MODULE - 2

PETROL ENGINE FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM

 FUEL PUMPS

Fuel pumps are used to pump fuel from tank to carburettor.

Two main types of pumps most generally used are,
1. A.C. Mechanical fuel pump
2. S.U. electrical pump

A.C. Mechanical fuel pump

•This is a diaphragm type of pump.

•The diaphragm used is made out
of a high-grade cotton with
synthetic rubber.

•The drive for the pump is taken from camshaft.

•The cam operates the rocker arm which in conjugated with
diaphragm return spring which pushes the diaphragm up
and down.
•Downward movement of the diaphragm causes vacuum in
the chamber which causes the inlet valve to open and the
fuel then goes through the strainer to the chamber.
•The next upward movement of the diaphragm causes the
inlet valve to close while the outlet valve opens and the fuel
goes out to carburettor float chamber.

Disadvantage
•They have to be situated close to the engine due to which
they are exposed to engine heat, which may result in vapour
locking in the fuel supply system.
•They operate only after the engine has started.

S.U. Electrical pump

•It also a diaphragm type.

•Alternate vacuum and pressure are produced due to
movement of diaphragm which is caused by electricity in
this case.
•Closing the ignition switch energizes the solenoid winding.
•Magnetic flux is generated which pulls the armature to
which the diaphragm is attached.
•Thus the diaphragm move to cause suction in the pump
chamber and the fuel is drawn into the chamber.
•As the armature moves it touches the breaker point, so the
electric supply interrupts.
•Solenoid de-energised and the armature falls back.
•Pump chamber which open the outlet valve and fuel goes
out to the carburettor float chamber.

Advantage

•Electric pump need not to situated close to the engine,

mostly close to the fuel tank.
•Not subject to engine heat.
•Need not wait for engine start.
 AIR CLEANERS

 Air should be clean.

 Impurities like dust in air cause a rapid wear in the
engine components.
 When dirty air enters the crankcase which contaminate
the lubricating oil.
 It also a silencer for carburation system.
 Air cleaners also offers resistance to the air flow , when
the filter is clogged with dirt.
Two types,

1. HEAVY DUTY TYPE

2. LIGHT DUTY TYPE

 This is a oil bath type.

 The operation of air cleaning
is carried out in two stages.
 In the first stage, the
airstrikes on the oil surface
and then reverse upward into
the filter element.
 The dust particles applied to
the oil surface and absorbed by it.
 In the second stage, the partly cleaned air passes through
the filter element in which the remaining dust particles
are retained.
 Finally, the cleaned air passes to the carburettor through
the passage away.
Dry Type Air Cleaner (Light duty type)

It consists of a cleaning element only and not the oil bath.

The element consist of a cylindrical cellulose fiber material.
The element is corrugated to increase the surface area
exposed to the air.
 Oil Wetted Type Air Cleaner
 It consists of a filtering
element generally wire
mesh, coated with an oil
film.
 The air passes through
this element, and the dust
particles of the air adhere
to the oil film.
 This type of air cleaner
should be cleaned periodically, about every 800 km, by
washing the wire mesh in petrol or paraffin.
 After drying is properly, coat it with engine oil

Paper Pleated Type Air Cleaner

 It has a high filtering efficiency.
 By pleating the paper element, a
large filtering surface is provided
and yet restriction of airflow is a
minimum.
 The element should be cleaned
periodically, about every 20,000 km.
FUEL FILTERS
A fuel filter is a filter in a fuel line that
screens out dirt and rust particles from the
fuel, and is normally made with filter
paper.
 CARBURETORS
Functions of a carburetor

 To vaporize the fuel to prepare a homogeneous air fuel

mixture.
 To supply correct amount of the air fuel mixture at the
correct strength under all condition of load and speed
of the engine.
 To keep small reserve of fuel at a constant head.

Butterfly valve
A butterfly valve is a valve that isolates or regulates the
flow of a fluid.

Stoichiometric Air-fuel ratio

The the stoichiometric A/F ratio is the ratio of required
theoretical air consumption to fuel consumption for all the
available oxygen is used to burn the fuel completely This
ratio is called the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio.

14.7:1 - gasoline engine

14.5:1 - diesel
 SIMPLE CARBURETOR

 There is a float chamber in a simple carburetor that is

open to the atmosphere. It keeps atmospheric pressure
in the float chamber.
 Fuel from the external fuel tank is supplied to the float
chamber with the help of the fuel pump.
 Now fuel from the float chamber is supplied to the
main nozzle which is a part of the jet tube. This flow of
fuel from the float chamber to the main nozzle is
carried out by the main fuel jet.
 The engine sucks air from the atmosphere through the
choke valve.
 This air passes through the venturi, it causes a reduction
of the area of a cross-section at the throat of venturi.
 Due to this, the pressure at the main nozzle decreases
and the velocity of air increases.
 This difference in pressure-induced at the float chamber
and the main nozzle causes the mixture of fuel and
incoming atmospheric air.

To avoid the overflow of the fuel from the nozzle, the end
of the main nozzle is slightly kept higher than the level of
fuel in the float chamber. This difference of level between
the tip of the main nozzle and fuel level in the float
chamber is called nozzle lip.

TYPES OF CARBURETORS
1. UP - draught 3. Down - draught
2. Horizontal

 CARTER CARBURETOR
 ZENITH CARBURETOR
 SOLEX CARBURETOR
 S.U. CARBURETOR
 S.U. CARBURETTOR

 SU carburetor is an example of a constant vacuum type

of carburetor.
 It consists of a single jet in which a tapered needle
operates.
 The area of the throat is varied by means of a piston
which slides up and down.
 When the accelerator is operated, the piston moves up
and down in the throat controlling the supply of air, and
the needle moves up and down to the jet controlling to
the supply of fuel.
 When the piston moves up, throat area increases, for
more air passes through it. The needle also moves up
increasing the annular area in the jet to pass more fuel.
 When the piston moves down, throat area decreases, less
air passes through it. The needle also moves down
decreasing the annular area in the jet to pass less fuel.
 The flow of air through the venturi creates a reduced
static pressure in the venturi.
 This pressure drop is communicated to the upper side of
the piston via an air passage.
 The underside of the piston is open to atmospheric
pressure.
 The difference in pressure between the two sides of the
piston lifts the piston.
 Under steady state conditions the upwards and
downwards forces on the piston are equal and opposite,
and the piston does not move.
 SOLEX CARBURETOR

Solex carburetor is famous for its performance, reliability,

and ease of starting. The figure shows a diagram of a
downdraught solex carburetor. This type of carburetor has
distinct fuel circuit for starting, idling, acceleration, low
speed operations, etc. Provisions on solex carburetor ensure
the supply of richer mixture at starting, and weaker mixture
during cruising of the engine.

Different circuits are detailed below,

Cold starting and warming circuit

Bi-starter is the unique device incorporate with the solex

carburetor for the easy cold starting. Bi-starter valve, in the form
of flat disc with holes (of
different sizes) is connected to
starter gasoline jet (4) and starter
air jet (5). The starter lever is
used to positioning or shift the
size of hole come opposite to the
passage. Starter lever is operated
by using the flexible cable from
the dashboard controls.

Richer air-fuel mixture is

required during starting, after
starting the mixture is progressively leaned. While starting, throttle
valve remains in closed position and bigger holes are positioned in
bi-starter. Then the whole engine suction is forced to starting
passage. While suction passes through the starting passage, it
carries air from air jet (5) and fuel from jet (4). The final output of
starting passage is rich enough for starting.

After engine reaches some speed, the smaller holes brought in

front of gasoline jet by using the lever. Thereby reduce gasoline
amount and weaken the air-fuel mixture. Similarly, when engine
reaches normal speed, the next small hole is brought in front of
gasoline jet. Finally, the starter valve is completely closed by the
starter lever.
Idling or low speed operation

An idle port controlled by idle adjusting

screw is provided in the engine side of
throttle valve. As the throttle is almost
closed, the engine suction is applied at the
pilot petrol jet which supplies petrol. The jet
itself draws petrol from the main jet circuit.
Air is drawn from the pilot air jet. The petrol
and air mix in the idle passage and the
mixture comes out of the idle port.

Normal running

The throttle is held partly open, so that the engine suction is now
applied at the main jet, which now supplies fuel. The air enters
directly through the venturi, the quantity of mixture being
governed with the throttle valve.

Acceleration circuit
During acceleration of engine more fuel is required; diaphragm
type pump is used to supply this extra fuel. When acceleration
pedal is pressed, the pump connects to
the pedal press pump diaphragm towards
left. The diaphragm movement forces the
fuel to pump injector (7) through the
pump jet. When the accelerator is
released, the pump lever pulls the
diaphragm. The movement of diaphragm
create a vacuum in diaphragm pump, and
gasoline from float chamber is then
sucked in to pump through the inlet
valve.
 Electronic fuel injection system
An electrically driven pump draws the fuel from the tank through
a filter and supplies the same to the injectors at a pressure which is
held constant by means of a fuel - pressure regulator. The pump
draws more fuel than the required and the excess fuel is returned
to the tank by the fuel pressure regulator. The injectors are
energized by the control signal from electronic control unit (ECU).
The ECU receives signals from different sensors.
The percentage of time the injectors are open is called the duty
cycle.
Common sensors employed with ECU are,
1. Crankshaft speed/ position sensor
2. Camshaft speed sensor
3. Air flow sensor
4. Throttle position sensor
5. Coolant temperature sensor
6. Vehicle speed sensor
7. Battery voltage sensor
8. Oxygen sensor
9. Manifold air temperature sensor
 Mufflers and Types
What is Muffler?
The function of the muffler is to reduce the pressure of the exhaust
gases sufficiently to permit them to be discharged to the
atmosphere silently.

Types of Mufflers

Following are the different types of mufflers used in vehicles:

1. Baffle type muffler
2. Wave cancellation type muffler
3. Resonance type muffler
4. Absorber type muffler
5. Combined resonance and absorber type muffler

1. Baffle Type Muffler

It consists of a number of baffles spot welded
inside the cylindrical body. the purpose of these baffles is to close
the direct passage of the exhaust gases, thus the gases travel a
longer path in the muffler.Due to the restricted flow of the exhaust
gases, back pressure increases causing the loss of engine
horsepower.

2. Wave Cancellation Type Muffler

In this type of muffler, the exhaust gases entering the mufflers are
divided into two parts to flow in the muffler. The lengths of these
paths are so adjusted that after they come out of the muffler, crests
of one wave coincide with the troughs of the second wave.Thus
cancelling each other and reducing noise to zero theoretically. In
practice this type of muffler does not eliminate noise completely,
because noise is a combination of frequencies.
3. Resonance Type Muffler
It consists of a number of Helmholtz resonators in series through
which a pipe having access port passes.Helmholtz is the name of a
person who originated the idea of this type of muffler. The exhaust
gases flow through this pipe. This resonator eliminates the
fundamental and higher harmonics of the engine noise.

4. Absorber Type Muffler

It consists of a perforated tube, around which a sound absorbing

the material like fibreglass or steel wool is placed.The exhaust
gases pass through the perforated tube. the sound-absorbing
material reduces the high-pressure fluctuation of the exhaust gases
thus reducing the noise intensity. These mufflers may be either
straight-through type or reverse flow type, as shown in the figure.
5. Combined Resonance and Absorber Type Muffler

Absorber type muffler has a draw back in that it is not efficient in

reducing noise of low frequency. To overcome this absorber type
combined with a resonant chamber. This type is more efficient.