198 cfs.
cfs.
*C. L.
*C. Hamilton, Desi~n
L. Hamilton, Design and
.rd Construction
Co^st.u"tior of
of the
th" Drop
D"op Inlet Soil Saving Dam, Soil
SoiI Con-
Con-
servation
servation Service
Service SCS-EP-1
SCS- , June 1937.
14
L4
The
The approach
approach to the drop
drop inlet
inlet was
was modeled
modeled to reproduce
reproduce the
the topography on Mrs.
Mrs. Malloy'
Malloyrss
farm.
farm. A
A map
map of the pertinent
pertinent topography
topography inin the vicinity of the proposed drop inlet spillway
vicinity of spillway is
r o o o
t\* o
00.000
to cnmo- 0
3 0
8
0 0P 0
0 3++
0
t.() 8
0 0
3+ 00 8s 0+ 8* 0
8+
it&
t.() t.() 0 t.() t.() 0
+ + + + + + ++
+++ + + ++ + + rt, +
t'- c) (T)
C) Q st
Chann el B
Q='" <;fs
~.
P esent fill
n-l
Q=I
Dropoutlet
Drop outlel
Cu
C uIvert
l v e r -t _ ..--/
Dropinlet
Drop inlet- ----"
Chonnel
Channel
Q
C ii I
C_::
I,
= 56 c f s *::l i
Q=5.6cfs =5.6c
/Mb delundary 1 - high
It ,l
"
Fig. Vl ll-ll -- Topography

Fig. VIII-ll Topogrophy in Vi
in Vicinity of Closed
cinity of ClooedConduit
ConduitSpillway ot Crawford
Spillwoyat CrowfordCounty,
County, Iowa.
lowo.
shown i n Fig.
s h o w n in F i g . VVIII-II.
I I I - 1 1 . There
T h e r e it c a n be
i t can b e seen
s e e n that
t h a t the
t h e upstream g u l l y was
u p s t r e a m gully w a s dammed
d a m m e d some 4 0 0 ft
s o m e 400 ft
upstream
upstream from from the highway culvert culvert and and that most of the flow approached approached the the culvert
culvert at an an
angle
angle of about
about 17 17 degrees with the culvert culvert axis through the the vegetated
vegetated spillway
spillway around the end
theend
of the upstream
upstream dam. In the model all all of the water entered the pond through this vegetated
the pond vegetated
channel,
channel,the the flows
flows entering
entering fromfrom the highway
highway ditches
ditches
being
being so small small as to have aanegligible negligible effect
effect on thethe
flow
flow pattern.
pattern.
APPARATUS
APPARATUSAND PROCEDURE
AND'JO""ou*'
The
The area
area included
included in in the modelmodel is is shown
shown inin
Fig.
F i g . VIII-II.
VIII-11. The
T h e upstream
upstream p portion
o r t i o n ofo f the
t h e model
model
repre
representssent s an areaarea 90 ft wide wide by by 185ft185 ft long long to a
scale
s c a l e of
o f 1 in
i n 10.
1 0 . It
I t was
w a s necessary
n e c e s s a r y to t o skew
s k e w the
t h e model
model
in
in order
order to include
include it in in the spacespace available.
available. This This
is
is a result
result of the flow flow approaching
approaching the structure structure
through
through the vegetated
vegetated spillway
spillway from from the upstream upstream
gtructure.
structure.
The
The completed
completed model
model isis shown
shown in in Fig.
Fig. VIII-
VI[-
12. Strings
Strings are
are located
located along
along the centerline
centerline ofof the
original
original gully
gully and the structure,
structure, along
along the center-
center-
line
line of
of the vegetated
vegetated channel,
channel, and the ground
ground sur-
sur-
face to locate
locate the cross
cross sections
sections at Stations
Stations 9+00,
9+50 and 10+00. The The topography
topography of both upstream
of both upstream
and downstream
downstream channels
channels was
was shaped
shaped in in concrete
concrete
sand. The
The water
water enters
enters the model
model through
through a 4-in.
4-in.
pipe
pipe line.
line.
The
The drop drop inlet
inlet and culvert culvert were
were fabricated
fabricated
Fig. VII I-12 - Mode
Vlll-12 Maiei l of
oi Cl osed ConduIt
Cirieed Con<Jult from
f r o m No.
N o . 114
4 gage
g a g e galvanized
g a l v a n i z e d ssheet
h e e t metal.
m e t a l . Piezom-
Piezom-
Spillway
Spillwoy,, Crawford
Crowford County, Iowa.
lowo. eters
eters were
were located
located in the drop drop inlet
inlet and along along the
the
barrel
barrel at the pointspoints indicated
indicated in in Fig.
Fig. VIII-10.
VIII-10.
Elevations
Elevations of the water water surface
surface and the pressure pressure heads along
along the barrel
barrel were
were measured
measured
by
b y means
m e a n s of point
of p o i n t gages
g a g e s to
t o 0.001
0 . 0 0 1 ft ( 0 . 0 1 ft in the prototype).
f t (0.01 prototype). The rate
rate of
of flow
flow was measured
measured
with
with a 1 .0 ft type
1.0 type HS flume.flume.
15
It
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION OF
OF' FLOW
FLOW
Three
Three flow conditions were observed
flowconditionswere observed forfor the original
original drop
drop inlet
inlet design: weir flow,
design:weir flow, short
short
tube
tube flow,
flow, and pipe
pipe flow.
flow. Only
Only weir
weir and pipe
pipe flow
flow were
were observed
observed forfor the modified
modified drop
drop inlet.
inlet.
The
The head-discharge
head-discharge data are
are shown
shown inin Fig.
Fig. VIII-13
VIil-13 and the typetype of
of control
control for
for each branch of
each branch of
the
the curve
curve isis labeled
labeled thereon.
thereon. The
The two-section
two'section weir
weir flow
flow curve
curve obtained
obtained for
for the original
orisinal inlet
inlet
"Com-
needs
needs no further explanation in view of the
furtherexplanationinviewof discussion given
thediscussion given in
in Part
Part IIunder
under the
the heading
headiig "Com_
posite
posite Head-Discharge
Head-Discharge Relationship"
Relationship" since
since the action
action is
is similar.
similar. A A continuous
continuous weir
weir flow
flow curve
curve
was
was obtained
obtained for
for the modified
modified inlet.
inlet.
IA
1.4 I
0o
I
t.3
1.3
0o
1.2
1.2
CD+
«D+-
t .I l
I.
§ CD
@
Short tube fIOW~U
Shori tube flow Pipe flow-
Pipe f low
II ~
\o'
t.o
1.0
0o
0 I
et-
w+
0o
0o
o.9
0.9
b
p
t 0o 0o
0o +
o8
0.8 '\J
0
0o 0o p~ +
H o,7
oD0.7 8-
a 0 - 0
~++
+T
++!
+++
o.6
0.6 00. I .. ++ +
oo 0 ++
++
0<>6 r ++
+++
I
...
0.5
0.5
o Y ~+~
OU Oh +1+ I I
o4
0.4
o
o> o+
0+
1*
..p+
ro? ~I-weir Woir flow
fI
+C§
++ I I
0.3
0.3
+ 0o* I I
0o Original d es19n
Originol design
o.2
0.2 0o
M o d i f i e dinlet
+ Modified inlet
r l l
o,l
0.1
oL
o ?
2 33 4 5 6 7 8
7 8 99 ro
10 tl
II l2
12 r3
13 t4
14 t5
15
512
0/0
Q/D5/2
Vlll-13 -- Head-Discharge
Fig. VII1-I3 Heod-Dischorge Curve
Curve for Crawford
Crowford County, Iowa,
lowo, Closed
Clooed Conduit
Conduit Spillway.
Splllwoy.
The
The original
original inlet
inlet acts acts like
like a shortshort tube over over a short short rangerange of of discharges.
discharges. Again
Again the
action
a c t i o n has
h a s been
b e e n ddescribed
e s c r i b e d ini n Part I . The
P a r t 1. The b build-up
u i l d - u p o of
f head
h e a d along
a l o n g the
t h e l lower
owerwe weir
i r c u rcurve
v e a n d and along
along
the
t h e short
s h o r t tube
t u b e curve,
c u r v e , thet h e sudden
s u d d e n iincrease
n c r e a s e in
i n flow
f l o w ooccurring
c c u r r i n g w hwhen
en the o n t r u - l jjumps
t h e ccontrol u m p s tot o the
t h e ppipe
ipe
curve,
curve, and the the drawdown
drawdown along along the pipe pipe and uf.perupper weir weir curvescurves have all all been
been described.
described. It has
t'The
been pOinted
been pointed out in in Part
Part I under under the th-e heading
ireading 'The Composite Composite Head-Discharge
l{ead-Discharge Relationship"
Relationshipil
that
that the the type
typeofof head-discharge relationship obtained for
head-dischargerelationshipobtained forshort short tube flow flow is i.s undesirable.
undesirable. In the
case
case of of the modelmodel study study discussed
discussed here, here, the highway
highway would would have been overtopped overtopped because because the
166
1
capacity
capacity of of the original
original drop inlet inlet culvert
culvert
under
under shortshort tube flow flow was less than the de- de-
ssign
i g n ccapacity q / D 55//22 =
a p a c i r y ((Q/D = 12.7).
t2,71,
contrast to the conditions observed

In contrast
in
in the original
original drop
drop inlet,
inlet, the capacity
capacity of
of the
modified
modified drop inlet sufficient to prevent
inlet was sufficient prevent
overtopping
overtopping ofof the highway
highway at the deeign
design flow.
flow.
The reason forfor this is that the inlet
this is inlet modifi-
modifi-
cations
cations were
were such that short tube flow
that short flow did
did not
occur;
occur; only
only the desirable weir and pipe flow
desirable weir
controls
controls were
were obtained forfor the modified
modified drop
in1et.
inlet.
F ig. V
Fig. l l l - 1 4 -- P
VIII-14 o p e rP
Paper u n c h i n gT
Punchings sr o c eS
Trace Surface The flow
u r f o c eC
Cur- through the vegetated channeL
flow through
ur- channel
rents
rents Neor Original Drop
Near Originol ((see
see F
Inlet of Crowford
Drop Inlet Figs.
Crawford VIII-ll
igs. V IU-11 a and
nd V I I I - 1 2 ) iinto
VIII-l2) he p
n t o tthe ond
pond
County,
County, lowo, Iowa, Closed
Closed Coriduit
Conduit Spillwoy.
Spillway. HrlD HID
above the drop
drop inlet
inlet caused circulation
circulation in in the
--0.83.
0.83. pond and the water approached the drop
water approached drop inlet
inlet
at an angle. ThisThis can be seen in Fig. Fig. VI[-14
VIII-l4
where paper punchings show the velocity
punchings show velocity on
the left
ihe left to be high and that on the right negligible. Ail
right to be negligible. All this
this aggravated the tendency to
circulation around the anti-vortex
circulation anti-vortex wall.
wall. The large
large quantity of of water
water circulating
circulating behind the
anti-vortex wall
anti-vortex wall fromthe
from the ieft
left to the right entering the drop
right and entering inlet from
drop inlet from the right right is is shown
dye in
by dye in Fig.
Fig. VIII-15. earth dike behind the anti-vortex
VIII-l5. An earth wall prevents
anti-vortex wall prevents the circulationin
circulation in
back of the anti-vortex
anti-vortex wall
wall in Fig.
Fig. VIII- 16. The much better
VIII-l6. better distribution
distribution of the velocities
velocities ap-
proaching
proaching the drop inlet is readily
dropinlet readily apparent when Fig. VIII-16 is compared with
when Fig.ViII-16 with Fig.Fig. VIII-14.
VIII-14.
A comparison
comparisonof of the scour around theinlet
scouraround the inlet without and with the dike is shown
and with shown in Fig. Fig. VIII-1
VIII-17,
7,
the much more
the much more symmetrical
symmetrical pattern -for
pattern for the inlet
inlet with
with the
the
dike being readily
dike being apparent. The
readily apparent. performance of
The performance of the modi-
modi-
fied
fied inlet
inlet was
was much better than
much better than that
that of
of the original
original inlet
inlet
even though
even though the dike was omitted.
dike was omitted.
The
The dike
dike from the headwall
from the headwall to the highway fill
the highway im-
fill im-
proved flow
proved flow conditions
conditions and reduced
reduced the scour
scour around
around the
inlet but its
inlet but its effect
effect on the spillway
spillway capacity
capacity could
could not be
detected.
detected.
DISCHARGE
COEFFICIENTS
Fig. V l l l - 1 5 -- Dye
F i g . VII1-15 D y e Injected Behind
l n i e c t e dBehind
Anti-Vortex Wall
Anti-Vortex TrocesPath
Woll Traces Poth
of
of Flow
Flow for Origlnol Design
for Original Designof
Weir
Weir Coefficient
Coefficient Crawford
CrowfordCounty, County,Iowa, Cloced
lowo, Closed
Spillwoy.
C o n d u i tSpillway.
Conduit
Coefficients
C o e f f i c i e n t s o of
f discharge
d i s c h a r g e C for f o r wweir
e i r f l oflow
w c o nconditions
ditions
are
a r e plotted
p l o t t e d ini n Fig.
F i g . VIII-lB.
V I I I - 1 8 . These
T h e s e are
a r e for
f o r use u s e in
i n Eq.
E q . 1-1.
I-1.
The
The crest
crest length length L is is the insideinside length
length sincesince there there was was no rounding
rounding of
of the crest.
crest. The
The curves
curves
were determined by first plottin (Q/D 5;2)2/3
were determined by first plotting /e
e lA/o,rtf
against H/ and determining
H/LL and head-dis-
determining the head-dis-
from the straight
charge equations from lines ob-
straight lines ob-
tained from
from this plot. For
this plot. original inlet
For the original inlet
the
the equation
equation is
Q 3 . e 0L ( H -, 0.002L)3/2
Q = 3.90L(H o.oozr,)3/2 (vrri-ol
(VIII-6)
while
while for
for the
the modified
modified inlet
inlet the
the equation
equation is
is
Q
Q III. 4.23 L ( H - 0.009L)3/2
4 . 2 3 L(H O.OOS":3/2 (VIU-?)
(VIII-7)
The
The equations
equations for
for the discharge
coefficient
C in
in Eq. 1-1
I-1 are,
are, for
for the original
original inlet,
inlet,
Fig. V l l l - 1 6 -- Paper
F i g . VIII-16 P o p e Punchings
rP u n c h i n gShow H o w D i k eF r o m
Ssh o wHowDikeFrom L
L . J3/2
Anti-VortexWalltoRoadwayFili
Anfi-VortexWolI io Roodwoy Fill Prevents
Prevents Flow
Flow C 3 . 9 0[ 1 -- 0.002
C == 3.90
['
0 . 0 0 2-Ii )'''
(vrrr-8)
(VIII-B)
in
in Back
Bockof of Wall
Woll and ond Improves
lmproves Flow Distribution
Flow Distribution H
,{round Drop
Around DropInlet
lnlet of CrowfordCounty,
of Crawford County, Iowa,
lowo,
C l o s e dConduit
Closed C o n d u i Spillway.
tS p i l l w o y . and, for
for the modified
modified inlet,
inlet,
L7
17
Fig. V l l l - 1 7 -- Scour
F i g . VIII-17 S c o u rin
i n Vicinity o f Inlet
V i c i n i t y of o f Crawford
l n l e t of C r o w f o r dCounty,
C o u n t y ,Iowa,
lowo,
C l o s e dConduit
Closed C o n d u i fSpillwoy.
Spillwoy.
r3 1[ r- -0.009-;
r L ]3/2L:3l2
c
C =:= 44.23
. 2L o.oo s-j (VIII-9)
(VIII-9)
Equations
Equations VIII-8
VIII-8 and VIII-9
VIII-9 have beenbeen plotted
pLotted as solid lines in Fig.
Fig. VIII-lB.
VI[-18. reaeon for
The reason for
the rather
rather wide
wide differences
differences between
between the co- co-
efficients
efficients for
for the original and modified
the .originaL modified inlet
inlet 4.5r---r---r
4.5 O o
is
is quite
quite likely because the effect
likely becausethe effect of extending
ofextending
the
the weir
weir crest
crest two
two feet upstream
upstream is is to cause
cause 4A
4.4
more
more symmetrical
symmetrical flow
flow into
into the inlet,
inlet, as can
can
be seen
seen by
by comparing
comparing Fig. Fig. VIII-19
VIII-19 with
with VIII-
VIII-
4.3
4.3 00 0 o o9
14.
L4.
0o
Short -Tube Coefficient
Short-Tube Coeffi.cient
4.2
4.2
0o
r)
0
Short-tube
Short-tube flow
flow was
was observed
observed only
only for
for 4.1
4.1
the
the original
original drop
drop inlet. The equation
inlet.The for short-
equationfor short-
tube
tube flow
flow waswas determined
determined by by plotting Q/D 5/2f
ptott ing ((q/95/2f 4.O
4.0
•
against
against HID
H/D as is is shown
shown-inin Fig. Fi;. VIII-20.
Vttt-ZO.
This
T h i s method
m e t h o d ofo f plotting
p l o t t i n g wwas
a s u sused
e d because
b e c a u s e the
the 3.9 o
0
o
line
points theoretically
data points
l i n e and
a n d the
theoretically
p r o j e c t i o n o of
t h e projection f this
fall
fall on a straight
t h i s line
l i n e can
straight
c a n beb e uused
sed
3,8
3.8 b
0
rQ-
d
c?b. (0 f"
U=>0°p.
~O I
to determine
tube
determine the effective
tube flow.
flow. In Eq.
effective head causing
Eq. 1-8I-8 the discharge
causing short-
short-
coefficient
3.7
c 3.7
C
.6
~(])O ~
b 0
C " was
s
that
that of
w a s found
f o u n d to
of the vertical
or 9 sq ft in
or
vertical section
in the
to b
section of
the prototype,
be
of the
e 1.91.
the drop
1 . 9 1 . The
drop inlet
i.nlet
prototype, and the head H H"
T h e area
a r e a A is is
3.6
3.6 /
/ +;
+
tJ c(^
i s H + 1.50D,
is 1 . 5 0 D , where
w h e r e H is
i s the
t h e head
h e a d on
o n the
the
s
3.5
3.5 //
+ ++1
*+l
+t-
.L.L
o
0
crest.
crest. The
The equation
equation forfor short-tube
short-tube flow
flow is
is
ilI H-j
*l
Q ==11.9A.JH
Q
The
. 9 A , . / H+ r 1.50D
The flared
flared portion
1.50D
portion of of the drop
(vrrr-10)
(VIII-10)
drop inletinlet is
is
3.4
3.4
33
3.3
If 0 ,+
+
f+
(
,it
1.0D
1 . 0 D deep
d e e p and
a n d the
t h e vertical
v e r t i c a l portion
p o r t i o n is i s 0.33D
0.33D '1
deep. Subtracting
Subtracting this this sum sum from from l.50D 1.50D givesgives
0.17D
0 . 1 7 D as a s the
t h e eeffective
f f e c t i v e d idistance
stance below
b e l o w the
the b be-
e- 3.2
3.2 a
+ Originoldesign
o Original
0 design
ginning of
ginning of the
the elbow
eLbow curve curve at which which the the water
water 1+
,
breaks
breaks away away fromfrom the drop drop inlet inlet wall.
wall. Whether
Whether 3.1
3.1 i n l e t-
M o d i f i e dinlet
+ Modified
+
or
or not this
drop
drop inlet
from
fromthe
this distance
distance will
inlet heights
heights cannot
the available
available data.
will be the the same
cannot be definitely
data. However,
same for
definitely
However, it
for other
it might
other
stated
stated
might be
-l
3,0
I
1,+
tf-
-?it:t
f
l l r l
used
usedto to determine
determine the effective effective head for for short-
short-
2.9 L
tube flowflow for for other
other drop drop inlet inlet heights.
heights. o o.o4
0.04 0.o8
0.08 0.t2
0.12 0.t6
0.16
H/L
H/L
Entrance
Entrance Loss
Loss Coefficient
Coefficient Fig . VII
Fig. l - I 8 -- Head-W~irCoeffJcientCurvefor
Vl I1-1 Heqd-WAir Coeffjcient Curvefor
CrowfordCounty,
Crawford County, Iowa,
lowo, Closed
ClooedConduit
Conduit
The
The entrance
entrance loss
loss coefficient
coefficient K
Ku for
for
e Spillwoy.
Spillway.
1B
18
use
u s e in
i n Eq.
E q . 1-5
I - 5 was
w a s found
f o u n d to bee 0.06
to b 0 . 0 6 for
f o r the
t h e original
original inlet for the modified
inlet design and 0.04 for modified
inlet. It is the average of eight observations
observatione for for the original
original inlet
inlet and five observations for
observationa for
the modified
modified inlet.
PRESSURE
COEFFICIENTS
pressure coefficients
The pressure coefficients hhrr/h.,r' for
n /hvp for
use in Eq. 1-14
use in Eq.I-14are are g i v
given e n in Fig. VIII-21. The
in Fig.VIII-21.The
points shown
pOints based on two observations
shown are based
for
for the original
original inlet observatione
inlet and five observations
for the modified
for modified inlet.
inlet.
It is interesting
interesting to note note that the lowest lowest
values
values of h /h
hrr/hrro were
were obtained juet just below
n vp
the
the flare (Piezometers 2,
flare (Piezometers 2, 3,3, 4 andand 5 in Fig. Fig.
VllI-lO)
VIII-I0) in the drop inlet for for thethe original
orlginal de-
sign.
eign. ForFor thetbe modified
modified design the pressures pressures
were p o s i t i v e aatt this
w e r e positive t h i s ppoint.
o i n t . The
Thep pressure
r e s s u r e co-
co-
Fig. V l l l - 1 9 -- Paper
F i g . VIII-19 P o p e rPunchings Tsr o c eSurface
P u n c h i n gTrace Cur-
S u r f o c eCur- efficient just
efficient just inside the barrel barrel at its top (Pie- (Pie-
rents
rentsNear Neor Modified
Modified Drop Droo Inlet
lnlet of of Crawford
Crowford z o m e t e r 6)
zometer 6 ) isi s aalso
l s o lower
l o w e r for
f o r the
t h e ooriginal
r i g i n a l de-
de-
County,
C o u n l y , Iowa, C l o e e dConduIt
l o w o , Closed Spillwoy.
C o n d u l tSpillway. sign than for for the modified modified design, design, while the
floor
floor pressure (Piezometer 7)
pressure (Piezometer ?) is less for the
modified
modified design than for for thethe original
original design. design.
These
These findings reflect reflect the the greater
greater area and and lower
Iower velocities
velocities as well well as the the less abrupt change change
in the flow direction direction for for the modified inlet. inlet.
The values of hh.r/hrp

/h downstream of Piezometers and 7? should be
Piezometers 66 and be zero. The values
n vp
are reasonably close to zero for reasonwhy
for the modified inlet. The reason why thevalues
- the values of hh-/h-,^
/h for
for
the
the original
original inlet
iniet fall
fall below zero in the barrel
barrel is not known.
known. nn' vp
vp
10
l Je-~ 0
9 , 00
~~ 0
8 B~'
P
~
~c
7
/'
",
6
~/
~
5
",
/
4
3
/
/'
2
",
/ 1
0
-1.5 -1.0 -05 o 0.5 0.607 0.8
050607080.9 t.4
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 14
HID
H/D
Fig. Vlll-20 -- Head-Discharge
Fig. V\II-20 Heod-Dischorge Curve for Short
Curvefor Tube Flow
ShortTube Flow In
In Crawford
CrowfordCounty
County,
I
Iowa,
l o w o , Closed
C l o c e dConduit Spillwoy.
C o n d u i tSpillway.
19
19
o.9 +1
0.9
o.B
0.8
07
f\'7
0 1+2
0.6
v.o
+4
+3 .
0.5 - + 5
0o Originol design
Original design
+
+
0.4 + Modified inlet
Modifiedinlet
o3
0,3
hhilll n o.?
0.2 o7
07
h;-
hvp n l
0.1
I
+7
+7
04 + 9 _ +11 _+13_ r-+ 15- +17 -+19
0
+ 21
n l 09 o II 013 o 15 017 019
0.1
021
0.2
v.a
02 +6
o.3
0.3 *'
Figureson
Figures pointsindicate
on points piezomelernumber
indicolepiezome1er number
OA
0.4
06
o.5
05
-8 5
,3
o6
0.
6
-4 -2
-4 -2 o 2 4 6 8 l o 12
10 t2 14 16 18 20
20 2?
22 z4
24 26
?6
~/D
tlD
Fig. V l l l - 2 1 -- Local
F i g . VIII-21 L o c o l Pressures
P r e s s u r efor Crawford
fso r C r o w f o r d County,
C o u n f y . Iowa,
l o w o , Closed
C l o a e dConduit
C o n d u i t Spillway.
S p il l w o y .
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS AND
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is! [ecommended that

is.r:ecommended thot thethe original
originol flared
flored drop
drop inlet design design not
not be used. The
be used. presence of short-
The presence short-
tube
t u b e flow
flow'm 'makes i t impossible
a k e s it i m p o s s i b l e to
t o ddetermine
etermine p positively
o s i t i v e l y the
t h e rrate
a t e o fof outflow
o u t f l o w oor
r the
t h e wdter
w a t e r surface
surface
elevation
elevation at a given given rate
rate of of inflow
inflow to the pond.
The
The modified
modified flared flared drop drop inlet inlet shown
shown in in Fig.
Fig. VIII-IO
VIII-10 operatedoperated satisfactorily
satisfactorily and its its use
is
i s recommended
r e c o m m e n d e d . . Values V a l u e s ofo f the
t h e weir
w e i r coefficient
c o e f f i c i e n t for
f o r insertion
i n s e r t i o n ini n Eq.
E q . 1-1
I - 1 may
may b bee taken
t a k e n from
f r o m Eq.
Eq.
VIII-9
V I I I - 9 or o r from
f r o m Fig.F i g . VIII-lB.
V I I I - 1 8 . TheT h e entrance
e n t r a n c e lossl o s s coefficient
c o e f f i c i e n t is
i s 0.04.
0 . 0 4 . TheT h e local
L o c a L pressure
p r e s s u r e coef-
coef'
ficients
f i c i e n t s for
f o r insertion
i n s e r t i o n in i n Eq.
E q . 1-14
I - 1 4 are
a r e given
g i v e n in i n Fig.
F i g . VIII-21.
VIII-21.
20
20
Part
Part IX
IX
Field
F i e l d Tests
Tests
INTRODUCTION
I N T R O D U C T I O N
A number of tests have have been been made by others on closed conduit spillways.
made byothers spillways. Since Slnce the form form
of these spillways
spillways is different
dj.fferent from from any of those previously previously discussed in this paper, the infor- infor-
mation obtained
obtained is isofof interest
interest and value. Information
andvalue. Informationon on five structures
structures is available: (1) (1) Tests
on four shapes
shapes of an inlet to aa 24-in. concrete pipe and and two drop inlets inlets were conducted
condueted at Still- Still-
water,
water,O Oklahoma,
k l a h o m a , uunder
n d e r the
t h e ddirection
i r e c t i o n oof
f W.O.
W . O . Ree.(2)
R e e . ( 2 ) Testsona
T e s t s o n a 2-ft
2 - f t square
s q u a r e drop
d r o p inlet
i n l e t closed
closed
conduit spillway
spillway located near Nelson, Nelson, Wisconsin, were carried carried out by the Soil Conservation
Service and and the University
University of Wisconsin. (3) (3) Te:;;ts
Tests on an 8-in. 8-in. diameter
diameter and and (4r (4) tests on aa 14-
diameter closed conduit spillway, both located
in. diameter iocated near Edwardsville,
Edwardsville, Illinois, Illinois, were reported reported
b y Richard
by P . Weeber.
R i c h a r d P. W e e b e r , (5)( 5 ) Tests
T e s t s on o n aa 12-in.
1 2 - i n . diameter
d i a m e t e r closed
c l o s e d conduit
c o n d u i t spillway
s p i l l w a y located
l o c a t e d near
near
Bethany, Missouri,
Bethany, Missouri, were conducted conducted by A. W. W. Zingg. Such Such pertinent informationlnformation as as cancan be
be
gleaned from
gleaned from these
these tests will will be be presented.
2 4 -- IIN
24 N C
CHH D I A M E T EE RR
MET C LOS
L O S EE D CONDUIT
C O N D U I T SPILLWAY
S P I L L W A Y
AT
A T STILLWATER,
S T I L L W A T E R , OKLAHOMA
O K L A H O M A
The following information information is taken from from the unpublished

unpublished report report by W. W. O. Ree Ree entitled
r r H y d r a u l i cTests
"Hydraulic T e s t 6 of
o T aa Pipe
P i p e Outlet
O u t l e t Spillway"
S p i l l w a y " ddated
a t e d February
F e b r u a r y 1954
1 9 5 4 [1-42]
1 i - + Z 1which
w - t r i c describes
i re s c r i b e s tests
d tests
made at the Agricultural
made Agricultural Research Service's Servicets Stillwater
Stillwater Outdoor Hydraulic Hydraulic Laboratory,
Laboratory, Still- Still-
water, Oklahoma, in 1951. 1951. This is not not aa complete summary summary of Mr. Mr. Ree' Reetss report;
report; importantimportant
24"RC
24"RC
pipe
[Q]
s" 14'-0" I s"
R= 3'-0"
7'-4" 5'-4"
Detoils
I n l e t Details
Inlet E l b o w Details
Elbow Detoils
~,__________________
N-~
' ~10~S~.6~'____________________~I ,
.e
& / ''T-lll
I
Plon
Plan
(
TIiH*
It\E
EI. 90S.0
H
ii tfu+
.irEe S
-q
*,+# ) i e\ai o)
>-4.Of
P'"r*
ometer locations)
( Piezometer locolions
) $A\HB
Se) ccll i o n
Section
Fig. l X - l - Closed
F i s . IX-l c e Conduit
C lced ConduitSpillway oi Stillwater,
Spillwcyat Stillwoier, Oklahoma.
Oklohomo
2211
R=
= D/8=3"
D/8=3" 11(:,
', 0 ·
~- '. '
D ~ 24"
ro
o
lr)
N
ll
D=24" 1
J
D/4=6" D/4=
((a)
o) C
Concrete Pipe Groove.
o n c r e t ePipe Groove. Exp.
Exp. I ((b)
b) W e l lR
Well o u n d e d Exp.2
Rounded. . xp.2
E
i· m o o t hrrod
t ' sSmooth od 7-!"X2! " bars
tthreaded
hreodedbot
ends
e nds
h
both
-
\ \
on
on 6" c.c.
c.c.
3"x 3" X4I" L'7 Ii

I
/
r--
!I N - - ,
-'
I - !--- \ t :"\
,
'l!
~ J
) -o
, : "0
, I f-- -=ce
I _ I-f--- - 0
LD
- I _ It
1'0 -r<) C\J 00
@
J
tl
II
I =N ~ /
' 0o
~ -' - _. \f
V
~ L.t,.f7" -[ 2'-T~ I
II
z'-7".\..
{ 2_J0"
a': jQ" .\.. ".
'--
L ------_.. - . 8'-6"
_._, ._-
~=D/3
0,.
luJ=
(c)
(c) Well
W e l l Rounded,
R o u n d e d ,Debris G u o r d . E xp.
D e b r i s Guard. xp. 3
bt
r ur l I .2 5 D = 2' - 6"
oll- - l
R=
f t =D/4=6" , -- --
^'fq ^
=24"
D =24"
D D 8"
:XIT: D/3=
I gElRs
~tmr.o-~';'-"""',.....I rul.t
D/4 = 6" _I_
l
-T-l
iol
i l |
( d ) Square
(d) S q u o r eEdge
E d g e, . Exp.
E x p .44 Xl ( e )D r o p I n l e t . E x p s .5 I 6
Fig. lX-2 -- Entrances

Fig. IX-2 Enfrqnces for Sti
for Stillwoter, Oklohomo,Closed
IIwater, Oklahoma, ClosedConduit
ConduifSpi IIway .
Spillwoy.
22
22
Fig.
Fig. IX-3
lX-3 - Concrete
ConcretePipe PipeGroove Enlronces,
GrooveEntrances, Fig. lX-4 -- Rounded
Fig. IX-4 Rounded PipeEntrance,
Pipe Enironee,Experiments
Experlmentr
E x p e r i m e n1,
Experiment l ,t Stillwater,
S t i l l w o t e r ,Oklahoma.
Oklohomo. 2,
2 , 33,, 55 and
o n d6,
6 , Stillwater,
S t i l l w o t e rOklahoma.
O
, klohomo.
Fig.
Fig. IX-5
lX-5 - Debris
DebrisGuard, Experiment
Guord, Experiment 3, Fig.
Fig. IX-6
lX-6 - Square-Edged
Squore-Edged Pipe Entronce,
Pipe Entrance,
Sti
StiIIwater,
llwoter, Oklahoma.
Oklohomo. Experiment
Experiment 4, Stillwater,
StiI lwoter,Oklahoma.
Oklohomo.
subjects omitted friction factors, leakage

omitted here include elbow losses, friction pipe, and
leakage of the pipe, and scour
of the stream bed at the outlet.
stream bed
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION OF
OF SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY
The
The spillway
spillway consists
consists of of an entrance
entrance structure,
structure, 108.3 ft of of 24-in.
24-in. concrete
concrete tongue-and-
tongue-and-
groove
groove pipe, pipe, a 24 .- in. corrugated
24-tn. corrugated metal,bituminous-coated
metal,bituminous-coated pipe elbow
elbow having having an 84-degree
84-degree de- de-
flection,
flection, and 222.1 to 262.5 ft of of 24-in.
24-in. corrugated
corrugated metal,bituminous-coated,
metal,bituminous-coated, paved
paved invert
invert
pipe. Heads
pipe. Heads on the inlet inlet invert
invert up to 14 ft can can be obtained.
obtained. The The total
total fallfall of
of the pipe
pipe is is 10.94
ft for
for the longer
longer and 9.70 9.?0 ft forfor the shorter
shorter corrugated
corrugated pipes. pipes. The slope slope ofof the concrete
concrete pipe pipe
is
i s 0.0185
0 . 0 1 8 5 and
a n d the
t h e slope
s l o p e of
o f the
t h e corrugated
c o r r u g a t e d pipe
p i p e is
i s 0.0334.
0 . 0 3 3 4 . The
T h e spillway
s p i l l w a y is
i s shown
s h o w n in
i n Fig.
F i g . IX-I.
IX-1.
2233
Six different
Six different entrances
entrances were
were used.
used. The
The inlet
inlet structure shown in
structure shown Fig. IX-1
in Fig. IX-1 waswas in in Place
place
for
for all
all entrances
entrances but
but was
was hydraulic a
hydraulicallylly pertinent
pertinent to
to only
only t he
the first
f i r s t f o
fouru r e
e ntrances
n t r a n c e s tte
e ssted.
ted.
The concrete
The concrete pi.pe pipe groove
groove entrance
entrance shownshown in in
Fig. IX-3
Fig. IX-3 and and detailed
detailed in in Fig.
Fig. IX-2a
IX- 2a waswas used
used for for
Experiment 1.
Experiment 1. The
The groove groove was was filied
filled with
with mortar
mortar
and finished
and finished to to aa 3-in.
3-in. radiusradius for for Experiment
Experiment 2, 2, as
as
shown in
shown in Fig.
Fig. IX-4
IX-4 and and detaited
detailed in in Fi.g.IX-2b.
Fig. IX-2b. The The
same rounded
same rounded pipe pipe entrance
entrance was was used
used for for Experi-
Experi-
ment 3, but
ment but a debris
debris guard guard was was placed
placed overover the the en- en-
trance structure,
trance structure, as as shown
shown in in Fig.
Fig. IX-5
IX-5 and
and detailed
detailed
in Fi.g.
in Fig. IX-2c.IX-2c . The The debrisdebris guard guard was was removed
removed for for
Experiment 4 and
Experiment and the the pipe pipe entrance
entrance given given a square
square
edge, as
edge, as shown
shown in in Fig. Fig. IX-6
IX-6 and and detailed
detailed in in Fi'g.
Fig.
iIX-2d
X-2d. . T The
h e rrounded
o u n d e d ppipe i p e iinlet
n l e t sshown
h o w n iin
n FFigs.
i g s . I XIX-4
-4
and IX-2b
and IX-2b was was restored
restored for for Experiments
Experiments 5 and 6,
but was
but was usedused together
together with with the the drop
drop inlet
inlet shownin
shown in
Fig
F i g . . IIX
X --?7 aand
n d ddetailed
e t a i l e d iinn F Fig.
i g . IIX-2e.
X-2e.
The concrete
The concrete pipepipe used
used for
for these
these experiments
experiments
was culvert
was culvert pipe
pipe inin 4-ft
4-ft lengths. Mortared joints
lengths. Mortared joints
were used--admittedly
were used--admittedly a poor poor practice
practice wherewhere
water-tightness is
water-tightness is important--and
important--and some some of of the
the
mortar dripped
mortar dripped into into the
the pipe,
pipe, which
which added
added to to its
its
roughness. The
roughness. The texture
texture of of the
the pipe
pipe and
and the
the appear-
appear-
ance of
ance of a joint
joint are
are shown
shown in in Fig.
Fig. IX-8.
IX-S. TheThe paved
paved
invert, corrugated
invert, corrugated metalmetal pipe
pipe hadhad been
been stored
stored out-
out-
doors and was
doors was about
about 4 years old. The
years old. The bituminous
bituminous
coating had shrunk,
coating shrunk, cracked,
cracked, and checked.
checked. Some Fig. IX-7 -- Drop
Fig. lX-7 Entrance, Experimenf
Inlet Entronce,
Drop Inlet Experiment
of
of the cracks were
the cracks wide enough
were wide enoughto to admit
admitthethe fingers.
fingers. 5
5,, Stillwater, Oklohomo.
S t i l l w o i e r ,Oklahoma.
This
This cracking
cracking undoubtedly
undoubtedly contributed
contributed to to an in-in-
crease in
crease in the
the friction
friction coefficient.
coefficient. The The appearance
appearance
of
of this
this coating
coating is is shown
shown in in Fig.
Fig. IX-9.
IX-9. The 24-in.
24-in, corrugated
corrugated pipe
pipe was was 262.5 ft long for the
long for the
first
first four
four experiments.
experiments. The
The last
last 40.4 ft of of corrugated pipe were
corrugated pipe were rem removedoved fo Experiments
forr Experiments 5
and 6 because
because thisthis length
length of pipe was
of pipe unpaved, had a different
was unpaved, different roughness
roughness than the paved
than the paved pipe,
pipe,
and the experimental arrangement
theexperimental arrangement did did not permit
permit aadetermination
determination of of the friction co-
different friction
thedifferent co-
efficients.
efficients. .
Fig. lX-8 -- Texture

Fig. IX-8 Textureof of Concrete Culvert Pipe
ConcrefeCulvertPipe Fig. lX-9 -- Cracking
Fig. IX-9 Crockingof of Bituminous
BituminousCootlng
Coating
o n dJoint,
and J o i n t , Stillwater,
S t i l l w o t e r ,Oklahoma.
Oklqhomo. 2{-in.Corrugoted
of24-in
of .Corrugated MetalMetol Pipe, Still-
Pipe, Still-
n = 0.0218.
O k l o h o m o .n:
w o t e r ,Oklahoma.
water, 0.0218.
"Thelcorrugatedl a t the
e l b o w at junction
t h e junction
The
T h e elbow
e l b o w iis
s described
d e s c r i b e d by
b y Mr.
M r . Ree
R e e [[1-42,
I - 4 2 , p.p . 449]:
9 ] : "The [corrugated] elbow
of the concrete and the
of the concrete and the corrugated corrugated pipes
pipes is
is a
a five-piece
five-piece miter-cut
miter-cut elbow.
elbow. Its construction is
Its construction is
relatively rough with
relativelyrough with pipe
pipe edgesedges projecting
projectinginto into thethe inside
inside of
of the
the bend.
bend. The
The invert
invert ofof the
the elbow
elbow
is paved.lt
is paved."
224
4
discharge from
The discharge
The corrugated pipe
the corrugated
from the was free
pipe was free and
and unaffected by downstream
unaffected by downstream water
water
levels. No
levels. No outlet
outlet was
was used.
used.

closed conduit spillwaywas

The closed spillway was built built on the grounds of
on the of the Outdoor Hydraulic
Stillwater Outdoor
the Stillwater Hydraulic
Laboratory. A
Laboratory. A forebay
forebay or reservoir was formed
or reservoir formed by by excavating the the sides of of a hill
hill and using
using
the excavated material
theexcavated material tobuild earth embankment. The surface
to build an earth surface area area of of this
this reservoir
reservoir was
about ?,0007,000 sq ft ft at Elevati.on
Elevation 911(the invert of
911 (the invert of the pipe at the inlet
inlet was at Elevation
Elevation 910)
910) and
0 , 0 0 0 ssq
330,000 q fftt aatt EElevation
l e v a t i o n 9924. Water
24. W a t e r ffor
o r tthe xperiments w
h e eexperiments was b t a i n e d ffrom
a s oobtained r o m LLake
ake C arl B
Carl lack-
Black-
well, carried
well, carried throughthrough the dam in transported in
in siphons, transported in canals to the site of the reservoir,
site of reservoir,
entered the reservoir
and entered reservoir through through a mrrdified
modified 4-ft 4-ft Parshall
Parshall measuring
measuring flume. flume. The arrangement
arrangement
iis
s sshown
h o w n iin
n F Fig.
i g . IIX-10.
X'i0.
'
, ,'i
'*it
Fig . IX-10
Fig. lX-l0 - Test
Test Site
Site at
ot Stillwater,
Sti llwoter, Oklahoma. Dom on
Oklohomo . Dam on Lake Corl
Loke Carl
Blackwell,
Blockwell, Siphons,
5lphons, and
ond Valve
Volve House
Housein Background; Porsholl
Bockg-round;Parshall
Flume and
Flume ond Gate
Gote in Upper
Upper Center
Center Discharging 20 cfs;
Dischorging 20 cfs; Headwall
Heodwoll
for Experiment
Experlment5 in Foreground;
Foreground;Staff
Stoff Gage
Goge and Stllling Well
ond Stilling
at
o t Right.
Right.
Flow
Flow through
through the closed closed conduit
conduit spillway
spillway was measured measured in two different ways.
two different cali-
ways. A cali-
brated, modified Parshall
brated,rnodified Parshall flume flumewas was used to determine the rate
todeterminethe rate of flow flow for part-full pipe
for part-full pipe flow
flow
and forfor weir
weir flow flow discharges,
discharges, and the headpool headpool levellevel was steady. steady. It It took
took so longlong to achieve
achieve
steady
steadypool pool levelslevels whenwhenthethe spill way was flowing
spillway flowing fullfull that
that the full full flow discharges were deter-
flowdischargeswere deter-
mined "on greatlyexceeding
mined "on the run" run" forfor most
most tests.
tests. ThisThis was accomplished
accomplished as follows: follows: A flow flow greatly exceeding
the
the capacity
capacity of the spillway spillway was turned turned into the reservoirreservoir until until the reservoir reservoir full. The
was full.
inflow
inflow was was ihen then completely
completely stopped stopped and the reservoir reservoir allowed
allowed to drain through the spillway.
drain through spillway.
Water
W a t e r levels
l e v e l s were
w e r e mmeasured
e a s u r e d anda n d the
t h e time
t i m e nnoted
o t e d at
a t frequent
f r e q u e n t intervals.
i n t e r v a l s . This permittedco
T h i s permitted mpu-
compu-
tations
tations of of the
the rate
rate of of change
change of of reservoir
reservoir level. level. Entering
Entering aa curve curve giving giving the reservoir
reservoir area
area atat
different
different elevations,
elevations, the the raterate ofof change
change of of stage was convertedconverted to rate of
to rate of discharge.
discharge.
Pool
Pool levels
levels were
were recorded
recorded byby an
an automatic
automatic water
water level
level recorder
recorder mounted
mounted onon the
the stilling
stilling
well
weII shown
shown in in Fig. IX-10. However,
Fig, IX-10. However, the
the levels
levels actually
actually used
used inin the analysis were
the analysis determined
were determined
by "piint" plumb bob
of aa plumb attached to
bob attached to
by an
an electric
electric "point" gagegage to
to 0.001
0.001 ft.
ft. This
This instrument
instrument consisted
consisted of
aa steel
steel tape,
tape, aa vernier
vernier to to permit
permit accurate
accurate readings,
readings, and glow light
and aa glow light to indicate when
to indicate when the plumb
the plumb
bob
bob touched
touched thethe water
water surface.
surface.
Pressures
Pressures within
within the
the pipe
pipe line
line were
were measured
measured by piezometers located
by piezometers located as as shown
shown in Fig.
in Fig.
IX-1 and
IX-l and open
open water
water manometer
manometer columns.
columns. The
The manometers
manometers for
for the
the concrete pipe, one
concrete pipe, one ofof the
the
corrugated
corrugated pipe
pipe manometers,
manometers, and and aa headpool
headpool manometer
manometer were grouped on
were grouped on aa single manometer
single manometer
board.
board. Dye
Dye was
was added
added toto the
the columns
columns toto make
make them
them more
more readily
readily visible
visible andand the readings
the readings
25
25
. / Entrance
Entronce drop drop
w o t e r surface
Water surtoce- /
- VVelocity
e l o c i t y head
r l * t-"--*____-__-.H h e o d
-t4-
Elbow heod loss
H Enlronce
H Entrance
head loss
H y d r o u l i cgrade
g r o d e line
line
Hr
z2
<lof outlet
00
v d '0
co. c(
00
a
Y
7
I oco
@
CiQ d
CJl
+0
o
;-;CJl F
0-, o - I
u, Wu C o n c r e t eoi i oe e u,w
u LtJ t(
Concrete Corruooted oioe
Cf)
6
Fig. l X - l l -- Typical
F i g . IX-11 T y p i c o l Hydraulic
H y d r o u l i c Grade
G r o d e Line
L i n e and
o n d Head
H e o d Losses
L o s s e at
so t Entrance
E n t r o n c eand
o n d Elbow,
E l b o w , Stillwater,
S t i l l w o t e r , Oklahoma.
Oklohomo
lX-12 -- Flow Condition at

'*'
Fig. IX-12 ot Concrete
Concrete Pipe
Pifr Fig. l X - 1 3-- Flow
F i g . IX-13 F l o wCondition
C o n i i t i o nat
o t Rounded
R o u n d ePipe
dipe
P
Groove Entrance,
Groove Entrcnce, Stillwater,
Sti I lwoter, Oklahoma.
Oklohomo . E n f r o n c eStillwater,
Entrance, , t i l l w o t e r ,Oklahoma.
S O k l o h o m .o
were recorded photographically.

were recorded photographically. The manom-
The manom-
eters for
eters for the corrugated pipe
the corrugated pipe were
were located
located on
individual boards
individual boards adjacent
adjacent to
to the piezometer
the piezometer
connection
connection and were
were read
read manually.
manually.
Standard procedures
Standard procedures were were used in the
used in the
conduct of
conduct the tests
of the tests and in in the
the analysis
analysis ofof the
the
data. Hydraulic
data. Hydraulic gradegrade lines
lines werewere plotted
plotted for
for
each test.
each test. From them, the
From thern, the entrance
entrance loss,
loss, the
the
elbow loss,
elbow loss, and thethe fri.ction
friction loss loss in both con-
in both con-
crete
crete and corrugated
corrugated metal metal pipe pipe were
were deter-
deter-
mined.
mined. A A typical hydraulic grade
typical hydraulic grade line
line plotted
plotted
b
byy M
Mr.
r. RRee
e e iis
s sshown
h o w n iin
n F Fig.
i g . IIX-11.
X-l1.
DESCRIPTION OF
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW
FLOW
F
Fig. X - 1 4 -- F
i g . lIX-14 l o wC
Flow o n d i t i o no
Condition att S quore-Edged
Square-Edged
P i p eE
Pipe n t r o n c eS
Entrance, , t i l l w o t e r ,O
Stillwater, klohomo.
Oklahoma.
Fig.
Fig. IX-11"
IX-ll shows
shows the the hydraulic
hydraulic grade grade
line to
line to be above
above the the pipe
pipe and and the
the pressures
pressures
within
within the the pipe
pipe to to be positive (greater
be positive (greater thanthan atmospheric
atmospheric except except for for a shortshort distance
distance near near the
the
outlet.
outlet. This This waswas theusual
the usual conditionwhenthe
condition when the pipe pipe was was full.
full. Theminimum
The minimum slopeof slope of the the hydrau-
hydrau-
lic grade
lic grade line line inin the
the corrugated
corrugated pipe, pipe, which
which occurred
occurred only only for
for the
the lowest
lowest flows flows with with the
the pipe
pipe
ffull,
ull, w as 0
was .0372. T
0.0372. This
h i s ccompares
ompares w with
i t h a ppipe
i p e sslope
lope o off 00.0334.
.0334. S Since
i n c e zzero
e r o ppressure
r e s s u r e iis
s ttaken
aken aatt
the
the centerline
centerline of the pipe
of the pipe at at its
its exit,
exit, the
the top
top of
of the
the corrugated
corrugated pipe pipe waswas underunder negative
negative pressure
pressure
(less
(less thanthan atmospheric)
atmospheric) for for its
its entire
entire l"ength.
length. For
For this this parti.cular
particular test, test, the the slope
slope of of thethe hydraulic
hydraulic
g r a d e lline
grade i n e iin
n tthe
h e cconcrete
o n c r e t e ppipe
ipe wwas
as 0 0.0111,
.0111, w which
h i c h iis
s lless
e s s tthan
h a n tthe
h e ppipe
i . p e sslope
lope o off 00.0185.
.0185. HHow-
ow-
2266
((a) Head
a) H onn ccrest
e a do r e s t iis . / 0 fft.
s f5.70 t. ((b) Head
b) H onn ocrest
ead o r e s t iis 2.25
s 2 , 2 j ft.
ft,
Pipe flow
Ptpo flow oontrol.
control. Pipe flow
Plpe flow ootrbrol.
cont rol.
(c)
( c ) Head
H o a d on
o n crest e r e s t is
i s 1.95
1 . p ! ft.
ft. (d) Head
Ilead on crest
crest is
is 1 : 25 ft.
l:25 tt. Pipe flow
flow
Pipe
uisa flow
+ ' l ^ r r control.
^^#,o1. control
control or be5inning of transition
or beginning transition
from pipe to
frorn pipe to weir
weir flow
flovr control.
control.
(e) Head
Head on
on crest
crest is l.00
1.0O ft.
ft. Weir flow
flovr (f)
( f ) Head
H e a d on
o n crest
c r e s t is
i s 0.75 ft.
O . / ! ft.
control
control or near
near end
€nd of
of transition
transition Weir
Tieir flow
flow control.
control.
from
frora pipe to
to weir
weir control.
control.
Fig.
F i g " IX-15
l X - | 5 - Flow
Flowoatt Entrance
E n t r o n c eto
l o Drop I n l e t 4.3
D r o p Inlet 4 " 3 Ft
F i Deep,
D e e p , Stillwater,
Oklohomq.
2277
(a) Pipe
(a) Pipe flow control
florrr control withwith (b) Pipe
(b) Pipe flovr
flow contro]
control with with (c)
(c) End
End of
of pipe
pipe flow
flow controL
control
very
very slight depr.ession
slight depression small dePressj.on
snall depression over over or beginning
or beginning ofof transition
transition
over
ovor inlet. Head
drop inlet. Head drop inlet.
droP inlet. Head Head ovor
over to woir
to weir flo'w
flow control.
control.
over
o ver ccrest
r a s t iis
s 1.91
1 . 9 1 fft.
t, crest
o r € s t iis
s 1.41
1 . h l fft.
t. Head over
Head over crest
crest is
is 1.21 ft.ft.
(d)
(d) Probably
Probably near near end end of tran- tran- ((e)
e) Weir
Ireir flowflow control
control with
w:ith ((f)
f) Weir
weir flow flow ccontrol.
ontrol. Water lYater
sition
s i t i o n from
f r o n pipe
p i p e flow
f l o w con-
con- wa tet er r almos
r,ra a l m o stt filling
filling drop
drop jjust
u s t shows
s h o w s ini n drop
d r o p inlet.
inlet.
trol
trol to to weir
weir flow flow control.
control. inlet.
inlet. Head
Head over
over crest
cr.est Head
Head over over crestcrest is is 0.91
O.91 ft.ft.
Head
H e a d over
o v e r crest
c r e s t is
i s 1.111 . 1 1 ft.
ft. i s 0.96
is O . 9 $ ft.ft. Disoharge
D i s c h a r g e for ( f ) is
f o r (f) i s only
only
0.1
0 . 1 cfs
c f s less
l e s s than
t h a n for (e).
f o r (e).
Fig. IX-16
lX-16 - Transition
Tronsltion from from Pipe
Pipe to Weir Control Control at
ot Entrance
Enironce
to
t o Drop
D r o p Inlet
l n l e t 8.4
8 . 4 ft
f t Deep,
D e e p , Stillwater,
Oklohomq.
ever,
ever, the elbow
elbow loss
loss raised
raised the hydraulic
hydraulic grade
grade line
line so that
that negligible
negligible negative pressures
negative pressures
(-0.08
(-0.08 ft) existed
existed in
in the top ofof the concrete
concrete pipe forfor about 1111 ft at the entrance.
entrance. Because
Because the
pipe
pipe was
was under
under only
only slight
slight negative pressures for
negativepressures for this
this low
low flow and because
flowand because the friction slope
frictionslope
and the pressure
pressure increase
increase with
with the flow,
ftow, it
it is evident
evident from
from this
this discussion
discussion that
that the pipe was
under
under positive
positive pressure
pressure forfor most
most of the full
full flow
flow tests.
tests.
It was observed
It observed during during the tests tests that that the pipe pipe filled
filled as soon as sufficient sufficient flow flow waswas ad- ad-
mitted
mj.tted to the pond; there there was no evidence evidence of orifice orifice or or short-tube
short-tube flow flow at any time, control
time, the control
passing
passing directly
directly and smoothly smoothly from from weirweir control
control at low low flows
flows to pipe pipe control
control as the flow flow in-in-
creased.
c r e a s e d . The
T h e transition
t r a n s i t i o n from
f r o m ppipe
i p e control
c o n t r o l to
t o wweir
e i r c ocontrol
ntrol for
f o r ddecreasing
e c r e a s i n g flows
f l o w s wwas
a s also
a l s o ddirect
irect
and positive
positive for for allall inlets.
inlets.
Flow
Flow conditions
conditions at the entrance entrance with with the pipe flowing flowing partlypartly fullfull areare shownsho$/n inin Figs.
Figs.IX-
IX-
12,
1 2 , IX-13,
I X - 1 3 , IX-5,
I X - 5 , a and
n d IX-14.
I X - 1 4 . Mr.
M r . RRee
e e s hshows
ows that
t h a t the
t h e iinside
n s i d e diameter
d i a m e t e r ggoverns
o v e r n s t h the
e h e head-discharge
ad-discharge
relationship,
relationship, as will will be shown
shown later.
later. Close
Close inspection
inspection of Fig. Fig. IX-12
IX-12 showsshows aa contraction
contraction at the
entrance
entrance of the groove groove and an additional
additional contraction
contraction at the base of the groove, groove, which which confirms
confirms
Mr.
Mr. Reels
Reers observation
observati.on in this this particular
particular instance.
instance.
Flow
F l o w cconditions
o n d i t i o n s at
a t the
t h e drop
d r o p i inlet
n l e t 4.3
4 . 3 ft
f t deep
d e e p are
a r e shown
s h o w n in
i n Fig.IX-15
F i g . I X - 1 5 as
a s aa series
s e r i e s of pic-
o f pic-
tures
tures taken
taken as the pond level level decreased.
decreased. A similar similar series
series for for the 8.4 ft deep drop drop inletinlet is
28
28
shown in Fig. IX-1B

shown IX-16 for
for decreasing heads
heads in the vicinity of the change
vicinityofthe from pipe flow control
change from control
weir flow control.
to weir control. Through comparisons
comparisons with this series
series of pictures,
pictures, one
one can determine
the probable type
tJpe of flow in other drop inlets
inlets by visual
visual observation.
~IOW
Flow )ot critical'
crilicol
--r--
Fi
Flow ot Icntlcal
ow at "
criiicol
depththrough
through depth through
~
2 deoih ihrorroh
depth \ 2
, ..
diomeler
diameter D
D ,. diomeierD
diameter D \-
-\ It Itl 0o
, ,~' .-
.:.. ..
H ~ ... '" H
IT ~~~ o ""f!!''tj''
~ ..
~
o~
^J
~~ "'".
Flow at critica l
, L
t - depth through ,o~
^4
,, ..
diameter 1.16 D , a
0
#
I I
,)"f
o 234
0/ 0 512
5 6 i 22 3
alouo*
0/D512
4 55 66
lX-17 -- Head
Fig. IX-17
Fig. Heod-Dlschorge
- Discharge Curve for Part
Curvefor Full Flow
PortFull Flow Fig
F i g.. IX-18
l X - l 8 --HHead-Discharge
e o d - D i s c h o r gCurve
e C u r for
v e fPart
orPoFull
Frut l l Flow
Flow
with Concrete
with ConcretePipe Pipe Groove
GrooveEntrance, Experiment
Entronce,Experiment with
with Rounded
Rounded Pipe
Pipe Entrance,
Enironce,Experiments
Experiments 22 and
ond
l , Sti
1, S t iIIwater,
l l w o t e r ,Oklahoma
Oklohomo . . ( w i t h Trash
33 (with T r o s hRack),
R o c k ) ,Sti
S t iIIwater,
l l w o t e r ,Oklahoma.
'Oklohomo.
Vortices are apparent

Vortices apparent in Figs. IX-l5
IX-15 and IX-16, Vortices
and IX-lB. Vortices were also
aLso observed forfor each
of the other inlets tested. At times
otherinlets times air was sucked
airwas sucked into the spillway with aanoise
spillwaywith noise that was aud-
wasaud-
for aa considerable distance
ible for distance away even though the depth
eventhough depthofof the water over the crown of the
waterover
pipe was as much as as 11
11 ft. The vortices
vortices were not
not sufficiently
sufficiently strong to cause
cause aa large reduc-
reduc-
tion in the spillway
spillway capacity. However
However,, Mr
Mr.. Ree
Ree ingeniously
ingeniousLy shows
shows that the vortices
vortices do
do have
have
some
some effect
effect on the spill way capacity
spillway capacity and that
that
this
this effect
effect increases
increases as the observed vortex
observedvortex
intensity
intensity increases.
increases.
Q
Woter
Water '"
0·':,' " •... .
surface
..,,-
H o I ~
:~ •
0/4 ", ': . :,. • • > , ' -;:" ••
' . ~.
. ' :~ "4 ·~ ~. ,o ',c:i

3
Il Il
/, If
2
Mavis'
M o v r scurve~
l
' c u r v e~.t
r .L.
,l/
9
/;r ~' "" 2Z

0/
)'
x
. / ~
a
jOx
.JLJ
\-JI
~ .I
H
D l ~
-2, ~
*, ....
7<Flow ot
"'-<Flowat
r rtica
c rI
-= through
t i c oI ldepth
depih
[t# OS/ 2
22t3
/
3
/t
JO
t
xx Exp.5
Exp.5
0o Exp.
E x p .66
~
r'
~
~.-
through
d i o m e t e r0D
diameter
I r
I
1/9.
7
"o
/'
,
r\L
/ t
1 22 33 44 55 66 77
o L/
00
U
V o.l
0.1 o.? 0.3
0.2 o.3
HID
H/D
04
0.4 o.5 0o.6
0.5 o7
.6 07
Q/05/2
n tn5/2
V T U
Fig.
F i g . IX-19
l X - 1 9-- Head-Discharge C
g eu r v efor
H e o d - D i s c h o rCurve f o Part
r P o rFull Flow
Ft u l l Flow Fig. lX-20 -- Head-Coefficient
Fig. IX-20 Heod-CoefficientCurve for Weir
Curvefor Weir Flow
Flow
with Square-Edged
with Squoro-EdgedPipe Pipe Entrance
Enironce, , Expe riment
Experiment over Drop
over Drop Inlet
Inlet Crests,
Crests, Experiments
Experiments5 and
ond 6,
4,
4 , Stillwater,
S t il l w o t e r , Oklahoma.
Oklohomo. S t i l l w o t e r ,Oklahoma.
Stillwater, O k l o h o m .o
2299
COEFFICIENTS
control passed smoothlyand

The control smoothly and directly
directly from
from weir control to pipe eontrol
weir control control so only
only these
controls will
eontrols will be discussed.
Weir
Weir Coefficient
Coefficient
As mentioned
As mentioned in
in Part
Part I,I, the
the theoretical
theoretical equation
equation forfor part
part full
full flow
flow at
at the
the entrance
entrance to
to a
pipe is
pipe is so complicated
complicated that
that the
the presentation
presentation of
of coeffici.ents
coefficients becomes
becomes impractical
impractical from
from the
the
standpoint of Therefore, the re-
of application. Therefore, re-
sults of
sults of the tests are presented in
tests are in Fj.gs.
Figs. IX-IX-
TABLE IX.1
TABLE IX-1 1 ? , IIX-lB,
17, X-18, a n d IIX-19
and X - 1 9 iin
n tth'e
h e fform
orm o off ssemi-
emi-
dimensionless
dimensionless curves from Reels re-
curves copied fromReerg re-
ENTRANCE LOSS
ENTRANCE LOSS COEFFICIENTS
COEFFICIENTS
port
port forfor the concrete pipe groove entrance,
Stillwater,
Stillwate Oklahoma,Experiments
r, Oklahoma, Experiment s the rounded pipe entrance, and the square- square-
edged pipe entrance respectively.
edged respectively. A A caution
should be observed in in using these curves:
K
Inlet
Inlot Ke6 The curves
The curves should
should not
not bepe extropoloted
extrapolated beyond
beyond the the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _=Ma=x:::i::;mum=._....:M:::i::;ni::::m:::um=-~A:.:.ve:.:ra=e;e
l4axinm UininE Aven€6 Iimits shown
limifg because the head
shownbecallse head increases
increases rapidly
rapidly
Concrete pip€
concrete pj,pe groow
groove 0.tt
o.U o.2t
0.23 0.33 with further
with further increase
increase in in discharge. Also Also
Rounded
Rouilod o.1t't
0.34 0.18 o ,27
0.27 shown in these figuresfigures are head-discharge
head-discharge
Rounded, trash nck
with . trush
Rouded, rith rack O,25
0.25 0.21
d ) 1 0.23 curves computed by Ree
curves Ree on the assumption
Square edged
Squar 6dged 0.74 o.6!
0.64 0.70 that critical
critical depth
depth occurs
occurs at the entrance.
Drop, 1.,
4.3 ft
ft deep
deep 0.57
u .)l 0.64 curves are based on the inside diam-
These curves diam-
Drop, 8.,l+
Drop, 8.4 ft
ft deep
deep o.6o
0.60 0.41
o.4r o . 522 eter
0.5 eter of the pipe, and show that the pipe
and show diam-
pipe diam-
-----------~----.....,__----- eter rather than the maximum
eter rather maximum entrance di- di-
ameter governs the head-discharge
ameter head-discharge relation-
relation-
represent the data
curves which represent
ship. The curves
may be used to predict
may predict the discharge of pipes having havin~ similar
similar entrances if if the dj.mensions
dimensions of
the entrance in terms of the
terms ot. pipe diameter
tlgoPtP" diameter and and H/D mul.tiplied by the pipe diameter
HID are multiplied diameter
5 2
measured in feet and
measured H/D"/'/
and H/D is multiplied
multiplied by the five-halves five-halves power of the pipe diameter. diameter.
The drop
drop inlet crest has the form
inlet crest form shown
in Fig.
Fig. I-3b
I-3b so the crest
crest length was taken as TABIJE IX-2
TABl£ IX.z
L == 2BI
2Bt + Wr =
* WI = 9.50
9.50 ft. Coefficients
Coefficients for
for use in VALUES OF THE
RECOMMENDED VALUES
RECOMMENDED
Eq. 1-1
I-1 may be computed
computed from
from Fig.
Fig. IX-20.
IX-20. The
curve drawn in Fig.
Fig. IX-20
IX-20 is based
based on the equa- LOCAL DEVIATION
PRESSURE DEVIATION
LOCAL PRESSURE
tion presented by Ree
Ree P I P E 0.5
AT
A T THE
T H E TOP
T O P OF
O F THE
T H E PIPE 0.5 D
a LrH flz ENTRANCE
DOWNSTREAM FROM THE ENTRANCE
_Q
-=- 7 _ l -_L_ [ -H - 0.016
3 . =8 3.87 J3/2
0 . 0 116 ( r x- 1)
(IX-l)
Experiment s
I Stillwate r, Oklahoma, Experiments
Stillwater,
D5/2
aslz DLD D
n /b
Entrance
Entrance Loss
Loss Coefficient
Coefficient Entrance
EutHoe r Y p
-,r'
'Entrance ConcFta pipo grcova 0.0
-Entrance loss
loss coefficients
coefficients were
were computed
computed Concrete pipe groove
by Ree for all tests in which the pipe
pipe flowed com-
com- Roundod 0.0
0.0
ReE for the Rounded
pletely
pletely full. Since
Since Ree
Ree determined the hydraulic rith trash
Rourded, with
hydraulic Roumed, tEEh rack
mck o.o
0.0
grade line for eacheach test, nono assumptions of the the Square
Squaro edged
edBed -1.0
friction
friction fador
factor or position of the hydraulic
or the position hydraulic Drop inlet
inlet 4.3 ft deep
l+., ft doep -0.8
-0.8
line at the conduit exit
grade line necessary. It Drop inlet
exit are necessary. i.llet 8.4
8.1+ ft
ft deep
deeP -0.8
-0.8
may be be assumed
aesumed therefore
therefore that Mr.
Mr. Reels
Reers values - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
of KeK- are accurate. maximum, minimum,
accurate. The maximum, minimum,
e
and
and average observed values of K
averageobservedvalues K" are given in Table IX-I. It is
TableIX-1. isrecommended theaver-
recommended that the aver-
e
age
age value of K K" bebe used
used in Eqs. 1-4
I-4 and
and 1-5
I-5 for purposes of design. design.
e
The
The lower
lower average
average value of K K" obtained with the place compared with
the trash rack in place
e obtained
the
the trash
trash rack absent
absent is shown
shown to be Mr. Ree
be plausible by Mr. Ree whose
whose explanation, based on
explanation, based on Dr.
Keuleganls
Keuleganrs analysis [1-30], shows
shows that the
[I-30],-The the turbulence created by the can result
trash rack can
ihe trash result in
aa smaller caused by the
smaller entrance loss. The turbulence caused the trash can be
trash rack can seen in Fig. IX-5.
be seen IX-5.
3300
PRESSURE
COEFFICIENTS
Average values
Average values of local pressure
of the local pressure deviations
deviations hrr,/hrr'
h /h computed for
computed for full flow in
full flow in a
n vp
hypothetical, horizontal, frictionless pipe are
horizontal, frictionless are given in
in Table IX-2. values are for
IX-2. These values for use
iin Eq.
n E q . I1-14.
-14.
Values of
Values of h-/h_--
h /h along the conduit
conduit that
that are unaffected by
are unaffected by local
local disturbances
disturbances should be
n vp
n'
zero. fact that
zero. The fact that they average above zero
they average is quite
zero is quite likely datum plane was as-
likely because the datum as-
sumed to pass through
through the center
center of
of the conduit exit it should have been taken above
exit whereas it above
center of
the center of the exit, as can be seen by by referring Ree's data plotted in
referring to Reers in Fig.
Fig. X-32.* It is
X-32.* It is
interesting to note that the elDow--a
interesting elbow--a local disturbance--did not cause
local disturbance--did significant variatione
cause significant variations
in the meaeured
in measured values
values of
of hrr,/hrro.
h /h .
n vp
For purposes
For purposes of
of design, it
it ls that the value of hrr/hrro
is suggested that h /h be taken as zero
zero at
n vp
all locations along the conduit except for
all of the pipe 0.5D downstream
for the top of downstream from
from its
its en-
trance. Suggested
trance. Suggested values of hrr/hrro
h /h for this
for location are given in Table IX-2.
this location IX-2.
. . n vp

CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS
Closed conduit spillways similar to that shown

spillways similar shown in Fig. IX-1 having entrances geometri-
in Fig.IX-1 geometri-
cally similar
cally shown in Fig.
similar to those shown IX-2 are recommended for
Fig. IX-2 for use. The control
control changed
changed
smoothly from
smoothly from weir control to pipe control
weir control control as the flow increased
increased and from pipe control
and from control to
weir control
weir control as the flowdecreased.
flow decreased. Noundesirable
No undesirable flow characteristics were observed. How-
flowcharacteristicswere
results of tests by others indicate some of these entrance-s
ever, results entrances may exhibit
exhibit orifice
orifice control
control
under certain
certain conditions, and it is suggested that the use of the square-edged entrance, at least, be avoided.
anditisruggectedthottheuseofthesquore-edgedentroncerotleostrbeovoided.
Curves
Curves for determining the part
for determining full flow capacity of the concrete pipe groo
part full groove, rounded,
ve, rounded,
and
a n d square-edged
s q u a r e - e d g e d entrances
e n t r a n c e s are
a r e ggiven
i v e n in
i n Figs.
F i g s . IIX-17,
X - 1 7 , IX I X --1B,
l 8 , and
a n d IX-19 r e s p e c t i v e l y . The
I X - 1 9 respectively. T h e cca-
a-
pacity
pacity of the drop inlet acting as aa weir weir is given by Eq. IX-1. IX-I. Values of the full full flow entrance
loss
l o s s ccoefficients
o e f f i c i e n t s for
f o r uuse
s e ini n Eqs.
E q s . I1-4
- 4 and
a n d 1-5
I - 5 are g i v e n iin
a r e given n Table
T a b l e IX-1
I X - 1 for
f o r each
e a c h entrance
e n t r a n c e tested.
tested.
local pressure
Values of the local p re ssure deviation htr-/h---
/h for use
for use in Eq. 1-14
I - 1 4 should
should bbee taken
t a k e n as
as
nn' vp
vp
zero
zero except
except near
near the entrance
entrance to the pipe.
pipe. At
At that
that location,
location, values
values of
of h ' /,p/h h may
mav bbee taken
taken
vp
from
from Table
Table IX-2.
IX-2. nn' vp
2-FOOT
2 . F O O T SQUARE
S Q U A R E DROP
D R O P INLET
I N L E T CLOSED
C L O S E D C O N D U I T
CONDUIT
SPILLWAY
S P I L L W A Y NEAR
N E A R NELSON,
N E L S O N , WISCONSIN
W I S C O N S I N
In
I n 1 936
9 3 6 CCC
C C C CampC a m p SSCS C S --W WIS-1
I S - l 5 c5ocompleted
mpleted plans
p l a n s tto
o c co
o n nstruct
struct aa twi
t w i nn66x x
6 6 dropdropin i nl
l eet
t soil
s o i l --ssavi
a v i nng
g
dam
d a m on o n t h ee Martha
M a r t h a Johns
J o h n s oonn farm
f a r m nearn e a r Nelson,
N e l s o n , Wiscons
W i s c o n s i nin. . B eecauc a u sse
e of p e c u l i a r l yl y favorable
o f peculiar f a v o r a b l e co c o nndi-
di-
tio
t i o nns
s it i t appeared
a p p e a r e d feasible
f e a s i b l e to t o cocon nstruct
s t r u c t aa 2 x 2 drop d r o p inl
i n l eet
t under
u n d e r the
t h e ss a m ee earth
e a r t h dam d a m with
w i t h thet h e twix
twix
[si
[ s i cc ]] 6 x 6 to t o be
b e u ssede d t o conduct
c o n d u c t aa fullf u l l scale
s c a l e fie
f i e lld
d model
m o d e l test.test,
The
T h e twin
t w i n 6 x 6, 6 , tthe
h e 2 xx22 model,
m o d e l , anda n d earth
e a r t h fillf i l l were
w e r e completed
c o m p l e t e d during
d u r i n g t h e summer o f 11936
s u m m e r of and
9 3 6 and
on
o n Ap
A p rril
i l 8,
B , 11937
9 3 7, after
a f t e r the
t h e pond
p o n d h ad
a d filled
f i l l e d the
t h e first
f i r s t test
t e s t run
r u n wa ass made
m a d e .....
...
This
This quotation
quotation is
is from
from the
the anonymous
anonymous mimeographed
mimeographed report
report which
which is is reproduced
reproduced in
in the
the
section t'Original. Reports.tt
section "Original Reports." An
An unsuccessful
unsuccessful attempt
atteirpf was
was made
mide to to locate
locate the th-e original
original data.
data.
Mr.
IVIr. R.
R. E.E. Reinke,
Reinke, Soil Conservationist, Soil
SoilConservationist, Conservation Service, was
SoilConeervationService, one of those
wasoneof those contacted.
contacted.
He wrote "...I
wrote on March
March 2, 1953:1953: " ... 1 have learned
learned that
that the old
old CCC
CCC CampCamp records
records have been de- de-
stroyed.
stroyed. FromFrom what
what I can gather,
gather, the files
files destroyed
destroyed included ... even technical
included...even technical data. With With re-
re-
ference
ference to technical
technical data, I believe
believe we can sincerely
sincerely regret
regret that
that this
this type
type ofof file
file was destroy-
destroy-
ed .... " Mr.
ed...." Mr. Edwin
Edwin Freyburger,
Freyburger, Regional
Regional Engineer
Engineer for for the Soil Conservation
Conservation Service, fur-
Service, fur-
nished
nished on October
October 23. 23, 1953, the Regional
Regional Office
Office engineering
engineering filefile which
which contained
contained the mimeo-mimeo-
graphed
graphed report
report referred
referred to above,
above, the original
original computations
computations for
for that
that report.
report, aa type written
typewritten
*Fred W.
*Fred W. Blaisdell
Blaisdell and and Charles A. Donnelly. Donnelly, Hydraulics
Hydraulics of Closed Condu
Conduit Spillways--
it Spillways--
P a r t XX.. TThe
Part h e HHood
o o d I nInlet,
l e t , S St.
t . A Anthony
n t h o n y F Falls
a t l s H yHydraulic
drau1i Laboratory Technical Paper No. 20-B,
April
ffi 1958.
3311
description of
description of the spillway performance
the spitlway performance by by an
an unknown writer, aa copy
unknown writer, copy of letter from
of aa letter from E.E. F.
F.
Gahnz to
Gahnz to Professor
Professor L. L. H. Kessler giving
H. Kessler giving measured elevations and
measured elevations dimensions, as
and dimensions, as well
well as
as
correspondence and plans.
other correspondence
other plans. On March 8,
On March 8, 1955, Mr. H.
1955, Mr. H. F. Smith, SoiI
F. Smith, Conservation Ser-
Soil Conservation Ser-
vice Area
vice Area Co.nservationist
Conservationist at Eau Eau Claire, Wisconsin, who
Claire, Wisconsin, who apparently was responsible
apparently was responsible forfor in-
in-
stalling the
stalling the spillwayr
spillway, 6ent
sent his
his file
file containing blueprints of
containing blueprints the dam
of the site, the
dam site, drainage area,
the drainage area,
gully cross sections and longi.tudinal
gullycioss the 6 by
sections, the
longitudinal sections, twin drop inlet
by 6 twindrop inlet spillway plans, plotted
spillway plans, plotted
cross sections
crois sections recording
recording areas
areas at 1-ft
1-ft vertical tracing of
intervals, and a tracing
vertical intervals, the experimental
of the experimental
Moving pictures
installation. Moving
installation. pictures ofof the were obtained from
tests were
the tests from Mr. Reinke and from
Mr. Reinke from Mr.
Mr. Neal
Neal
E. Minshall,
E. Minshall, Project
Project Supervisor
Supervisor forthe Agricultural ResearchService
for the Agricultural Madison, Wisconsin.
Research Service at Madison, Wisconsin.
is regretted
It is
It regretted that
that the
the original could not be
original data could obtained. However,
be obtained. nothing better
because noth,rng
However, because better
was available,
was available, thethe data used
used inin the preparation
preparation of of the mimeographed report
the mimeographed report and data points
taken from
taken from Professor
Pro.fesso.r E.E. R. Do.dge's Fig.
R. Dodgers [1-16) were
Fig. 22 [I-16] emplo.yed in
were employed in this
this analysis.
analysis.
11'-0."
4'-0."
I' .
<.D ,
10
Inlet
I nl e t Detai
D li s
e l o Is Barrel Seclion
B o r r e l Section
11.5'
110.22 S=0.0.198 ilr.61

20..0.'
Fig. lX-21 -- Martha

Fig. IX-21 MorthoJohnson
Johnson ConduitSpillway.
ClocedConduit
Closed Spillwoy.
OF SPILLWAY
The
The closed
closed conduit
conduit spillway
spillway is
is co.mposed of aa flared
composed of inlet, aa riser,
flared inlet, an elbo.w,
riser, an barrel,
elbow, aa barrel,
and
and aa flared
flared o.utlet.
outlet. Fig.
Fig. IX-21
IX-21 has
has been prepared from
been prepared fromthe tracingfurnished
the tracing furnished by Mr.Smithand
by Mr. Smith and
Pro.fessor
Professor Dodge's
Dodgers Fig.
Fig. 11 [1-16].
tI-161. Fig.
Fig. IX-22
IX-22 shows the spillway
shows the spillway onon May 23, 1944.
May 23, L944,
The
The crest of the
crest o.f the drop
drop inlet
inlet is rounded, as
is rounded, as in Fig. I-3b,
in Fig. I-3b,on about aa 4-in.
on about radius. This
4-in. radius. Thig
radius
radius waswas scaled
scaled from
from the
the o.riginal
original tracing.
tracing. The crest dimensio.ns
The crest are therefo.re
dimensions are taken to.
therefore taken be
to be
33 ft
ft 44 in.
in. by
by 44 ft
ft 8B in.
in. giving
giving aa crest
6rest length o.f 11
length-of 1i ftft 44 in. T?reelevation
in. The elevation of the crest
of the crest is 124.5.
is 124.5.
32
32
(a)
(a) Experimental
Experirnental 2 ft
ft by 2 ft
ft spillway
spillway has
has been
boen capped and
only
only headwall
headwall shows
shows beyond tw"in 6 ft
boyond twin ft by 6 ft
ft spillway.
spillnay.
(b)
( b ) Outlet
o u t l e t has
h a s silted
s i l t e d in.
in.
Fig, IX-22
Fig. lX-22 - Martha
}lortho Johnson
JohnsonClosed
Closed Conduit Spillways Moy 1944.
Spillwoys in May 1944.
The
The flare
flare of
of the inlet
inlet was
was at a rate
rate of
of 1 ft horizontally
horizontally in
in 3 ft vertically,
vertically, the height
height of
of
the flared
flared section being 3 ft 0 in.
section being in.
The
The computed
computed height
height of
of the 2 ft square
square riser
riser is
is 5.89 ft.
ft.
The
The elbow
elbow has an inner
inner radius
radius of 2 ft 0 in.
in. and an outer
outer radius
radius of 4 ft 0 in.
in.
The
T h e bbarrel
a r r e l is i s 70
7 0 ft f t 00 in.
i n . long
I o n g aand
n d isi s cconsidered
o n s i d e r e d to t o tterminate
e r m i n a t e a t at the
t h e beginning
b e g i n n i n g ooff the
t h e flared
flared
outlet
outlet section.
section. The barrel barrel invert invert elevation
elevation at the end of of the elbow elbow is is 111.611 I I .6 1 and at the the begin-
begin-
ning
n i n g oof
f t hthe
e flare
f l a r e isi s 110.22
L L 0 . 2 2 according
accordingto to Gahnz.
G a h n z . The
T h e drop
d r o p ooff 1.39
1 . 3 9 ft
f t results
r e s u l t s ini n aab abarrel
rrel slope
slope
of
of 0.0198,
0.0198, whichwhichchecks checks the figure figure givengiven by Gahnz. The
byGahnz. The barrel
barrel crown crown elevation
elevationatat the beginning beginning
of
of the flareflareisis 112.26 resulting resultingin in aameancenterlineelevation
mean centerline elevation of of 111.24.
LLL.24. The The drop drop Z through through
the spillway
spillway is is 13.26 ft. The The cross
cross sectional
sectional area area at the beginningbeginning of of the flare flare is is 4.11 sq ft,
the
t h e minimum
m i n i m u m c rcross
o s s s e csectional
t i o n a l a r e aarea is i s 4.00
4 . 0 0 sq
s q ft,
f t , and
a n d the
t h e aaverage
v e r a g e a rarea
ea is
i s 4.054
4 . 0 5 4 sqs q ft.
f t . The
T h e ccross
rosa
section
section is is not a square,
square, as can be seen in
ascan in Fig.
Fig.IX-21.IX-21. The The fillets
filletsatat the top top shown
shown on the orig- orig-
inal
inal tracing
tracing were were scaled scaled to be 2 in. in. on a side. side.
The
The flared
flared outlet
outlet section
section is
is 20 ft long.
long.
APPARATUS
APPARATUS AND
AND PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE
The crest of
The crest of the 2 by by 2 spillway
splllway was was 3.5 ft lower
lower than than the crest crest of of the twin
twin 6 by
by 6 spill-
spill-
way_so
way so -"a
"a heavy
heavy.rnetal metal cover,
cover,- sealed
sealed with with felt
felt and loaded loaded down down with with sandbags
sandbags was
was set over over
t h e 2 x 2 inlet
the i n l e t .....
. . . " " By
B y AApril
p r i l 8,
8 , 1937.
1 9 3 ? , tthe
he ppond
o n d had
h a d filled
f i l l e d s so
o t hthe
e cover
c o v e r wwas
a s r eremoved
movedandand the
t h e sspill-
pill-
..
3333
was tested on that date. Instructions

way wae for preparations
Instructions for preparations prior
prior to the test
test were
were transmitted
transmitted
Mr. Smith
to Mr. Smith by E. J. Peterson,
by E. Engineer, on September 11,
Peterson, Supervising Engineer, 11, 1936,
1936, ae
as follows:
follows:
1.. A
1 After
f t e r yyou
o u hhilvea v e ccompleted
o r n p l e t e d ccomputing
o m p u t i n g ttheh e ppond
o n d ailreil
r e a ffrom
r o m yyour
o u r ccross e c t i o n s II w
r o s s ssections o u l d llike
would ike ,
tto
o ppick
i c k iit
t uup
p a and
n d hhaveave a another
n o t h e r ccomplete
o m p l e t e aand n d iindependent
n d e p e n d e n t ccomputation
omputation m made
a d e bby y oone
n e ooff tthe
he eengineeys
ngineel.s
aatt IIndependence
ndependence w with h e jidea
i . t h tthe . d e a oof f ggetting
e t t i n g a ccheck.
heck. A Allll wwe e w will
i l l nneed
e e d iis
s tthe o t a l ppond
h e ttotal o n d vvolume
olume a and
n d tthe
he
ppond
o n d vvolume
olume a att eeach
a c h ffooto o t iinterval
n t e r v a l bbetween
etween e elevation
levation 1 128
2 8 ..00
0 0 aand nd 1 124.5.
24'5.
22.. A All I1 oobstruction

b s t r u c t i o n sshouldh o u l d bbee ccleared
l e a r e d ffrom
r o m tthe h e rinside
n s i d e ooff tthe
h e 2 xx 2 bbarrel.
arrel. By
B y tthilt
h a t II m
mean
e a n tthat
hat
il lllI ssmall
a m a l . l cchunks
h u n k s oof f cconcrete
o n c r e t e tth h aat
t mmight
i g h t hhavea v e ssloppe
l o p p e dd o
over
v e r iinn ppouring
o u r i n g sshould
h o u L d bbe
e rrem
e m oove
v e d d,
, a l l ppro-
all ro-
ttruding
ruding w wires
i r e s sshould
h o u l d bbe e ccutu t ooff,
ff, e etc.
tc,
3.. T
3 The
he a area
r e a o of
f tthehe b barrel
a r r e l sshould
h o u l d bbe e ddetermined
e t e r m i n e d a t 5 --ffoo o o t t iintervals
ntervals a along
l o n g tthe
h e bbarrel
a r r e l b yy ccare-
are-
fful
uL mmeasurement
easurement. . T These
hese S 5-foot
- f o o t iintervals
n t e r v a l s s hshould
ould extend
e x t e n d ffrom
r o m ttheh e bbeginning
e g i n n i n g o fof tthe
h e fflare
l a r e tto o tthe
h e bbegin-
egin-
nning
ing o off t the
he e elbow.
lbow. T The
h e rriser
i s e r sshould
hould a also
lso b bee mmeasured
easured a att e lle
e vvatio
ation nss \122.5,120
2 2 . 5 , 1 2 0 ..0,
O , 1117.5,
l?.5, a and
n d 115.08.
115.08.
MMeasure
e a s u r e tthe h e pprofile
rofile o off tthe
h e eelbowl b o w ssection.
ection. C Cross
r o s s ssections
ections o off tthe
h e fflared
l a r e d ssection
ection a att tthe
he d disi s cchharge
arge e end
nd
ccan
an a arso
l ' s o bbe
e ttaken
aken a att tthe
he 5 5-foot
- f o o t iinterval.
.nterval,
4.. W
4 When
h e n tthey
h e y hhad
a d ccomple
o m p l e tted
e d tthe
h e ffloor
l o o r ssection,
e c t i o n , II a
asked
sked G Gahnz
a h n z tto ake a p
o ttake rofiie o
profile off tthe
h e sslabl a b ssoo
hhee sshould
h o u i d hhave
a v e tthat.
hat. R Rechec
e c h e c kk aall elevations
II e levations o off ttheh e 2 x 22.. T Take
a k e rreadings
eadings a around
r o u n d tthe
h e llii pp ooff tthe
he 2 x 2
att sseveral
a everal p points
o i n t s tto
o ssee
e e tthat
h a t tthe
he w whale
h a l e I[sic]
s i c ] iinnlet
l e t iiss lleve
e v e ll.
. R Recheck
echeck a ll p
all i e z o m e t eer
piezomet r ttube
ube d distances
i s t a n c e s ,.
Heads were
Heads were apparently
appare ntly measured
measured by
by a float
float gage located
located in
in a stilling
stilling weII
well and read
read
against a braas
against brass scale
scale locally
locally graduated
graduated to
to 0.005
0.005 ft.
ft. The
The location
location of
of the
the gage can
can be seen
seen in
in
Fig.
F i g . IIX-23.
X-23.
Fig.. IX-23
Fig lX-23 - Martha
MorthoJohnson Pondon
JohnsonPond April 8, 1937.
on April 1937.
Dodge
D o d g e [1-16]
[ I - 1 6 ] says:
says:
The
T h e test t e s t was
w a s started
s t a r t e d by b y pulling
p u l l i n g the t h e cover
c o v e r from f r o m the t h e inlet
i n l e t with
w i t h a truck t r u c k and and b blo
L occk-and-tackle.
k-and-tackle.
P o nndd elevation
e l e v a t i o n wwasa s determined
d e t e r m i n e d a at
t I1 - m mini n intervals
i n t e r v a l s wwiti t h h a floatf l o a t ggage
a g e reading
r e a d i n g to t o 0.01
0 , 0 1 ft.
f t . Ave
A v e rragea g e head
head
and
a n d discharge
d l s c h a r g e over o v e r succe
s u c c e ssssi vivee 2-min
2 - m i n int i n t eerrvva
a l sls were
w e r e computed
c o m p u t e d and p l o t t e d in
a n d plotted i n Fig.
F i g . 2 aa s circles.
c i r c l e s . Flow
Flow
calculations
c a L c u l a t i o n s were w e r e based
based u p pon
o n pond
p o n d storage
s t o r a g e as a s prev
previo iou
u s sl yly determined
d e t e r m r n e d b y two t w o independ
i n d e p e n d eenntt methods:
methods:
(I)
( 1 ) planimetering
p l a n i m e t e r i n g aa topographic
topographic m rnap p,, and
a n d (2)( 2 ) allowing
a l l o w i n g the t h e pondp o n d to t o discharge
d i s c h a r g e thro t h r o uugh
g h two
t w o 8 -in.- i n . sharp-
sharp-
ee dged
d g e d orifices
o r i f i c e s while
w h i l e thet h e pond
p o n d elevation
e l e v a t i o n was w a s readr e a d at a t measured
m e a s u r e d time t i m e intervals.
lntervals,
trpond
The
T h e original
original "pond volume
volume calibration
calibration Chart"
chartrr was
w a s made
m a d e a part p a r t of
o f the
t h e mimeographed
mimeographed
report
report and
a n d is i s reproduced
reproduced in
i n the
t h e section
s e c t i o n t t O"Original
riginal Reports."
Reports." Notes
N o t e s on o n a photograph
photograph indicate
indicate
that
t h a t the
t h e pond
p o n d volume
volume was
w a s based
b a s e d on o n cross
c r o s s sections
sections taken
t a k e n ata t 10-ft
1 0 - f t intervals.
intervals.
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW
The
The most apt description
mostapt description is given by one
isgiven one who
whohas actuallyobserved
has actually observed the phenomena. The
the phenomena. The
unknown
unknown author of the typewritten
typewritten report
report has
has written:
written:
A ,...
, . ccover
o v e r , . .w
..awas
s removed
r e m o v e d by b y means
r n e a n s of
o f aa cabl
c a b l ee system
s y s t e m hookeh o o k e dd to
t o aa tractor.
tractor. A sudden,
s u d d e n , slight
slight
depression
d e p r e s s i o n oover
v e r the t h e inlet
i n l e t aand
n d w hoosh,
h o o s h , ---a
- a solid
s o l i d stre
s t r e aam
m of o f water
w a t e r sshot
h o t outo u t at
a t the
t h e discharge
d i s c h a r g e .. It
Itwwas
a s the
the
first
f i r s t time
t i m e any a n y of o f usu s h aa d ever
e v e r seen
s e e n aa drop
d r o p inlet
i n l e t actually
a c t u a l l y flowing
f l o w i n g full.
full.
34
34
Fig. X - 2 4 -- Martha
F i g . l IX-24 M o r t h oJohnson 2 - F t Square
J o h n s o n2-Ft S q u o r eDrop
D r o pInlet 5 p il l w o y on
l n l e t Spillway o n April
A p r i l 8,
8n
1937. Head
1937. HeodOverOver Crest
Crestis is About
About 22 Ft. Discharge
DischorgeAbout Aboui 100 100cfs.
cfs.
(a) Note
(a) tfote on pioture
or pioture reads, ttThis view shovTS outlet oonditio!! with
roads, "This with
view shotrs oublet conditior
s'bnrcturo flovring
struoture flovrl:tg full
fuII or
or approximate
approxinato discharge
discharge cfof 100
1OO c.f.s.
c.f.B.
Note the
the turbulence
turbulence beyond
beyoud. the
the end ofof apron
aproa which
which oaused
oausod. a
about 4
hole about
hole ft. deep
l-g tt. aeep to
to be cutcut in
in this
this one test
tost run."
run.rl
(b) Note on piotur€

(b) Note reads, "This
picture reads, "This visw shoVis outlet
view shqvrs outlet condition
condition when
the
the shrature
struoture isis carrying
carrying about
about L0
10 cu.
ou. ft.
ft. per
per socond.
second. Note
Note
that
that the hydraulic jur{r
the hyclraulic jump is
is forming
fOrming at
at about
about the
the end of
of the
the
ooncrete apron.rr
ooncrete apron."
F
Fig. X - 2 5 -- M
i g . lIX-25 Martha o h n s o n2
o r t h o JJohnson -Ft S
2-Ft Square Drop
quore D r o p IInlet Spillway
nlet S onn A
p il l w o y o April 8,1937.
pri | 8 ,1937.
3355
TThe
h e ppond
o n d oover
v e r t hthe
e iinlet
n l e t a pappeared
peared tto
o bbe e uundisturbed
n d i s t u r b e d uuntil
n t i l tthe
h e c critical
ritical hhead
ead w was
a s r ereached.
a c h e d . AAt t tthis
his
ppoint
o i n t aa ssmall
r n a } l ddrawdown
r a w d o w n aappeared
ppeared w with
i t h ssome
o m e tturbulence.
urbulence, LLater,
ater, m more
o r e oorr lless
e s s ggentle
e n t l e ssurging
u r g i n g ttook
ook
pplace
l a c e uuntil
n t i l tthe
h e vvacuum
a c u u m bbroke.
roke, A At
t tthis
h i s ppoint,
o i n t , oof
f ccourse
ourse, , w we
e aare r e bbelow
e l o w tthe
h e ddesign
e s i g n hhead
e a d aand nd w weir
e i r fflow
low
ttakes
a k e s pplace.
lace.
AAt
t tthehe m maximum
a x i m u m ddischarge
l . s c h a r g e iit
t aappeared
p p e a r e d tthat
h a t tthe
h e bbarrel
a r r e l ddid
i d nnot l o w ffull,
o t fflow u 1 l , ssince
i n c e tthe
h e ssurface
u r f a c e oof f tthe
he
ddischarging
ischarging w water
a t e r fflowed
l o w e d abouta b o u t 66 iinches
n c h e s bbelow
e l o w tthe
h e ttop
o p oof f tthe n d oof
h e eend f tthe
h e bbarrel.
a r r e l . FFrom h i s ppOint
r o m tthis o i n t tthe
he
wwater
a t e r ffollowed,
o l i o w e d , vvery
e r y cclosely,
l o s e l y , tthe h e sslope
l o p e ooff tthe
h e aapron
pron w walls
a l l s aand b o u t 66 iinches
n d aabout n c h e s ffrom r o m ttheh e ttopo p oof f tthe
he
wwalls.
aIIs,
AA reviewof
review of Mr. Minshall's moving pictures
Mr. Minshallrsmoving pictures shows this to be agood description
this to of what
description of what
took place. The rapid
rapid scouring
scouring ofof the hole and the side whirls
the hole are especially
whirls are noticeable. Mr.
especially noticeable. Mr.
Minshall's movies
Minshallrs movies correspond
correspond toto Figs.
Figs. IX-24 IX-25. Mr.
IX-24 and lX-25. Mr. Reinkets correspond to
movies correspond
Reinke's movies
Fig. IX-22
Fig. which shows the piles
IX-22 which piles along the side
side of channel, but
of the channel, otherwise the two
but otherwise two movies
movies
the same phenomena.
show thesame phenomena. This
This' is
is an indication tests weremadeontheexperimental
indication that two tests were made on the experimental
by 2 closed conduit spillway,
2 by spillway, but no mention or data on, the second
mention of, or test has been discov-
second test discov-
ered. Mr.
ered. Mr. Reinkers
Reinke's movie
movie shows an observer
observer taking measurements of
taking measurements piezometric pres-
of the piezometric pres-
sure, indi.cating
sure, indicating that
that data was taken
taken during
during the second test.
test.
DISCITARGE COEFFICIENTS
head-discharge data used in

The head-discharge in the preParation mimeographed report
of the rrrimeographed
preparation of report and the
data read from
dataread from Dodgets
Dodge's Fig.2 [1-16] were qsed
Fig. 2 [I-16]were determine the coefficients
\.)sed to determine coefficients for weir and
for the weir
entrance. The mimeographed
the entrance. mimeographed report recomputed by
were also recomputed
report data were by the author using the
author using
volume calibration
pond volume calibration determined
determined by cross sections. (The original
cross sections. computations were
original computations were ap-
ap-
parently
parently made using the average of
-The of the volumes determined by the orifice
volumea determined and by cross
orifice a1d cross sec-
sec-
tions.) The authorri
tions.) author's incremental
incremen{al volumes were also smoothed to give a uniform
volumes were rate of pond
uniform rate
1.8
t8
1.6
t F
t.o
-5"/"
-5%
'/.'"
/
/0/
,6/ /7' /
'v ~/
~+5%
t4
14 ,'2
K0 ,.r l
/
~/
)/rz
1.2
l.?
2f
/y''
~/ j~
/
,,J
/
/
i'9/
<). -
~
/
/
,.. /
/
." *
to
V·
1.0 /
H
H /
/ /
."
/
r'
/ ."
o8
0.8 I
I I I
Source
S y m b o l Source
Symbol
o ; )/t'
'Dodse
r 1
o6
0.6 ~ ~~
"t ' l 0o 0o I I- to.l
Dodge [I-IO]
-
0
0c ~
.
"d.,v o
0 Compulotions
C for mimeographed
omputatlon5 for mimeogrophed reporl
report
A
b. D i t t o .Recomputed
Ditto. bdy author
R e c o m p u t eby outhor
o.4
0.4 /,f .t | |
V
o.2
0.2 V
/
nu V 22 44 6o 8U to
10 12
t1 t4
14 16
16 18
18 20
20 22
22 24
24
2/ 3
0Q2/3
Fig. lX-26 -- Weir
Fig. IX-26 Welr Flow
Flow Head-Discharge Curve for
Heod-Dirchorge Curve ior Martha
lvlo*ho Johnson
JohnsonClosed
Cloeed Conduit
Conduit Spillway.
Splllwoy.
36
36
volume change
change with change
change in elevation. This resulted in greater
greater discharges
dischargee than were com-
com-
puted originally,
puted originally, the increase being particularly
particularly noticeable for full
fuII pipe flow.
Weir
Weir Coefficient
Coefficient
The weir data are plotted in Fig. IX-26.

weir flow data IX-26. The curve has
has the equation
equation
3 . 6 ?Lu nH33// z2
Q =- 3.67
Q (rx-2)
(IX-2)
giving aa coefficient
coefficient of 3.67 3.67 in Eq. 1-1. I-1. Curves have been drawn 5 per cent above
have been above and and below
the head-discharge curve to indicate the precision precision of the data. data. Most of the data originally
data as originally
computed
computed fall within the 5 per
fall within per cent limits.
limits. However,
However, if if the reader places more
reader places reliance in the
more reliance
pond volumes as determined by cross
pond cross sectioning, the curve is about about 5 per cent low. For For these
c o n d i t i o n s aa better
conditions b e t t e r coefficient
c o e f f i c i e n t is
i s 3.85.
3 . 8 5 . Ree
R e e [1-42)
1 t 1 + 2 1gives C = 0 . 4 8 8 n i @ = 3 . 8 ? for
g i v e s C=O.486.[2g=3.8"7 f o r his
h i s drop
drop
inlets.
inlet s .

Coefficient
It was necessary to make

rnake a.ssumptions
assumptions in order
order to compute
compgrtethe entrance loss coefficient
coefficient
because the
because data, which
pressure data,
thepressure would have
whichwould permitted aadetermination
have permitted hydraulic grad~
determination of the hydraulic grade
line and
and the frictional
frictional resistance,
resistance, could not be located
not be located.. .
data were plotted as in Fig. IX-27.

The data IX-27. The equation of the
the curve is
Q
Q ==
f-!!J-
A A -.- .·
t
1.75
(rx-3)
(IX-3)
~I
30
30 ItI II
0
0n
-- 'l
0tr
0'/,
0
~
1
r I
Symbol
Symbol Source
Source 0 0 I:::. I
0 I
2A
20 0o [r-Io]
r
DodselI- tOJ
Dodge
l
~V
H
0n Compulotions
Computation
mimeogrophed
mimeographed
for
s for
reporl
report
0tr
t
~
I
/
A
I:::. Ditto. Recompuled
Pitto.Recomputed by outhor
by author
/
,
I, I
I
I
I, I
to
10 It I
I, I
I I
I, I
I
I, I
I, I
I
I, II
o
I,
I
I
I
I
o 2 35 4 55 6o 77 8 9 tO
10 II
il t2
12
- 33
Q\
Q z x10-
lo
IX-27 -- Pipe
Fig.lX-27
Fig. PipeFlow
Flow Head-Discharge
Heod-Dlschorge for Martha
Curvc for
Curve JohnconCI~ed
Msrfho Johnson Clced Conduit
ConduifSpillway.
Spillwoy.
37
37
By
By comparison
comparison with
with Eq.
Eq. 1-5,
I-5, the
the denominator
denominator under
under the radical
radical is
is seen
seen to be made
made up of
of the
entrance
entrance and elbow,
elbow, exit,
exit, and friction
frictj.on losses
losses or
or
.£L
K +K
K + a ff -- = 1.75
l-75 (Ix-4)
(IX-4)
e
e 0o DD
K
Ko is usually assumed to be 1.0
usually assumed and K
1.0 and K" must positive. If
be positive. greater than 0.0187
If f is greater 0.0187 (n
o e nust
g r e a t e r than
greater t h a n 0.0114).
0 . 0 1 1 4 ) , K u becomes
b e c o m e s negative.
n e g a t i v e . Ree
R e e [1-42]
[ I - 4 2 ] has
h a s found
f o u n d that
t h a t n = 0.0117
0 . 0 1 1 ? for
f o r 2-ft
Z-ft
e
diameter
diameter concrete pipe so the 0.0114
so the 0.0114 value obtained when
when Ku K
e
=
= 0 appears to be
be on the right
right
order
order of magnitude.
magnitude. If If n is lessIess than 0.0114,
0.0114, then K K" becomes
becomes greater greater than zero. For For ex-ex-
e
ample, i f n = 0.0105,
a m p l e , if = =
0 . 0 1 0 5 , f",
f 0.0162 a n d K , = 0.10.
0 . 0 1 6 2 and = 0 . 1 0 . The
T h e condition
c o n d i t i o n of
o f the c o n c r e t e at
t h e concrete a t the
t h e time
time
e •
of the test is unknown.
unknown. However, an entrance loss coefficient coefficient of 0.10 0.10 is not not unreasonable,
unreasonable,
and
and its use is recommended.
If the data
If data recomputed used, n =
rec_o-mputedby the author is used, = 0.0098 if Ke '"- O.
0.0098 if 0. For
For Ke
K" to be
0.10,
0 . 1 0 , n must
m u s t be
b e 0.0089.
0.0089.
PRESSURE
COEFFICIENTS
No
No data from which pressure
data from pressure coefficients be computed
coefficients might be computed is available.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Drop inlets similar in form

Dropinletssimilarin forrn to that shown
shown in Fig.IX-21
Fig. IX-21 have
have only the desirable weir and
desirableweir and
controls. They are recommended for
pipe controls. for field use.
The weir
weir coefficient
coefficient for use in Eq. 1-1
I-1 is 3.67
3.67 or, if
if the user
user has
has more confidence
confidence in
the pond volume determination
the pond determination by cross coefficient may be
cross sections, the coefficient be increased to 3.85.
3.85.
An entrance loss coefficient

coefficient of 0.10
0.10 is suggested
suggested for
for use
use in Eq. 1-5.
I-5.
".
No data
data was available with
with which to compute pressure constants.
compute the local pressure cJnstants.
ORIGINAL
ORIGINAL REPORTS
Two
Two of the unpublished
unpublished reports
reports covering
covering the Martha
Martha Johnson
Johnson closed
closed conduit
conduit spillway
spillway
tests
tests are reproduced here
arereproduced here to place
place them
them on record.
record. The
The authors of both reports
authorsofboth reports are unknown.
areunknown.
Mimeographed
Mimeographed Report
Report
UNITED
U N I T E D STATES
S T A T E S DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT OF
O F AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
SOIL
S O I L CONSERVATION
CONSERVATION SERVICE
SERVICE
Project
P r o j e c t Office
O f f i c e - Independence,
I n d e p e n d e n c e , Wis.
Wis.
Drop
D r o p Inlet
I n l e t Culvert
C u l v e r t Field
F i e l d Model
M o d e l Located
L o c a t e d at Nelson,
at N e l s o n , Wisconsin
Wisconsin
In
I n June
J u n e 1933,
1 9 3 3 , erosion
e r o s i o n controlc o n t r c l workw o r k was w a s made
made a p part
a r t ofo f thet h e Emergency
Emergency Conservation
Conservation Work.
Work.
During
D u r i n g the t h e preceding
p r e c e d i n g five f i v e years,
y e a r s , Professor
Professor O.
O . R.
R . Zeasman
Z e a s m a n (Soils ( S o i l s and
a n d Agricultural
Agricultural Engineering,
Engineering,
College
C o l l e g e of o f Agriculture)
Agricultule) had
h a d carried
c a r r i e d on o n considerable
considerable extension
e x t e n s i o n work,
w o r k , constructing
constructing g u l l y control
gully control
structures
s t r u c i u r e s u susing
ing large
l a r g e sewer
s e w e r pipe p i p e aand
n d corrugated
c o r r u g a t e d culvert
c u l v e r t pipe
p i p e forf o r drop
d r o p inlet
i n l e t culverts
c u l v e r t s through earth
t h r o u g h earth
fill
f i I I dams.
d a m s . When W h e n Civilian
C i v i l i a n Conservation
C o n s e r v a t i o n Corps C o r p s CampsC a m p s werew e r e assigned
a s s i g n e d to t o erosion
e r o s i o n control
c o n t r o l work w o r k it
i t ap-
ap-
peared
p e a r e d that t h a t reinforced
r e i n f o r c e d concretec o n c r e t e would
w o u l d be b e thet h e most
m o s t practicable
p r a c t i c a b l e and a n d satisfactory
s a t i s f a c t o r y material
m a t e r i a l to to uuse for
s e for
gully
g u l l y control
c o n t r o l work
w o r k s isince
nce plenty
p l e n t y oof
f labor
l a b o r was
w a s t thus
h u s mmade
a d e a v available
ailable but
b u t comparatively
comparatively little m o n e y was
i i t t l e money was
provided
p r o v i d e d for f o r materials.
rnaterials.
Little
L i t t I e or o r non r r research
r e s e a r c h data d a t a was
w a s available
a v a i l a b l e covering
c o v e r i n g thet h e types
t y p e s ofo f structures
s t r u c t u r e s contemplated and
c o n t e m p l a t e d and
during
d u r i n g the t h e early
e a r l y weeks
w e e k s of o f the
t h e ECW
E C W activities
a c t i v i t i e s Prof.
P r o f , L.
L . H. H , Kessler
Kessler ( H y d r a u l i c s and
(Hydraulics a n d Sanitary Engin-
S a n i t a r y Engin-
eering,
e e r i n g , College
C o l l e g e - oof
f Engineering,
E h g i n e e r i n g , University
U n i v e r s i t y of o f Wisconsin)
W i s c o n s i n ) assisted
assisted b byy eight
e i g h t engineers
e n g i n e e r s and designers
a n d designers
hurriedly
h u r r i e d l y completed
c o m p l e t e d hydraulic
h y d r a u l l c tests
t e s t s on
o n smalls m a l l scale
s c a l e models
m o d e l s anda n d prepared
p r e p a r e d tentative
t e n t a t i v e designs.
designs.
3388
. DDuringu r i n g tthe h e wwinter

i n t e r oof f 11933-34,
9 3 3 - 3 4 , aa ggroup r o u p oof f eengineers
n g i n e e r s , , uundern d e r tthe h e ddirection
i r e c t i o n oof f PProf. e s s L e r aand
r o f ' KKessler nd
M Mr.
r . NNeal e a l EE. . - MMinshall,
inshall, ccarried
a r r i e d oon n aa m more
o r e ddetailed
e t a i l e d eextension
x t e n s i o n oof f tthe t u d i e s bbegun
h e sstudies e g u n bby y PProf.r o f . KKessler.
essler.
TThe
h e rresults
e s u l t s oof f tthese
h e s e ttests
e s t s aare r e ccovered
o v e r e d iin n PProf.
r o f . KKessler's
e s s l e r r s BBulletin
u l l e t i n oof f tthe n i v e r s i t y oof
h e UUniversity f W isconsin,
Wisconsin,
I'Experimental n w e s t i g a t i o n oof f DDrop
r o p IInlets
nlets
EEngineering
n g i n e e r i n g EExperiment xperiment SStation
t a t i o n SSeries
eries N No.
o . 880, n t i t l e d "Experimental IInvestigation
0 , eentitled
aand
t t d ' SSpillways
p i t t * " l y s ffor o r EErosion
rosion C Control
o n t r o l SStructures".
tructurestr. SStandard
t a n d a r d ddesigns
e s i g n s oof e i n f o r c e d cconcrete
f rreinforced o n c r e t e ddrop r o p iinlet
nlet
cculverts
u l v e i t s wwere e r e aalso
l s o pprepared
r e p a r e d bby y tthis
h i s ggroup
r o u p oof f eengineers a r g e l y gguided
n g i n e e r s llargely u i d e d bby y tthe h e ffield
i e l d _experiences of
e x p e r i e n c e s of
tthe
h e ssummer
u r n m e r oof f 11933.
9 3 3 . TTheseh e s e ddesigns6 s i g n s l a vhave
e ssince
i n c e bbe e een n rrevised
e v i s e d aand n c l u d e d iin
n d iincluded a n d b o o k ccompiled
n aa hhandbook ompiled
bbyy ttheh e TTechnical
echnical U Unit
n i t oof f tthe
h e EEngineering
n g i n e e r r n g SSection
e c t i o n oof f ttheh e SSoiloil C Conservation
o n s e r v a t i o n SService, ervice, U United tates D
n i t e d SStates e-
De-
"DeEign r o p IInlet nlet S oil.-Saving D am",
ppartment
lrtment oof
f AAgriculture,
griculture, eentitled
n t i t f e d "Design aand nd C Construction
o n s t r u c t i o n oof f tthehe D Drop Soil-Saving Dam",
((SCS-EP-14,
S C S - E P - 1 4 , JJune u n e 11937).
93?).
IIn
n 11936936 C CCCCC C Camp
amp S SCS-
CS-W Wis-15
i s - 1 5 ccompleted
o m p l e t e d pplans
l a n s tto
o cconstruct w i n 66 xx 66 ddrop
o n s t r u c t aa ttwin r o p iinlet
n l e t ssoil-saving
oil-saving
ddam
a m oonn tthe
he M Martha
a r t h a JJohnson
o h n i o n ffarm
a r m nnear ear N Nelson,
elson, W Wisconsin.
isconsin. B Because
e c a u s e oof f ppeculiarly a v o r a b l e cconditions
e c u l i a r l y ffavorable onditions
iit
t aappeared
p p e a r e d ffeasible
e a s i b l e ttoo cconstruct
o n s t r u c t aa 22 xx 22 ddrop r o p iinlet
n l e t uunder
n d e r tthe
h e ssame a r t h ddam
a m e eearth am w i t h tthe
with h e ttwix
w i x I[sic]
sic]
66 xx 66 tto
o bbe e uused
s e d tto o cconduct
o n d u c t aa ffullu l l sscale
c a l e ffield
ield m model
o d e l ttest.
est.
TThe
h e ttwin
w i n 66 xx 66,, tthe h e 22 xx 22 m
model,
o d e l , aandn d eearth
a r t h ffilliII w were
e r e ccompleted
o m p l e t e d dduring
u r i n g tthe u m m e l oof
h e ssummer f 11936
9 3 6 aand
nd
oon n A Ap
p rril
i} B 8,, 11937,
9 3 ? , aafter
f t e r tthe
h e ppond
o n d hhad a d ffilled
i l l e d tthe h e ffirst
i r s t tte e sst
t rrun
un w wasas m made.
a d e . TThis h i s ttest h o w e d tthat
e s t sshowed h a t tthe
he
ffii eel d
ld mmodel
o d e l ccar
a r r iried
e d a llmost
m o s t eexactly
x a c t l y tthe
h e qquantity
u a n t i t y o fof w wat
a t eer
r ccomputed
o m p u t e d ffrom
r o m tthe h e ssmall c a l e llaboratory
m a l l sscale aboratory
te st s.
TThe
h e ddis
i s cchharg
a r g e e tthrough
h r o u g h tthe h e ffull
u l l ssc
c aale
l e ffie ield ld mmodel
odel w wasas m measures
easures s i c ] bby
I[sic] y 'computing h e ppond
c o m p u t i n g tthe ond
vvolumes
o l u m e s aatt vvar
a r i oious
ui e llee vvations
a t i o n s ffromr o r n a ddet e t aaiil
l ttopog
o p o g rraaphic
phic m map
ap a and
n d tthen
h e n ttiming h e ddrop
i m i n g tthe r o p iin n eelevation
levation
oof
f ttheh e ppond
ond d during
u r i n g ttheh e tte e sstt rrun.
un. T The
h e ppond
o n d vvo o llume
ume w was
a s cchec
h e c kkeed
d llater
a t e r bbyy m easuring
measuring tthe
h e ddischarge
ischarge
tthrough
h r o u g h ttwo
wo B 8 iinch
nch o orifices
r i f i c e s pplacedl a c e d iin n tthe
h e rriser
i s e r oof f tthe
h e ttwin
w l n 6 xx 66..
The " P o n d Volume Calibration C h e ppondo n d vvolumes arious e leva-

T h e aattached
t t a c h e d "Pond V olume Calibration Chart"
h a r t i l iindicates
n d i c a t e s tthe olumes a att vvarious eleva-
t'Diagrammatic h o w s tthe
he
tions as
tions as computed computed from
f r o m ttheh e ttopog
opog m map
ap a and
n d tthe
he o orifice
r i f i c e ttest.
est. T h e "Diagrammatic S
The k e t c h r r sshows
Sketch"
sstandard
t a n d a r d llayouts
a v o u t s ffor or a all
II d drop
r o p iinlet
n l e t cculverts
ulverts a and
nd g gives
i v e s tthe
h e e llevations
e v a t i o n s oof f iinlet
nlet a nd d
and i s c h a r g e oof
discharge f tthe
he
" S k e t c h Showing Relative P n d 2 xx22 d r o p IInlets"
nlets" a l s o sshows
hows
ffield
ield m model.
o d e l . " TThe
h e "Sketc h S h o w i n g R e l a t i v e Positions
o s i t i 5 n s ooff T Twin
w i n 6 xx66 a and drop also
ttheh e pposition
osition o off ppiezome
i e z o m e t et er
r cconnections.
onnections. The
T h e ttwo
wo o orifices
rifices a arer e llocated
o c a t e d lin h e ffront
n tthe ace o
r o n t fface off tthe
h e ttwix
wix
[[sic]
s i c ] 66 xx 66r iriser.
ser.
The "Discharge f i r s t ttest
e s t run run
T h e "Di scharge Curve" C u r v e t ' attac
a t t a c hhed
ed he ereto
r e t o was was p plotte
l o t t e dd from
f r o m data data o obtained
b t a i n e d iinn ttheh e first
made
m a d e ono n April
A p r i l 8,8 , 1937
1 9 3 ? an a n d iindi
n d i ccates
a t e s the the d discharge
ischarge ch haract
a r a c t eeristi
r i s t i c s cs of o f this
t h i s type
type o off sstructure
t r u c t u r e . . Weir Weir
fflow
l o w appears
a p p e a i s tto o hhold
old u up p toto a h hee aadd over
o v e r liplip o off ffrom
r o m 1.251 . 2 5 tto o 1.5
1 . 5 ffeet e e t forf o r tthishis p articular
particular total h
total ead.
head.
Be
B e yyond
ond a he ead
a d ofo f 1. 7 5 feet
1,? f e e t tthe
h e structure
s t r u c t u r e appears
a p p e a r s tot o flow
f l o w as a s a draftd r a f t tube
t u b e and a n d . .very
v e r y little
l i t t l e capacity is
c . a p a c i t y is
"design
gained
gainea b byy incr
i n c r eeasi
aslng ng the
t h e head
head b beyond
e y o n d this this p point.
o i n t , This
T h i s is i . s what
w h a t is i s termed
t e r m e d the t h e "design head". head".
This
T h i s field
f i e l d model
m o d e l test
t e s t had
h a d served
s e r v e d asa s a check
c h e c k on
o n the
t h e sm:).ll
s m a l l scale
s c a l e lab
l a b oorato
r a t o r yry tests a n d has
t e s t s and h a s caused
caused
enginee
e n q i . n e ers
r s ini n this
t h j . s Service
S e r v i c e to t o hav
h a v ee full
f u l l confidence
c o n f i d e n c e in
i n the
t h e designs
d e s i g n s now
n o w ini n use.
use.
112.00
10975
I~ g4t -6"
94'-6"
DIAGRAMMATIC
DIAGRAMMATIC SKETCH
SKETCH
·1
EXPERIMENTAL
E X P E R IME N T A2' X 2'
2L 'X INLET
DROP INLET
2' DROP
M. JOHNSON
M. JOHNSON F A
FARM,R M , N E L
NELSON, S O N W
, I S CONSIN
WISCONSIN
39
39
'.
Platform
128.00
""""-~- Fill Li
Fill Linc
ne
Twin
n5.oo
2'X
2' x 2'
zt
il o.50
110.50
109.90
. SKETCH
SKETCH SHOWING
SHOWINGRELATIVERELATIVE
POSITIONS OF TWIN
P O S I T I O N SO F TWIN
6 tXx 6'
6' AND EXPERIMENTAL
6 ' AND EXPERIMENTAL X 21
2, X
2' DROPINLETS
2, DROP TNLETS
' NELSON,
F A R M·,NELSON, WISCONSIN
M. J O H N S O NFARM,,
M.JOHNSON tVtSCONStN
40
40
128,0~------~------~------~~--~~~~~--~--~----
-.,
|D
&f
126.5
.5
.E
c
0o
'';::
0c,
> 126.0
g
.!!
LLJ
lrj Legend,
i/O
o ·~ Orifice
l::A- Crp~s Sections
125.5
125.0 t--~~-+-----+-----+--'-------+....,.....,..--..--..+---,-,~
124.5----....- - - - -........- - - - ' - - -__~--..........--"-----~

o too,ooo
100,000 . 2oo,ooo
200,000 300,000
Volumsin
Volume in Cu. Ft.
Gu.Ft.
PONDVOLUME
POND VOLUME CALIBRATION
CALIBRATIOI{
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL 2'
2, X 2' DROP I.N]-ET
DROP INLET
441L
t27.5
127.5 3.0
0 ,
)
,
127.0
t27.O 2. 5
0
126.5
t265 2.0
o~
-
Surging
- -z.,.. ,~
-., Action ,,"t o

0
o
e, !26.0 -;
126.0 I. 5 ~"
if
tr- o
'E
if
" ""
0
c::
.5
.5 i"" -
c::
c P
0o ;'0
'';:: 0o
0o o
CD
>
o
CD r25.5
125.5 -
:I:
I.0 - -
/
L&J
lrj
r25.O
125.0 5 /
\
n
124.5
t24.5 -o 2A
20 40 60 80 100
Dischorgein
Discharge in c.
c.f.f. s.
t.
DISCHARGECURVE
DISCHARGE CURVE
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL 21 X 21
2, X DROP INLET
2, DROP INLET
1st RUN 4/8/37
I st RUN 4/ I 137
42
42
Typewritten
Typewritten Report
Report
E
Experimental
r i m e n t a l 2 xx2 2T eTest
st
On
O n April
A p r i l 8 the t h e Experimental
Experimental 2 x 2 at at NNelson
e l s o n wasw a s opened
o p e n e d and a n d a test
t e s t run
r u n ma,de.
m q d e . Mr.
M r , Wood,
W o o d , As-
As-
sistant
s i s t a n t Regional
R e g i o n a l Engineer;
E n g i n e e r ; Mr.
M r . Slavin,
S l a v i n , Head
H e a d of
o f the
t h e Regional
R e g i o n a l Nursery
N u r a e r y Section,
S e c t i o n , and
a n d Mr.
M r . Kennard,
K e n n a r d , Pro-
Pro-
ject
j e c t Manager
M a n a g - e r ofo f the
t h e Missouri
M i s s o u r i Dubois
D u b o i s Creek
C r e e k Project
P r o j e c t were
w e r e there,
t h e r e , and
a n d apparently
a p p a r e n t l y w ewere
re favorably
f a v o r a b l y im-
im-
pressed
p r e s s e d byb y thet h e sight.
sight.
This
T h i s structure
s t r u c t u r e is i s located
I o c a t e d alongside
a l o n g s i d e the t h e twin
t w i n 6 x 6 whichw h i c h controls
c o n t r o l s the
t h e main
m a i n gully
g u l l y ofo f the
t h e 2600
2600
acre
a c r e Cascade
C a s c a d e Valley
V a l l e y watershed.
watershed. The
T h e flared
f l a r e d inlet
i n l e t of
o f the
t h e 2 x 2 is i s a,bout
e b o u t 3.5
3 , 5 feet
f e e t lower
l o w e r than
t h a n the
t h e twin
twin
6 x 6 inlet
i n l e t and
a n d is i s located
I o c a t e d about
a b o u t 15
1 5 feet
f e e t to t o the
t h e side
s i d e of
o f the
t h e larger
l a r g e r structure.
structure.
A heavy
h e a v y metal
m e t a l cover,
c o v e r , sealed
s e a l e d with
w i t h felt
f e l t and
a n d loa,ded
l o a d e d down
d o w n with
w i t h sand
s a n d bags
b a g s was
w a s sets e t over
o v e r the
the 2 x 2
inlet
i n l e t and
a n d was
w a s removed
r e m o v e d by b y means
m e a n s of d f acable
a c a b l e system
s y s t e m hooked
h o o k e d to
t o a tractor.
t r a c t o r . . A sudden,
s u d d e n , slight
s l i g h t depression
depression
over
over the the inlet
iniet and and whoosh, --asol,id
whoosh, --a solid stream streamof of water watershot shot outout atat tl:J.e
the discha,rge.Itytas
disch.arge,.lt lrras the the first
first time
ti.me
any
a n y of o f us
u s had
h a d ever
e v e r seens e e n a dropd r o p inlet
i n l e t actually
a c t u a l l y flowing
f l o w i n g full.
full.
The
T h e pond
p o n d over t h e in~et
o v e r the i n l e t appeared
a p p e a r e d to to b bee undisturbed
u n d i s t u r b e d until
u n t i l 't h
hecritica,l
e c t " i t i c a - I head
h e a d wa,s
w a s rea,ched.
r e a c h e d , At A t this
this
point,
p o i n t , a small
s m a l l drawdown
d r a w d o w n appeared
a p p e a r e d with
w i . t h some
s o m e turbulence.
turbulence. Later,
L a t e r , morem o r e or o r less
l e s s gentle
g e n t l e surging
s u r : g i n g took
took
place
p l a c e u,ntil
u p t i l the
t h e vacuum
v a c u u m broke.
b r o k e , AtA t this
t h i s point,
p o i n t , of
o f course,
c o u r s e , wew e are
a r e below
b e l o w the t h e design
d e s i g n Bead
h e a d and
a n d .weir
w e i r . flow
flow
takes
t a k e s place.
place.
At
At thethe maximum
maximum discharge
discharge it it appeared
appeared that that the the barrel
barrel did did not
not flow
flow full,
full, sincesince the the surface
surface of of
the
t h e discharging
d i s c h a r g i n g water
w a t e r flowed
f l o w e d about
a b o u t 6 inches
i n c h e s below
b e l o w the
t h e top
t o p ofo f the
t h e end
e n d of
o f the
t h e barrel.
b a r r e l . From
F r o m thisthis p point
oint
the
t h e water
w a t e r fOllowed,
f o l l o w e d , very
v e r y closely,
c l o s e l y , the g l o p
t h e slope ofe o f the
t h e apron
a p r o n walls
w a l l s and
a n d about
a b o u t 6 inches
i n c h e s fromf r o m thet h e top
t o p of
o f the
the
walls.
waI Is.
Mr.
M r . Minshall
M i n s h a l l obtained
o b t a i n e d somes o m e excellent
e x c e l l e n t pictures
p i c t u r e s of o f the
t h e testt e s t run.
r u n , In I n fact
f a c t there
t h e r e were w e r e so s o many
many
p h o t o g r a p h e r s on
photographers o n thet h e loose,
l o o s e , expert
e x p e r t and
a n d other
o t h e r optimists,
o p t i m i s t s , we w e had h a d to t o county
c o u n t y [sic]
I s i c ] noses
n o s e s before
b e f o r e we w e left
left
to
t o make
m a k e sures u r e we
w e hadn't
h a d n t t lostl o s t a couple
c o u p l e in
i n tthe
h e mud.m u d . Mr. M r . Minshall'spictures
M i n e h a l l t s p i c t u r e s showed s h o w e d thet h e initial
i n i t i a l discharge
discharge
and
a n d thet h e mrnanner
a n n e r in i n which
w h i c h the t h e large h o l e jjust
l a r g e hole u s t below
b e l o w thet h e apron
a p r o n is i s formed.
f o r m e d . A hole h o l e aabout
b o q t 4 feet f e e t deep
d e e p wwas
as
cut,
c u t , but
b u t a --sa,ndbark
s a n d b a r k I s[sic
i c ] J wasw a s built
b u i l t up
u p about
a b o u t 80 8 0 feet
f e e t downstream
d o w n s t r e a m which w h i c h ponded
p o n d e d water
w a t e r back
b a c k to t o the
t h e end
end
of the apron.
During
D u r i n g the
t h e run,r u n , pond
p o n d elevations
e l e v a t i o n s and
a n d time
t i m e intervals
i n t e r v a l s werew e r e recorded
r e c o r d e d . . . These
T h e s e were
w e r e immediately
imrnediately
p l o t t e d roughly
plotted r o u g h l y a nand
d the t h e results
r e s u l t s appeared
a p p e a r e d tot o check
c h e c k very
v e r y closely
c l o s e l y withw i t h Mr.
M r , MMinshalls
inshalls 1934
1934m model
o d e l tests
testi
which
w h i c h were
w e r e made
m a d e at a t the
t h e University
U n i v e r s i t y of o f Wisconsin.
W i s c o n s i n . TheseT h e s e original
o r i g i n a l model
r n o d e l tests
t e s t s are
a r e the
t h e basis
b a s i s for
f o r our
our
present
p r e s e n t drop
d r o p inlet
i n l e t design.
design.
A topographic
t o p o g r a p h i c map m a p was w a s used
u s e d as a s the
t h e basis
b a s i s for
f o r ccomputing
o m p u t i n g pondp o n d volumes
v o l u m e s aand n d it i t seems
s e e m s qquite
u i t e evi-
evi-
dent
d e n t that
t h a t we w e will
w i l i need
n e e d a more m o r e accurate
a c c u r a t e pond p o n d measurement
m e a s u r e m e n t in i n order
o r d e r to t o refine
r e f i n e the
t h e -' rresults.
esults. Accord-
Accord-
ingly
i n g l y twot w o 8 iinch
n c h orifices
o r i f i c e s have h a v e bbeen
e e n installed
i n s t a i l e d in i n the
t h e riser
r i s e r ofo f the
t h e twin
t w i n 6 xx66. . The T h e neq " rtt
l i time
ti-" the
the p pond
o n d is
is
full
f u l l it
i t will
w i l l be
b e emptied
e m p t i e d through
t h r o u g h these
t h e s e twin t w i n orifices.
orifices. Pond
P o n d elevations,
e l e v a t i o n s , and
a n d time
t i m e intervals
i n t e r v a l s will
w i l l be
b e re-
re-
corded.
c o r d e d . KnowingK n o w i n g thet h e orifice
o r i f i c e coefficients
c o e f f i c i e n t s we w e canc a n then
t h e n compute
c o m p u t e pond
p o n d volumes
v o l u m e s a,t a t various
v a r i o u s elevations.
elevations.
Mr.
M r , Peterson,
P e t e r s o n , deserves
d e s e r v e s a lot I o t of
o f credit
c r e d i t for
f o r pushing
p u s h i n g this
t h i s field
f i e l d ·modeltest.
m o d e l t e s t . Also
A I s o Mr. M r . Smith
S m i t h and
and
his
h i s cohorts
c o h o r t s at a t Camp
Camp N Nelson,
e l s o n , deserve
d e s e r v e a lot l o t ofo f credit
c r e d i t for
f o r the
t h e excellent
e x c e l l e n t work w o r k they
t h e y have
have d done
o n e in i n installing
installing
the
t h e structure
s t r u c t u r e and a n d preparing for
p r e p a r i n g f o r thet h e tests.
t e s t s . We W e understand
u n d e r s t a n d that t h a t Mr.
Mr. M Minshall
i n s h a L l has
h a s already
a l r e a d y usedu s e d the
the
results
r e s u l t s ofo f this
t h i s initial
i n i t i a l test
t e s t tot o sell
s e l l our
o u r Wisconsin
W i s c o n s i n DropD r o p Inlets
I n l e t s to t o the
t h e Washington
W a s h i n g t o n Office
O f f i c e forf o r the
t h e new
new
Service
S e r v i c e Handbook.
Handbook.
443
3
88-INCH
- I N C H DIAMETER
D I A M E T E R CLOSED
C L O S E D C O N D U I T
CONDUIT
SPILLWAY
N E A R EEDWARDSVILLE,
D W A R D S V I L L E , IILLINOIS
L L I N O I S
The following
The following information
information is
is taken
taken from
from an
an unpublished report by
unpublished report Richard P.
by Richard P. Weeber
Weeber
entitled "Results of Field Tests
entitled"nesuttsot-fieta Tests on
on Incline'd
Inclined Pipes
Pipes Used
Used in Earth Dam
in Earth Dam Construction.rr The re-
Construction." The re-
port was
port was written
written atat Soil
Soil Conservation Service ProJect
Conservation Service Project Illinois-2, Edwardsville, Illinois,
Illinois-2, Edwardsville, Illinois, and
and
iis
e ddated
ated MMarch
a r c h 330,
0 , 11940.
940.
DESCRIPTION OF
SPILLWAY
closed conduit spillway

The ctosed spillway consists
consists ofof aa 33 ft by 3 ft
ft by concrete box
ft concrete inJet about 1.6?
box iqlet 1.67 ft
ft
8-in. vitrified clay tile pipe
from which an B-in.vitlifled-claytite
deep fromwhich 120 ft long carries
pipe 120ft the flow
carries the to an outlet struc-
flow to'anoutlet struc-
ture. The total
ture. total fall
fall in
in the
the structure
structure is
is about 13.27 ft. The pipe
about 13.27 is 0.10. A
pipe slope is A cross
cross section
section
through the spiltway
through spillway is is shown in
in Fig.
Fig. IX-28. Since this
IX-28. Since structure was located on the
this structure farm of
the farm of
Henry Love, itit will
Henry will be
be diecuesed
discussed as the
the Love
Love spillway.
spillway.
t- of pipe
El.1o5.27
t of pipe
EI.93.33
6'-0" ~
Fig. lX-28 -- Love

Fig. IX-28 Love Closed
Closed Conduit
Conduit Spi Ilway.
Spillwoy.
APP ARATUS AND

PROCEDURE
In preparation for
Inpreparation for the
the tests,
tests, aa metallic
metallic staff
staff gage
gage was
was installed
installed about ?5 ft
about 75 from the
ft from the in-
in-
let tra ponds] was made
was made
let and,
and, quoting
quoting Mr.
Mr. Weeber,
Weeber, "a careful
careful survey
survey of
of both
both ponds
ponds [Love
[Love andand Young
Young ponds]
to
to ascertain
ascertain their
t[eir surface
su!.fsce areas
areas atat normal
norrnal pond
pond levels
levels as
as well
well as
as at
at higher stages...."
higher stages .... "
The
The pipe
pipe entrance
entrance waswas blocked
blocked by
by aa manhole
manhole cover
cover on
on April
April 25,1939,
25, 1939,to permit natural
to permit natural
runoff
runoff to
to fill
fiU the
the pond.
pond. The
The pond
pond had
had filled
filled .sufficiently
sufficiently by
by August
August 14,1939,
14, 1939, to permit aa test
to permit test to
to
be
be made.
made. The
The test
test was
was started
started by removing the
byremoving the manhole
manhole cover
cover from
from the inlet. Readings
the inlet. of the
Readings of the
staff
staff gage
gage were
were taken
taken at
at two-minute
two-minute intervals,
intervals, timed
timed by
by aa stop
stop watch.
watch.
The
The method
method of
of analysis
analysis of
of the
the data
data is
is described
described by
by Mr.
Mr. Weeber as follows:
Weeber as follows:
The
The basis
basis onon whi c h data
which data on
on the
the carrying
carrying capacity of these
capaeity of pipes could
these pipes could be
be arrived at from
arrived at the
from the
field
field tests,
tests, is
is the
the fact
fact that
that by
by know ing the
knowing the volume of.water
volume of water carcarried through the
ried through pipes during
the pipes cer-
during aa cer-
tain
tain time
time and
and gageheight
gageheightinterval,
interval, the
the dis c harge may
discharge be determined.
may be determined.
44
44
' The
T h e surface
s u r f a c e areaa r e a of o f the t h e pond p o n d surface
s u r f a c e at a t each
e a c h gage g a g e height
h e i g h t had h a d been
b e e n determined
d e t e r m i n e d by b y aa careful
careful
survey
s u r v e y of o f the
t h e shore
s h o r e line.
I i n e . FromF r o m t hthe e staffgage
s t a f f g a g e and a n d time
t i m e observations
o b s e r v a t i o n g (or ( o r the
t h e hydrograph
h y d r o g r a p h o fof the t h e water-
water-
stage
s t a g e recorder),
r e c o r d e r ) , we w e knowk n o w the t h e timet i m e interval
i n t e r v a l (in ( i n seconds)
s e c o n d s ) it i t took
t o o k to t o lower
l o w e r the t h e pond
p o n d surface
E u r f a c e aa certain
certain
g a g e h e i g h t interval
gageheight ( i n f e e
i n t e r v a l (infeet) [sic). t ) [ s i c ] . The T h e mean m e a n surface
s u r f a c e area a r e a based
b a s e d on o n thet h e upper
u p p e r anda n d lower
l o w e r limit q f the
I i m i t of the
g a g e h e i g h t interval
gageheight i n t e r v a l multiplied
multiplied by
b y thet h e gage
g a g e height
h e i g h t interval
i n t e r v a l gives
g i v e s the t h e volume
v o l u m e in i n cubic
c u b i c feet.
f e e t . Dividing
Dividing
this
t h i s volume
v o l u m e in i n cubic
c u b i c feet
f e e t by b y the t h e time t i m e in i n seconds
s e c o n d s it i t took
t o o k to t o lower
l o w e r the t h e pond
p o n d thist h i s certain
c e r t a i n gageheight
gageheight
interval,
i n t e r v a l , wew e obtain
o b t a i n the
t h e discharge
d i s c h a r g e in i n cubic
c u b i c feetf e e t forf o r [sic)
I s i c ] second ( c f s ) corresponding
s e c o n d (efs) c o r r e s p o n d i n g to t o this
t h i s gage
g a g e height.
height.
A n example
An p r o b a b l y serves
e x a m p l e probably s e r v e a best
b e s t to t o illustrate
illustrate the
t h e method
m e t h o d of o f analysis:
a n a l y s l s : On O n thet h e Love
L o v e pondp o n d atat
3 : 5 4 P.M.
3:54 P . M . August
A u g u s t 18,1 8 , the
t h e outside
o u t s i d e staffgage
s t a f f g a g e reading
r e a d i n g gave
g a v e aa G.D.E.
G . D . E . ofo f 9.425,
9 , 4 2 5 , which
w h i c h corresponds
c o r r e s p o n d s to t o aa
p o n d surface
pond s u r f a c e area
a r e a of o f 41750
4 1 7 5 0 sq s q ft f t as
a s obtained
o b t a i n e d fromf r c i m survey
s u r v e y anda n d prepared
p r e p a r e d stage-area
s t a g e - a r e a table t a b i e or
o r curve.
curve.
At
A t 3:3 : 56
5 6 P.M.
P . M . the t h e G.D.E.
G . D . E . wasw a s 9.410,
9 . 4 1 0 , equal
e q u a l to t o 41511
4 1 5 1 1 sq s q ft.f t . Mean
M e a n surface
s u r f a c e area
a r e a is i s 41633
4 1 6 3 3 sq s q ft;
f t ; with
w i t h aa
"volume
stage
s t a g e interval
i n t e r v a l of{9.425 9 . 4 1 0 ) == 0.015
o f ( 9 . 4 2 5 - 9.410) 0 . 0 1 5 ft. f t , Weobtainas
W e o b t a i n a s "volume for f o r stage
s t a g e interval"
i n t e r v a l " ( 4{41633
1 6 3 3 x 0.015) 0.015)
=
= 624.5
6 2 4 , 5 eft.
c f t . TheT h e elapsed
e l a p s e d time
t i m e was w a s 2 minutes
m i n u t e s or o r 1201 2 0 seconds.
s e c o n d s . Hence:
H e n c e : 624.5624.5 + + 120120 = = 5.20
5 . 2 0 efs
c f s isi s the
the
d i s c h a r g e at
discharge a t G.D.E
G . D . E . 9.417.
9.417.
Computations,
Computations, in
i n tabular
t a b u l a r formf o r m were
w e r e made
m a d e ofo f thet h e observed
o b s e r v e d data:d a t a of
o f each
e a c h test
t e s t run r u n and
a n d thet h e re-re-
sults p l o t t e d on
s u i t s plotted o n graph p a p e r with
g r a p h paper w i t h thet h e G.D.E.
G , D . E . asa s ordinate
o r d i n a t e and a n d the
t h e discharge
d i s c h a r g e in i n efs
c f s as a s abscissa.
a b s c i s s a . Suf-
Suf-
p o i . n t s were p l o t t e d and p o i n t 6 , resulting " s t a ge
ficient
f r c i e n t points w e r e plotted a n d a mean m e a n curve
c u r v e drawn
d r a w n through
t h r o u g h these
t h e s e points, r e s u l t i n g in i n the
t h e "stage
d i s c h a r g e curves
discharge c u r v e s from
f r o m fieldf i e l d test.
t e s t . ....
..
second test was

A second wa6 made
made on August 18,
18, 1939,readfngs
1939, readinge being taken until darkness
darknesa made
made
difficult to read the
it difficult the staff gage.
gage.
Attemptsw
Attempts erem
were a d e to
made l o c a t e the
t o locate o r i g i n a l ssurvey
t h e original u r v e y and
a n d test
t e E t data
d a t a in
i n oorder
r d e r to
t o make
m a k e ad ccom-
orn-
reanalysis. All
plete reanalysis. AII efforts
efforts in this direction
dir.ection were unsuccessful.
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW
cover was
The cover wasremoved
r 'e moved from fromthethe pipe entrance of the Love spillway on
Lovespillway August 14,
onAugust 14, 1939,
1939,
11:15 a.m. The head
at 11:15 head over the crest crest of the box inlet was 1.94 1.94 ft andand the total depth depth aboveabove
the p i p e invert
t h e pipe i n v e r t aatt the
t h e entrance
e n t r a n c e was
w a s about
a b o u t 3.60
3 . 6 0 ftor
f t o r 5.4D. The p
5 , 4 D . The o n d had
pond h a d aa surface
s u r f a c e area
a r e a of
o f 00.783
.?83
acres at this
acres this elevation.
elevation, The pipe began to run run fullfull almost
almost instantaneously.
instantaneouely. The pipe ran ran full
full
until the head
until head on the inlet was 0.49 0.49 ft, when
when air air poqkets
pockets were first first observed and and the pipe ran
0.8 to 1.0 full. The following times,
1.0 full. times, heads
heads and and flow conditions were u/ere reported
reported by Mr. Mr. Weeber.
Time
Time Head
Ilead on crest
crest Flow
FIow condition
condition
A u g u s t 14,
August 1 4 - 1939
1939 ft
It
1 1 :15
11: 1 5A.M.
A.M. 1. 9 4 0
1.940 Begin test.
Begin test. .Pipe
Pipe full.
full
1 : 3 5P.M.
1:35 P.M. 0.490
0.490 Pipe 0.8 to 1.0 air pockete.
1.0 full; air pockets.
L : 4 2 P.M.
1:42 P,M. 0
0.410
.410 Pipe 3/43/4 full.
full.
1:44 P.M.
1 : 4 4 P.M. 0 . 39 0
0.390 Pipe 0.5 to 0.75, 0.75, occasionally
occasionally back
backto
to full
full again.
again.
1 : 5 5P.M.
1:55 P.M. 0 .295
0.295 Pipe 0
Pipe . 5 full.
0.5 full.
2 : 0 0P
2:00 .M.
P.M. 0.260
0.260 Pipe 1/4t/4 to 1/2 L/2 full.
fuLt.
2 t O 2P.M.
2:02 P.M, 0 . 25 0
0.250 eiire 1/4
Pipe t/+ full.
rutt.
2 : 0 6 P.M.
2:06 P.M. 0.230
0.230 Pipe 1/4 full.
2 : 1 1P.M.
2:11 P.M. 0.205
0.205 Pipe 1/ fuil.
1/44 full.
2 r1 B P
2:18 .M.
P.M. 0.180
0.180 P i p e 0.10.
Pipe 0.10.
2 : 2 7 P.M.
2:27 P,M, 0.158
0.158 Pipe 0
Pipe 0.10.
.10.
2 1 3 8P
2:38 .M.
P.M. o .L4
0.14 End of staff gage
of staff gage readings
readings at two minute
minute intervals.
intervals.
3 :00P
3:00 ,M.
P.M. 0 .1 0 0
0.100
4 :00P
4:00 .M.
P.M. 0 . 08 0
0.080
5 : 0 0P
5:00 .M.
P.M. 0 .060
0.060
6 :00 P
6:00 .M.
P.M. 0 .050
0.050
7 ; 0 0P
7:00 .M.
P.M. 0 .045
0.045
A rrain
a i n ffrom
rom ? :35 p
7:35 .m. o
p.m. onn A u g u s t 17,
August 1 7 , 1939, o ?
1 9 3 9 , tto ;30 a
7:30 .m. o
a.m. onn AAugust
u g u s t 18,
1 8 , 1939,
1 9 3 9 , rraised
a i s e d tthe
he
p o n d Jlevel
pond . e v e ltto
o aa h ead o
head v e r tthe
over he b o x iinlet
box n l e t oof
f 3 . 3 4 fft.
3.34 t. T
Thehe p o n d ssurface
pond u r f a c e aarea
rea w was
a s 1.289
1.289 a acres.
cre6. T Thehe
depth overover the pipe entranceat
entrance at the invert invert was about5.0 about 5.0 ft or or ?.5D.
7.5D. TheBecond
The second testwa6test was begun
1:12 p.m.
at 1:12 p.m. on August 18 18 and continued until until 6 p.m. p.m. when darknesscalled
darkness called a halt to the read- read-
ings. No observational
observational data are given for for this
this test.
test.
The time-discharge
time-discharge curve
curve for
for the test of
of August 14,
14, 1939,
1939, as drawn
drawn byby Mr.
Mr. Weeber isis
shown in
in Fig.
Fig. IX-29.
IX-29. This
This curve exhibits some peculiarities
curve exhibits peculiarities that
that cannot be -xplained.
explained. Until
Until
1:40 p.m.
1:40 p.m. there
there is
is a steady decrease in while the pipe flows full
in discharge white full under decreasing
decreasing
445
5
t10o
9
6
Q r--r-
ccfs
fs !5
r-- r--
4
--- --........
~
2 i\\
\
\
J".,..
r-- ~
o
lII:OOAM
l:OOAM Noon
N oon I1:00PM
:OOPM 2 :00PM
:0OPM 3 :00PM
:OOPM 4:OOPM
4:00PM s:OOPM
Augusf
August 14,1939
14.1939
IX-29 - Time-Dischorge
FIg. lX-29
Flg. Time-Discharge Curve
Curve for Lovc
love Clced
Closed Conduit Spillwoy. Test of August
Spillway. Test 14' 1939.
August 14,1939.
head as the
head the pondpond levellevel drops.drops. This This is is toto be
3 .2
3.2
expected.
e xpected. A Also
l s o ttoo bbe e e expected
x p e c t e d is i s tthe
h e ttransi-
ransi-
Pipe' runni
Pipe ng fu'lI-,.
running full-y
tion
t i o n f from
rompip pipe
e tto o wweir
e i r ccontrol
o n t r o l ffrom
rom a about
b o u t 1: 400
1:4
3.O
3.0
p.m.
p . m . ttoo about
a b o u t 2:00
2:00 p p.m.
. m . The
The d drop
r o p iin n llevel
e v e l after
after V
2:00
2 :00 p p.m.
. m . at
at a d decreasing
e c r e a s i n g rate
r a t e iis s also expec -
a l s o expec- L
ted
t e d asa s the
t h e head
h e a d over
o v e r tthe
h e ccrest
r e s t decreases
decreases u under
nder
z8
2B
weir control.
weir control. However, However, the the sudden
sudden breaks breaks at
/
V
3:00
3:00 p p.m.
. m . and
a n d 3:20
3:20 p p.m.
. m . are
a r e illogical
i l l o g i c a l ono n the
the 2.6
2 .6
basis of
basis of the information
information available. available.
2A
2.4 I
/
DISCHARGE
COEFFICIENTS 2.?
2.2
..
The
The head-discharge
head-discharge curve curve contained
contained in in 2.O
2.0
Weeber's
W e e b e r t s report
r e p o r t is
i s presented
p r e s e n t e d in
i n Fig.
F i g . IX-30.
IX-30.
This
This curve
curve was used used inin determining
determining the dis- dis- t.8
1.8
charge
charge coefficients.
coefficients. H
H
L6
fr. 1.6
ft.
Weir
Welr Coefficient
Coefficient
1.4
1.4
When data extracted extracted from from the curve curve of I
Fig. 1.2
1.2
Fig. IX-30IX-30 is plotted plotted on logarithmi.c
logarithmic paper, paper, aa
straight
straight line
the line
line is obtained
line has aa slope
obtained for
slope (exponent
for weir
weir control
(exponent of H in Eq.
control but
l.o
1.0 1
I-i)
I-1) of about 2.9. This
for
for aa semi-cubic
semi-cubic weir
This is nearly
weir and almost
nearly the exponent
almost twice
exponent
twice the 0o .8
.8 1I
exponent
exponent expected
such
s u c h as
noted
noted that the
expected for
a s actually
a c t u a l l y exists.
for aa rectangular
rectangular
e x i s t s . However,
the head-discharge
H o w e v e r , it
head-discharge curve
weir,
weir,
i t will
w i l l be
curve shownshown
be o.6
0.6 lL, I
Pipe
o e full
l P i p0 full
I -.f:.pipe
f rr l l
full
p o c kels
I Fson some r e air
o t rpockets
in
i n Fig.
F i g . I IX-30
X - 3 0 shows
s h o w s aa headh e a d reading
r e a d i n g of
o f 0.08
0 . 0 8 ft
ft 'ull
o3
0.4 ~F
!APipe Pipe 3/4 full I
3/4
when
when there there is is no flow. If
no flow. If HH is is plotted
plotted against
against l<-Pipe
Pipe 1/2 l/2i full
full
Q2/
t/?
Q-'" 3 aa straight
straight line
line is
is obtained
obtained having
having the o.2
0.2 1'\ \ P i p e l / 4 to l/i I f u l
,l..---'''-Pipe 1/4 to 1/2 full
V il
the
equation
equatlon Pipe 1/4
t pirPipe tull j
l/4 full j
o.o O,l ffull
re 0.1
Pipe ullr I
o t 2 3 44 55 66 77 88 99
Q=
Q * 2.76
2.?6 ( H_- 0.070
L L(H o . o z )3
o f/ /22 (IX-5)
(IX-5)
Q- cfs
Q-cfs
indicating
indicating that
that the
the zero
zero head
head reading
reading is
is in
in
error
error by
by 0.070
0.0?0 ft.
ft. It
It may
may have
have changed
changed between
between Fig. lX-30 -- Head-Discharge
Fig. IX-30 Heod-DischorgeCurve Curve for for Love Closed
Love Closed
the
the time
time the
the staff
staff gage
gage was
was set
set and
and the
the time
time Conduit
C o n d u i tSpillway
S p i l l w o y. "Tests
T e s tof Af u g u s 14&
s oAugust 8, 1939.
tl 4 & 118,1939.
the
the observations
observations werewere made.
made.
446
6
The weir
The weir discharge coefficient is
discharge coefficient low. Because
very low.
is very Because of
of the low precision
the low precision of the basic
of the basic
data, itit is
data, is suggested
suggested that
that this value be
this value be not used for
not used design purposes.
for design purposes.
Entrance Loss
Coefficient
Although the
Aithough the entrance loss was computed, the
coefficient was
loss coefficient values obtained will
the values will not
not be
be
presented here.
presented here. The value
value of K requires
of K" requires an accurate evaluation of
an accurate the friction
of the friction loss.
loss. The
e
condition of
condition the pipe
of the pipe is
is not known so itit is
not known not possibte
is not possible to the friction
to evaluate the loss and K"
friction loss K
with sufficient
with pre c ision to permit
sufficient precision.to recommendation of
the recommendation
permit the of a design value ofof K".
Ke' e
peculiar S-shape
The peculi.ar S-shape of
of the
the head-discharge curve (Fig.
head-discharge curve IX-3~) at the highest heads
(Fig. IX-30)
The time-discharge curve (Fig.IX-29)does
noted. Thetime-dischargecurve
should be noted. this peculiarily.
exhibit this
(Fig. IX-29) does not exhibit peculiarily. Data
for checking the head-discharge
for head-discharge curve
curve are available and
are not available no reason
and no reason is advanced forthe
is advanced for the S-
shape.
shape.
PR E S S U R EC
RESSURE OEFFICIENTS
COEFFICIENTS
are available
No data are of the pressure
for the computation of
availa ble for coefficients for
pressure coefficients for this
this spillway.
spillway.
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
The fact
The fact that
that a closed
closed conduit
conduit spillway
spillway onon a steep
steep slope will flow
slope will flow full
full is confirmed by
is confirmed by
these experiments.
these experiments. TheThe least
least head
head over
over the
the invert
invert of the pipe
of the pipe when
when the
the spillway began to
spillway began to flow
flow
full was
full was 5.5D.
5.5D. This
This isclose
is close to
to the
the minimum
minimum depth
depth found
found in
in Part v* that
Part V* will insure
that will full pipe
insure full pipe
flow, so full
flow, full flow
flow should
should be expected.
e xpected.
The
T h e weir
w e i r ccoefficient
oefficient C , 22., 776,
6 , for
f o r use
u s e in Eq.
in E q . 1-1
I - 1 iis
s llow and p
o w and r o b a b l y unreliable.
probably unreliable. Its
Its
use iiss not recommended.
use recommended.
No reliable values of
reliable values of the entrance
entrance loss
loss coefficients or pressure
coefficients or pressure coefficients could be
coefficients could
determi ned.
determined.
The
The discharge
discharge curves curves presented
presented here here eexhibitxhibit som peculiarities.
e unexplained peculiarities.
someunexplained However,
However,
the
t h e spillwa
s p i l l w a yys eseems
e m s t o to have
h a v e pperformed w e l l . If
e r f o r m e d well. I f this
t h i s type
t y p e oof
f spillway
s p i l l w a y is
i s used, i t is
u s e d , it i s rrecommended
ecommended
that
that design
design values values be taken taken fromfrom similar
similar structures
structures reported reported in Parts IV"
in Parts I\Fand
and V.*V.*
It is recommended
recommendedthat thot spillways
spillwoys similar
similor to
fo the Love
Love spillway constructed because,
spillwoy not be constructed because, aalthough
lthough
fh e plpe
thr! pipe did did fill
fill at the hi gh initia
high initial l he ad s, pprevious
heads, r evious tests
tests indic ate that
indicate drop inlet
that the drop should be
inlet should
5D deej.>
d6ep in in orde
orderr ttoo insur
insuree full
full flow
flow aatt mini mum heads over
minimum over the spillway crest.
spillway crest. The Love
The Love
drop
d r o p inlet
i n l e t was
w a s only
o n l y 2.
2 . 5D
5 D ded e ep.
eP.
14-INCH
1 4 - I N C H DIAMETER
D I A M E T E R C L O S E D
CLOSED C O N D U I T
CONDUIT
SPILLWAY
N E A R E D W A RDSVILLE,
EDW R D S V I L L E , I L L I N O I S
ILLINOIS
The
The information
information on this
this structure,
structure, located
located on the C. farm near
G. Young farm
C.G. near Edwardsville,
Edwardsville,
Illinois,
Illinois, is taken
taken from
from the report
report by Richard
Richard P. Weeber
Weeber mentioned previous section.
mentioned in the previous section.
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION OF
OF SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY
The
The spill way consists
spillway consists of of aa concrete
concrete boxbox inlet
inlet 44 ft
ft by
by 44 ft plan and
ft in plan and about 1. 1.71 ft deep.
71 ft deep.
There
There is is aa headwall
headwail about about 66 in. high
high onon the
the box. A A 14-in.
14-in. m (old boiler
etal pipe (old
metal 103 ft
boiler tube) 103 ft long
long
carries
carries the the flow flow from
fromthe the box inletinlet to
to an
an outlet
outlet structure containing two
structurecontaining two cross sills. A
cross sills. photo-
A photo-
graph
graph takentaken in in 1954
1954 shows
shows thatthat thethe pipe
pipe entrance
entrance is is square
square edged
edged.. The through the
total fall through
The_t-otal-fall the
structure,
Etructure, includingincluding the the outlet,
outlet, is is 21.
2L.77 ft.
ft. The
The slope
slope ofof the
the barrel
barrel is 0.1??. The
is 0.177. The surface
surface areaarea
of
of the
the pond
pond at at the
the elevation
elevation of of the
the inlet
inlet was
was 3.67
3.67 acres.
acres. A A cross
cross section along the
section along centerline
the centerline
of
o f the
t h e spillway
s p i l l w a y is
i s shown
s h o w n in
i n Fig.
F i g . IX-31.
IX-31.
+Fred W. Blaisdell, H draulics of Closed Conduit Ilw s--Parts II thr VIi. Re-
sults of Tests on Several rms ol t wa s Evoraullc ratory
nlca
447
7
APP ARATUS AND

PROCEDURE
The methods
The methods employed
employed to to conduct the tests and make
the tests make thethe analysis were similar
analysis were similar toto those
those
for the
for the Love
Love spillway described previously
spillway described previously and reference
reference is is made
made to the previous
to the previous subseetion
subsection
for the details. In
forthedetails. In addition
addition toastaff
to a staff gage
gage located about48 ft from
about 48 ft the inlet,
from the Friez type
inlet, a Friez type FW-1
FW-1
water level
water level recorder
recorder was installed about 60 ft
was installed ft from
from the inlet. A
the inlet. time scale of
A time of 1 in.
in. equals 50
min and a stage scale of
min of 5 in.
in. equals 1 ft ft was used. A
was used. stilling well
A stilling installed for
was installed
well was the re-
for the re-
corder float
corder float and a graduated float with an index pointer
tape with
float tape was used
pOinter was to check the recorder
used to recorder
pen markings.
pen markings. A A photostat ofthe
of the recorder
recorder chart
chart isis appended
appended to Weeber's report.
to Weeberls report.
The pipe
The pipe entrance
entrance was
was blocked
blocked by
by a manhole
manhole cover
cover on
on May
May 5,
5, 1939.
1939.
As for
As for the
the Love
Love spillway,
spillway, all
all attempts
attempts to
to locate
locate the
the original
original data
data ended
ended in
in failure.
failure.
t.:S
,d3i
ic-d'l
~~9i'\
tr-tl
EI.IOO.O
98.29
t':5r1tr;
80.o8
E r 78.3
EI. .78.3
78'6
El' 78.6
EI.
Fig.
Fig. IX-31
lX-31 - Young
YoungClosed
ClosedConduit Spillwoy.
ConduitSpillway.
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW
Inflow into the the pond

pond had had built up up aa head
head over the box inlet crest
the box 2.32 ft
crest of 2.32 byAugust
tt by 15,
August 15,
1939.
1 9 3 9 . The
T h e pond
p o n d surface
s u r f a c e area w a s 5.305
a r e a was acres.
5 . 3 0 5 acres.
The
The cover
cover was
was removed
removed from
from the
the pipe
pipe entrance and
and the pond started
the pond at 10:54
to drain at
started to 10:54
a.m. Mr.
Mr. Weeber
Weeber reports (Elevations reported
reports (Elevations reported by
by Mr. Weeber have
Mr. Weeber been changed
have been head on
changed to head on
the
the crest
crest of the inle~:
of the inletJ:
At
A t thet h e beginning
b e g i n n i n g" i tof
o f the
t h e test
t e s t run
r u n of o f the
t h e YoY o ung
u n g pond,
p o n d , the p i p e was
t h e pipe f l o w i n g about
w a s flowing a b o u t 0.8 f u 1 l . How-
0 . 8 full. How-
ever,
e v e r , by b y 11: t f : 118
8i.A . M.M.
, it started
s t a r t e d t oto flow
f l o w full.
f u 1 l . The
T h e changing
- h a n g i n g _slope
s l o p e of o f tthe
h e hydrograph
h y d r o g r a p h as t r a c e d on
a s traced o n tthe
he
chart
c f r a r l byU y thet h e recording
r e c o r d i n g pen p e n clearly
c l e a r l y indicates
i n d i c a t e s this
t h i s increased
i n c r e a s e d pipe p i p e carrying c a p a c i t y . The
c a r r y i n g capacity. T h e first reduc-
f i r s t reduc-
tion
t i o n in i n the
i t t e fullf u t l pipe
p i p e flow
f l 6 w wasw a s observed
o b s 6 r v e d at a t 33: 40
4 0 P.M.P . M . whenw h e n occasional
o c c a s i o n a l air a i r pockets c o u l d bbee observed
p o c k e t s could observed
at
a t the
t h e outlet
o u t l e t end e n d of o f the
t h e pipe.
p i p e . The T h e pond
p o n d had h a d lowered
l o w e r e d by b y this
t h i s time
t i m e fromf r o m [a h e a d of
[ a head o f 2.32
2 . 3 2 ftf t to 0 ' 9 0 ft].
t o 0.90 ft].
At
A t 3:50 3 : 5 0 P.M.p , M , the t h e pipe
p i p e WdS w a s 0.9 0 . 9 full.
f u l l . From F r o m 4:08 4 : 0 8 P.M.
P . M . to t o 4:20 P , M . the
4 : 2 0 P.M. p i p e was
t h e pipe w a s flowing o-ne-
f l o w i n g one-
half
h a l f full,
f u l l , with
w i t h rather
r a t h e r irregular
iriegular flow,
f l o w , running
r u n n i n g at a t times
t i m e s to t o as a s much
m u c h as a s 0.80 . 8 full.
f u l l . At
A t 4:30 P . M . the
4 : 3 0 P.M. flow
t h e flow
was
w a s 0.40 . 4 full.
f u i l . The T h e lastl a s t visual
v i s " u a l observation
o b s e r v a t i o n was w i s madem a d e at a t 8: 8 : 11
1 1 P.M.
P , M . The T h e pipep i p e was f l o w i n g about
w a s flowing 0.10
a b o u t 0.10
full
f u l l with
w i t h aa [head r e c o r d e r cchart h a r t shows
s h o w s the complete
t h e complete
[ h e a d ooff 0.30 . 3 ft].
f t ] . The
T h e attached
a t t a c h e d print
p r i n t ofo f t the
h e waterstage
w a t e r s t a g e recorder
hydro
h y d r o ggraph
r a p t r with w i t h regard
r e g a r d to t o gage
g a g eheight
h e i g h t anda n d time.
t i m e . The T h e chart
c h a r t was w a s remove
r e m o v e dd on onA u g u s t 17,
August 1 7 , ,1939,
1 9 3 9 , ata t watc
watch
time
t i m e 8: S -33 ' : 9 A.M.
3A . M . Outside
O u t s i d e staffgage
s t a l f g a g e reading
r e a d i n g 10.025;
1 0 . 0 2 5 ; chart
c h a r t [line
n e 10.032;
1 0 . 0 3 2 ; index p o i n t 10.031.
i n d e x pOint 10'031'
4488
At 11:18
At 11: 18 a.m,
a.m. when
when the
the pipe
pipe filled,
filled, the
the headon
head on the the creet
crest was
was about
about 2.26
2.26 ft
ft and
and thedepth
the depth
over the
over the pipe
pipe invert
invert atat the
the entrance
entrance was
was 3.9?
3.97 ftft or
or 3.4D.
3.4D. This
This is
is significantly
significantly lese
less thanthe
than the
minimum depth found
minimumdepth found necessaryin
necessary in Part
Part V* V* to
to insure
insure fullfull flow.
flow. Therefore,positive
Therefore, positive aeaurance
assurance
that the
that the pipewould
pipe would flow
flow full
full could
could not
not bebe expected.
expected. Thefact
The fact that the pipe
that the pipe filledonlyafter
filled only after run-
run-
ning for
ning for 24 min
min isis further
further evidence
evidence that
that drop
drop inlets
inlets should
should have
have the
the minimum
minimum depthdepth indicated
indicated
in Part
in Part V. V.
According to
According to Mr.
Mr . Weeberrs
Weeber's descriptions,
descriptions, itit is is possible
possible thatthat orifice
orifice control
control existed existed from
from
10:54
1 0:54 a a.m.
. m . uuntil 11:18
ntil 1 1:18 aa.m.,
. m . , ppipe
i p e ccontrol
o n t r o l ffrom 11:18
rom 1 1:18 aa.m.
. m . tto
o 33:40
: 4 0 pp.m.,
. m . , ttransition r o m ppipe
r a n s i t i o n ffrom ipe
to weir
to weir fromfrom 3:40
3:40 p.m.
p.m. to
to sometime
sometime preceding
preceding 4:20 4: 20 p.m.,
p.m., and and a definite
definite weir weir controlcontrol after
after
4:30
4 : 3 0 pp.m.
.m.
A curve
A curve of of time
time vs.
vs. discharge
discharge for for the
the Young
Young spillway
spillway is
is shown
shown inin Fig.
Fig. IX-32.
IX-32. The
The very
very
erratic nature
erratic nature ofof the
the curve
curve for
for the
the first
first hour
hour probably
probably reflects
reflects the
the difficulty
difficulty of
of obtaining
obtaining ac-
ac-
curate discharges
curate discharges from from computations
computations of of pond
pond volume
volume increments
increments and
and time
time increments.
increments. It It is
is
also probable
also probable thatthat the
the smooth
smooth curveis
curve is drawn
drawn through
through points
points whichexhibit
which exhibit considerable
considerable scat-
scat-
ter. It
ter. It is
is for
for this
this reason
reason that
that attempts
attempts were
were made
made toto secure
secure the
the original
original data
data and recompute
recompute
them. The
them. The irregularities
irregularities in in the
the curve
curve at about
about ?:00
7: 00 p.m.
p.m. and midnight
midnight areare probably
probably not
not rep-
rep-
resentative of
resentative of actual
actual conditions.
conditions. Similar
Similar irregularities
irregularities are
are not
not apparent
apparent on on the
the water
water level
level
recorder chart.
recorder chart. All
All this
this indicates
indicates that
that the
the data
data as presented
presented exhibit
exhibit a very
very low
low degree of pre-
degree of pre-
cision.
cision.
20
t9
19 '- r--.. .......
t8
18
17
t7 "- \
16
t6
t5
15
\
I
l4
14 n
t3
13 \
t2
12 \
aQ ~ \
, ,
c f s I" I
cfs
...
to
10 1\
93 \
86
'V \
77 '\
6o 1\
5 ",
4
. . r--I'o...
33 "-
"r\
2
I "'
o t-L
I OA M II
lOAM Noon 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II Md t AM
I AM
15,1939
August15,
August 1939
-
lX-32-- Time-Discharge
Fig. IX-32
Fig. Time-Dischorge Curvefor
Curve YoungClosed
for Young Clocd Conduit
Condui? Splltwuy.
Spillway.
DISCHARGE
COEFFICIENTS
The head-discharge
curve plotted
piotted by
by Weeber
Weeber is presented in Fig.
is presented Fig. IX-33.
IX-33. This
This is not aa
complete
complete curve,
curve, since
since the data for
for orifice
orifice control
control during
during the first
first 24
24 min
min are presented.
are not presented.
* F r e d W.
*Fred W . Blaisdell,
B l a i s d e l l , Hydraulics
ldraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways--Parts
Closed Conduit Spillways--Parts II through VII. Re-
sults
sults of Tests
Tests on Several Forms
onSeveral @ of the Spillway, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Tech-
meal Paper No. lS-B, March 1955.
4499
This curve
This curve and
and the curve of
the curve of Fie. IX-32 were
Fig . IX-32 used as
we re used as sources
source s of
of data
data for
for the
the subsequent
subsequent an-
an-
aalyses.
lvses.
Weir Coefficient
Weir Coefficient
Weir flow
Weir flow existed
existed during
during the
the period
period after
after perhaps
perhaps 4:00 4 :00 p.m.
p.m. However,water
However, water must must have
have
flowed over
flowed over thethe low
low headwall
headwall until
until the
the head
head dropped
dropped to to 0.5
0.5 ftft at
at about 6:00 p.m.
about 6:00 p.m. Reference
Reference to to
FFig.
i g . IIX-32
X - 3 2 sshows
h o w s tthat
h a t tthe
h e ttime-discharge
ime-discharge ccurve a k e s aa ppeculiar
u r v e ttakes e c u l i a r sshape
h a p e aafter 0 pp.m.
f t e r 66:: 000 .m. B e-
Be-
cause of
cause o f this,
this, the
the head-discharge
h e ad-discharge data data are
are assumed
assumed to to be unreliable and
be unreliable and no attempt is
no attempt is made
made
to present
to present weir weir coefficients.
c oefficients.
Orifice
O Coefficient
rifice C oefficient
OOrifice
r i f i c e fflow
low e existed
x i s t e d ffrom
rom 1 10:54
0 : 5 4 aa.m. m . . tto
o 1111 : 118
8 aa.m.
.m. T The
h e oorifice
r i f i c e hhead
e a d aatt ' tthe e g i n n i n g oof
h e bbeginning f
tthe
h e p e rriod
iod w was
a s 33.45
. 4 5 fftt aand nd aatt tthe
he e end
nd o off ttheh e pperiod
eriod w was
as 33.39
. 3 9 fft. From
t. F rom F Fig.
i g . IIX-3
X - 3 22i tit ccan
a n bbe e sseen
een
that the
that the discharge
discharge during during the the period
period averaged
averaged about about 9 cfs. c fs. Using
Using these these figures,
figures, the the value
value of of
Co
- o^ iinn E
C Eq.
q . I1-7 -7 a averages
verages 4 4.55
.55 w with
i t h eextreme
x t r e m e vvalues
a l u e s ooff 4
4.0
.0 a and
nd 4 4.8.
.8. T These a l u e s ooff C
h e s e vvalues Co^ a re
are
o
a d m j t t eeddly
admitt ly o off llow
o w pprer e ccision
ision. .
Entranc
E n t r a n c ee L
Loss Coefficient
oss C oefficient
The entrance
The entrance loss
loss coefflcient
coefficient was
was not
not computed. The questionable
computed. The head-discharge data
questionable head-discharge data
the heavy
and the heavy dependence
dependence of
of K"
K on on an accurate
accurate evaluation
evalua tion of the pipe
of the friction factor
pipe friction factor made
made
e
computations
computations
' of K
of Kee inadvisable.
inadvisable.
No data
data are aavailable for the computation of the pressure
vailable for coefficients for
pressure coefficients for this
this spillway.
spillway.
CONCL USIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSIONS
The use
The of spillways
useof spillwoyssimilar
similorto
to the
the Young
Youngspillway
spillwoyis
is not recommended.Th~
not recommended. Th8 small
small depth
depth of the
drop inlet
drop inlet is not su{:(icient full fiow
suffjcient to assure full flow beyond reasonable doubt.
beyond reasonable doubt.
z.?
2.2
N o o n 8-15-397-
1 2 Noon
12 8-15-39
2.0 full
r u n n i n gfull
P i p e running
Pipe
1.8
1.6
1.4 1
1.2 3 : 3 5PM
3:35 P M 8-15-39
P i p e running
Pipe
8-15-39
r u n n i n gfull
full ~ 1
/
H
ft.,.o
;i 1.0 3:50 P M - P ipe
3 : 5 O PM-Pi p e 0.9O . 9 f~
f u l l Pipe full
Occasional air
4 : 2 0 P M -
4:20 PM- Same os S o m e o s I I R1ockets. 5:40PM
0.8
0.6
at
o t 44:08
_~
: 0 8 PM
PM
,
~
("4:30
4 : 3 0 PM
PM-R
rffilli{1"'rrgiiil
Running
408 P - Running 1/2
~Tull, occasionally to 0.8 full
u n n i n g 0.4 full
'0 4 full
--r~ 4:43 P M-- Running
4 : 4 3 PM R u n n i n g33/, 10 full
/ l Ofull
~ 5:35 PM
0.4 ~
I
~G~
I
8 : l l PM
PM 8-15-39 P i p e 1/
8 - 1 5 - 3 9 Pipe full
l , z10l Ofull
0.2 ~ 12:00
l 2 : o oPM
P M 8-15-39
8-15-39
l£- 12:00
t z : o oPM
2
P M 8-16-39
3
8-t6-39
44 5 6 789 f o II
10 i l l 122 1133 l144 1155 1
16 6 17 18 19 20
-cfs-
Q-cfs
Q
Fig. IX-33
Fig. lX-33 -- Head-Discharge
Heod-Dischorge Curve for Young
Curvefor CondultSpillway.
ClosedConduit
YoungClased Spillwoy.
50
50
L 2 - I N C H
12-INCH C L O S E D
CLOSED C O N D U i T
CONDUIT SPILLWAY
S P I L L W A Y
A T
AT T H E
THE S O I L
SOIL C O N S E R V A T I O N
CONSERVATION E X P E R I M E N T
EXPERIMENT
S T A T I O N ,
STATION, B E T H A N Y ,
BETHANY, M I S S O U R I
MISSOURI
The information
The informationpresented
presented here on onthe conduit spill
the closed conduit way at the
spiilwayat retentionreservoir
the retention reservoir
dam located onon the
the Soil
Soil Conservation Experiment Station at
Experiment Station at Bethany,
Bethany, Missouri,
Missouri, was
was obtained
obtained
from D.
from D.D. Smith, formerly
D. Smith, formerly Project
Projeet Supervisor,
Supervisor, Agricultural
Agricultural Research Service.
Service. The
The experi-
experi-
performed under the
ments were performed the direction
direction of A. W.
W. Zingg, now Chief, Watershed Technology
Zingg, now Technology
Research Branch, Soil and and Water Conservation Research Division, Division, Agricultural
Agricultural Research
Mr. Smith
Service. Mr. Smith furnished the the original pond survey notes
original pond notes used
used in determining
determining the pond
the pond
original water
area; the original water level
level recorder
recorder chart;
chart; Mr.
Mr. Zingg's
Zinggts original pond stage-area,
plots of pond
origi.nal plots slage-area,
stage'volume, head-time, and
stage-volume, and discharge-time;
discharge-time; the prepared'by
the scale drawings prepared by Mr.
Mr, Zingg;
Zingg;
and photographs. Mr.
and photographs. Mr. Zingg's
Zinggte test was carried
carried out in 1939.
1939.
Et. 90.270
EI. 90.270
Et.87.950
EI. 87.950
EI. 87.540
I n l e t Details
Inlet Dstoils
= O.127
Er. 76.580
EI. 76.680
Slope
Slope=O.l27
84.8' measured
Sectionol on tt
Elevation on
Sectional Elovotion
Fig. IX-34 -- Bethony,

Fig. lX-34 Bethany, Missouri,
Missouri, Clqed
C l05ed Conduit
Conduit Spillwoy.
Spi Ilway.
DESCRIPTION OF
SPILL WAY
The
The closed
closed conduit
conduit spillway
spillway consists
consists of
of a concrete
concrete elbow
elbow entrance
entrance with
with rounded
rounded erest
crest
and
and headwall,
headwall, about
about 85.5 ft-
ft of
of 12-in.
12-in. diameter
diameter vitrified
vitrified clay
clay tile
tile pipe,
pipe, and
and aa masonry
masonry outlet
outlet
5511
structure. Itwas
structure. It was built
built in
in 1936.*
1936 .... An
An auxiliary
auxiliary spillway
spillway with c re st 4 ft
with a crest t he closed
ft above the closed con-
con-
duit spillway
duit spillway crest was provided
crest wae provided forfor flowe
flows which
which exeeeded capa c ity of
exceeded the capacity of the closed conduit
t he closed conduit
spillway. The pond area
epillway. area wa6
was l.6acresat emergency spillway crest elevation and 0.4 acres
1.6 acres at the emergencyspillwaycrestelevationand acres
inlet crest
at the inlet crest elevation.
elevation.
A gection
A section through
through the inlet
inlet ig
is shown in in Fig.
Fig . IX-34.
IX-34. It is noted that
It is vertical distance
t hat the vertical distance
from the inlet
from inlet crest
crest to the crown
crown ofof the pipe scales 0.31 0.31 ft, while measured distance,
while the measured distance,ob-ob-
tained from
tained from the original
original srurvey
survey notes, is length of
ft. The length
is 0.41 ft. of crest is computed
crest is computed from
from the
diameter scaled from
diameter from Fig.
Fig. IX-34.
IX-34. Its
Its length is 4.24 ft, computedusing
is 4,24 computed using the formulaformula of
of Fig.
Fig. I-3d
I-3d
substituting for
but substituting for D"
D r the D""
D rc ""as shown in in Fig.
Fig. I-3c. allowance was made for
1-3c. No allowance for the fact
fact
that the headwall
that headwall isis set back
back about 4 in.in. from
from the crest. A picture
crest. A picture ofof the inlet is shown inFig.
inlet is in Fig.
IIX-35.
X-35.
The slope ofof the conduit

conduit is
is 0.12?
0.127 and the
total drop
total drop from
from the inlet crest to the center
inlet crest center of
of
the pipe at the outlet
outlet is
is 11.77
11.77 ft. Asectionthrough
A section through
the spillway
spillway is
is shown inin Fig.
Fig. IX-34.
IX-34.
APPARATUS AND
PROCEDURE
No description
description ofof the flow
flow conditions
conditions dur-
dur-
ing the tests
ing tests isis available.
available. Notes on the waterwater
level recorder chart
level recorder chart indicate that the test was
started at 9:38
started 9:38 a.m. and ended 4:40 p.m. Ap-
ended at 4:40 Ap-
parently
parently the same methods were were used as for
for the
Young spillway;
spillway; that is,
ie, the inlet
inlet was apparently
apparently
plugged and the plug removed
removed suddenly
suddenly to start
start
the test. The pondpond was full
full to the emergency
emergency
spillway crest
spillway crest when the test was begun.begun.
In preparation
preparation for analysis, the pond
for the analysis,
survey data was plotted, 1-ft
surveydata 1-ft contours from Ele-
contoursfrom EIe-
vation
vation 88
88 to Elevation
Elevation 92
92 inclusive
inclusive ·were
were drawn,
and the are.a contour was planimetered.
area of each contour planimetered.
The pond elevation-area
elevation-area curve
curve thus obtained
checked within
within 1.5
1.5 per cent of that computed
computed by
Zingg.
Zingg.
In analyzing
analyzing the data, the stage was read read
from
from the water level recorder
recorder chart
chart at 5-min
5-min
intervals,
intervals, increments
increments of time
time and stage between
readings
readings were
were computed, and the rate rate of change
change
pond"surface
of pond surface elevation
elevati.on determined. mein
determined. The mean Fig
Flg.. IX-35 Enfronceto
lX-35.-- Entrance to.Bethony, Mllsouri,
Bethany , Missouri,
head
heidonon the inlet crest
crest for each interval was com
foreachintervalwas com-- Closed CondulfSpil
Clqed Conduit Spillwoy.
lway .
puted and the pond area area for
for this
this head was read
read
from
from the elevation-area previouslyplotted.
elevation-area curve previously plotted.
The pond area multiplied
multiplied by the raterate of change
change of pond surface
surface elevation gives the rate
elevation gives rate of
discharge
diseharge through
through the spillway.
spillway. The method of analysis
analysis is thus ssimilar
imilar tto
o tthat
hat uused
sed for
for many
rnany
of the
the Stillwater,
Stillwater, Oklahoma, tests described by W. W. O
O.. Ree
Ree [1-42].
II-42].
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW
No Reference
No observations of flow conditions during the test are available. Re Fig. IX-
ference to Fig. IX-
36
36 shows
shows however that both pipe and
and weir
weir flow controls
controls were obtained. Apparently
wereobtained. the change
Apparentlythechange
from
from pipe control
control to weir
weir control
control was abrupt and
and definite.
definite.
DISCHARGE
COEFFICIENTS
The head-discharge data

data are plotted in Fig. IX-36.
IX-36. It will
will be
be noted
noted tthat
hat the data points
the data
*"A
*ttA 20-Year
20-Year Appraisal
Appraisal of Engineering
Engineering Practices
Practices in Soil and Wa ter Conserv
Water ation," by
Conservation," by
Dwight
Dwight D. Smith,
Smith, Agricultural
Agricultural Engineering,
Engineering, September
September 1952,
1952, p. 553.
5522
fluctuate considerably
fluctuate considerably but
but that
that the
the curves
curves shown
shown represent
represent the
the average
average quite
quite well
well and
and follow
follow
the trend
the trend of
of the
the data.
data.
Weir Coefficient
Weir Coefficient
curves of
Two curves of weir
weir flow are shown in IX-36 . The actual equations of
Fig. IX-36.
in Fig. of these curves
curves
were derived fromthe
werederived from the plot
plot shown in
in Fig.
Fig. IX-3?. It can be seen from
IX-37 . It from Fig.
Fig. IX-3?
IX-37 that the upper
upper
curve applies between heads
curveapplies heads of
of 0.9and
0.9 and 1.4 ft while lower curve
while the lower curve applies from
from heads
heads of
of 0.0
4 I0
.0-
C
'1"'\
( :>
I.,
o
0
r
~
~v
I
)
3
o
o t"\
o
0
o
0
.)
Q
C
H
H
fr
ft 0o
2 h
I-
()
0o
~v
p
~
i"""'"
......-<
_.. le
I •
---_.."'"-
I a) ~
0.. .......
-~ ~
'
~ ... f -~
",,"
r i,.....--" -J;J
--#'p'
.,0;
C-
V
d! ~
Y
f
c~
ob 5 to
10 t5
15 zo
20
Q-cfs
Q -c f s
lX-36 - Head-Discharge
Fig. IX-36 Hcod-DicchorgeCurve
Curve for Bethany, Mlsrouri, Closed
Bcthony, Missouri, Splllwoy.
Conduit Sptllway.
Clqed Conduit
ft to 0.7
0.? ft. The
The reason for the
the change
change can be aa matter
can only be matter of conjecture in the absence of
the absence
supporting
supporting data. defined. It should
data. Both curves seem well defined. should be noted that neither curve
be noted passes
eurve passes
through
thiough the
the origin,
origin, there being an
an indicated head
head of 0.10
0,10 ft at The equation
at zero discharge. The equation
for the
the lower
lower curve is
Q
Q ==3 3.25L(H
.25L(H-0- .0.10)3/2
10)3/2 for
for 0 < HH<
0< < 0 0" .?7 (IX-6a)
(IX-6a)
and
and for the
the upper curve is
Q
e , == 2.40 ( H - 0.10)
2 . 4 0LL (H 0 . 1 0)33// 2 for
for 0.9 < H < 1.4
0.9<H<1.4 (IX-6b)
(IX-6b)
5533
FFor
o r 00.7<H<0.9,
. ? < H < 0 . 9 , tthe
h e ddischarge
i s c h a r g e sshould
h o u l d bbe
e ssomewhere
o m e w h e r e bbetween
e t w e e n tthe
h e vvalues
a l u e s ggiven
i v e n bby Eqs.
y E q s . IIX-6a
X-6a
aand
n d IIX-6b.
X-6b.
Entrance
Entrance Lo
Loss Coefficient
ss lQggllic:iegl
pipe flow
The pipe flow portionofthe curve shown in
portion of the head-discharge Fig. IX-36 has
in Fig.IX-36 the equation
has the
Q =
Q 5.01A..J H + 11.77 =
= 5.o1AnfE=-ffi7 = 5.01o{q
5.01A..J H (ix-?)
(IX-7)
t
This is
This is the
the correct
correct theoretical
theoretical form
form of
of the
the pipe
pipe flow
flow equation;
equation; itit indicates
indicates that the trend
that the trend of
of
the data
the data is
is theoretically
theoretically correct.
correct.
1 .4
1.4
/ "
j,.
~
/
/ /~
1.2
t.2 .'
,,
1.0
l.o
lt
V
/
/
/
~
"
~
~
~
,,~ ~ ~~
O.S
o.8 0,'
't~ oat'
H
ft.
f r.
,,V'
,/
0.6
o.6 " C1
0.4
o.4
/JI
?ct
,
V ,/
~
A ~
{
o.z
0.2
0o ~
€
od 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
q2/5- .1.
Fig. lX-37 -- Weir

Fig . IX-37 Weir Flow
Flow Head-Discharge
Heod-Dischorge Curve for Bethany,
Curvefor Bethony,Missouri,
Missouri,Closed
C lsed Conduit
ConduitSpillway.
5pillwoy.
If Eq.
If Eq. IX-7 put into the
IX-? is put the form
form of Eq.
Eq. 1-5,
I-5, it becomes
a =A
Q
F9 --
gH
2.57
t
(rx-8)
(IX-8)
S i n c e Ko
Since K o== 1.0,
1 . 0 , Ke
Ke + * ft +~
= = 1.57.
1 . 5 ? . The
T h e value
v a l u e of
o t .lID
L / D is
i s 85.5.
8 5 . 5 . A reasonable
r e a s o n a b l evalue
v a l u e of
o f Manning's
Manningrs
m i g h t be
nn might b e 0.008,
0 . 0 0 8 ,from
f r o m Ke
Ku= =00.54. I f nn ==00.009,
. 5 4 . If K " ==00.29,
. 0 0 9 , Ke . 2 g , and
a n difi f nn ==00.010,
. 0 1 0 , KeK " ==00.00.
.00.
Therefore, it is apparent that
Therefore, it is apparent that the friction inthe friction in the
the conduit
conduit mustmust be be known
known with with good
good accuracy
accuracy if if
K" is
Ke is to
to be
be reliably
reliably determined.
determined. The The values
values of of Ke
K" are given here
areglven only to
hereonly to show
shdw their possible
theirpossible
range, and
range, and they
they are given without
are given without recommendation.
recommendation.
No data
No dataareavailable for the
are available for the computation
computationof pressure coefficients
the pressure
of the coefficients for
for this
this spillway.
spillway.
544
5
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Insufficient information
Insufficient information igis available to permit
available to permit definite
definite conclusione regarding the per-
conclusions regarding per-
formance of
formance of the Bethany
Bethany closed
closed conduit
conduit epillway. Based on such information
spillway. Based information aa
as ls
is avallable,
available,
it appears that
itappears that the
the spillway form that permits
spillway has a formthat permits only the desirable weir and pipe
only thedesirableweirand pipe flowcon-
flow con-
trols to
trole to exiet
exist in
in spite
spite of
of the fact
fact that
that the height
height of
of the entrance is
the entrance is only However, the
only 1.4D. However,
inlet is
inlet is well
well shaped and this
this undoubtedly
undoubtedly contributes
contributes to apparently good performance.
to the apparently performance.
No recommendorlon
recommendation ls
Is mode
made rcgordlng
regarding the wc
use of
of thlr
this form
form of rplllwoy, either for
spillway I either for or
or against,
against, eince
since
information on
information on which
which a definite
definite recommendati.on
recommendation can can bebe baeed
bas-ed isis not
not available.
available.
'.

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ESETSTIEA!.

Closed Conduit Spillways

APP ARA TUS AND

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATiONS

APP ARA TUS AND

APP ARA TUS AND PROCEDURE.

12.INCH CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

a er, O klaho ma. te

**Fred W. Blaisdell, Hydraulics of Closed Con@q!.Qglllways--Part I. Theory and ltsAp-

The difficulties outlined

Local pressure constants

FS-'O:_=~=:~=:-=:~=-=~:-: ~:-: =-i- l_-_- -~-'_-~-~-~_-~-=~= ~_-~_-_-__-_-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-'~-~-e-~-=-:-~-'_:-_- -D- -liml-e-~-s~_o_-nS- _-~-~- I~ ~

Plan of Drop Inlet ~C EI. 820.90

~~~;_8 ~2~0~'-~0~" I~.__________________~6~5~'-~6~" ~

APP ARATUS AND

Fig. Vlll-7 - Head-Discharge

Fig. Vl ll-ll -- Topography

contrast to the conditions observed

The values of hh.r/hrp

It is! [ecommended that

The following information information is taken from from the unpublished

3"x 3" X4I" L'7 Ii

Fig. lX-2 -- Entrances

subjects omitted friction factors, leakage

Fig. lX-8 -- Texture

APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE

closed conduit spillwaywas

lX-12 -- Flow Condition at

were recorded photographically.

shown in Fig. IX-1B

Vortices are apparent

. ' :~ "4 ·~ ~. ,o ',c:i

/;r ~' "" 2Z

control passed smoothlyand

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Closed conduit spillways similar to that shown

110.22 S=0.0.198 ilr.61

Fig. lX-21 -- Martha

was tested on that date. Instructions

22.. A All I1 oobstruction

(b) Note on piotur€

head-discharge data used in

The weir data are plotted in Fig. IX-26.

Entrance Loss Coefficient

It was necessary to make

data were plotted as in Fig. IX-27.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Drop inlets similar in form

An entrance loss coefficient

. DDuringu r i n g tthe h e wwinter

The " P o n d Volume Calibration C h e ppondo n d vvolumes arious e leva-

124.5----....- - - - -........- - - - ' - - -__~--..........--"-----~

-., Action ,,"t o

closed conduit spillway

Fig. lX-28 -- Love

APP ARATUS AND

second test was

APP ARATUS AND

Inflow into the the pond

CONCL USIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Fig. IX-34 -- Bethony,

The slope ofof the conduit