Chapter 14

Solving quadratic equations

14.1 Introduction Problem 1. Solve the equation x 2 + x − 6 = 0 by
factorization
As stated in Chapter 11, an equation is a statement
that two quantities are equal and to ‘solve an equation’ The factors of x 2 are x and x. These are placed in
means ‘to find the value of the unknown’. The value of brackets: (x )(x )
the unknown is called the root of the equation. The factors of −6 are +6 and −1, or −6 and +1, or +3
A quadratic equation is one in which the highest and −2, or −3 and +2.
power of the unknown quantity is 2. For example, The only combination to give a middle term of +x is
x 2 − 3x + 1 = 0 is a quadratic equation. +3 and −2,
There are four methods of solving quadratic equa-
tions. These are: i.e. x 2 + x − 6 = (x + 3)(x − 2)

(a) by factorization (where possible), The quadratic equation x 2 + x − 6 = 0 thus becomes

(x + 3)(x − 2) = 0
(b) by ‘completing the square’,
Since the only way that this can be true is for either the
(c) by using the ‘quadratic formula’, or first or the second or both factors to be zero, then
(d) graphically (see Chapter 19). either (x + 3) = 0, i.e. x = −3
or (x − 2) = 0, i.e. x = 2
14.2 Solution of quadratic equations
by factorization Hence, the roots of x 2 + x − 6 = 0 are x = −3 and
x = 2.
Multiplying out (x + 1)(x − 3) gives x 2 − 3x + x − 3
i.e. x 2 − 2x − 3. The reverse process of moving from Problem 2. Solve the equation x 2 + 2x − 8 = 0
x 2 − 2x − 3 to (x + 1)(x − 3) is called factorizing. by factorization
If the quadratic expression can be factorized this
provides the simplest method of solving a quadratic The factors of x 2 are x and x. These are placed in
equation. brackets: (x )(x )
For example, if x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0, then, by factorizing The factors of −8 are +8 and −1, or −8 and +1, or +4
(x + 1)(x − 3) = 0 and −2, or −4 and +2.
The only combination to give a middle term of +2x is
Hence, either (x + 1) = 0, i.e. x = −1 +4 and −2,
or (x − 3) = 0, i.e. x = 3
i.e. x 2 + 2x − 8 = (x + 4)(x − 2)
Hence, x = −1 and x = 3 are the roots of the quad-
ratic equation x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0. (Note that the product of the two inner terms (4x) added
The technique of factorizing is often one of trial and to the product of the two outer terms (−2x) must equal
error. the middle term, +2x in this case.)

DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-85617-697-2.00014-4
 Solving quadratic equations 103

The quadratic equation x 2 + 2x − 8 = 0 thus becomes

(x + 4)(x − 2) = 0 Problem 7. Solve the equation x 2 − 5x + 6 = 0
Since the only way that this can be true is for either the
first or the second or both factors to be zero, Factorizing gives (x − 3)(x − 2) = 0

either (x + 4) = 0, i.e. x = −4 Hence, either x − 3 = 0 or x − 2 = 0

or (x − 2) = 0, i.e. x = 2 i.e. x = 3 or x = 2
Hence, the roots of x 2 + 2x − 8 = 0 are x = −4 and
x = 2. Problem 8. Solve the equation x 2 = 15 − 2x

Problem 3. Determine the roots of

Rearranging gives x 2 + 2x − 15 = 0
x 2 − 6x + 9 = 0 by factorization
Factorizing gives (x + 5)(x − 3) = 0
x 2 − 6x + 9 = (x − 3)(x − 3), i.e. (x − 3)2 = 0
Hence, either x + 5 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
The LHS is known as a perfect square.
Hence, x = 3 is the only root of the equation i.e. x = −5 or x = 3
x 2 − 6x + 9 = 0.
Problem 9. Solve the equation 3x 2 − 11x − 4 = 0
Problem 4. Solve the equation x2 − 4x = 0 by factorization

Factorizing gives x(x − 4) = 0 The factors of 3x 2 are 3x and x. These are placed in
x(x − 4) = 0, brackets: (3x )(x )
If
The factors of −4 are −4 and +1, or +4 and −1, or −2
either x =0 or x − 4 = 0 and 2.
Remembering that the product of the two inner terms
i.e. x=0 or x = 4
added to the product of the two outer terms must equal
These are the two roots of the given equation. Answers −11x, the only combination to give this is +1 and −4,
can always be checked by substitution into the original
equation. i.e. 3x 2 −11x − 4 = (3x + 1)(x − 4)

Problem 5. Solve the equation x 2 + 3x − 4 = 0 The quadratic equation 3x 2 − 11x − 4 = 0 thus

becomes (3x + 1)(x − 4) = 0
Factorizing gives (x − 1)(x + 4) = 0 1
Hence, either (3x + 1) = 0, i.e. x = −
Hence, either x − 1 = 0 or x + 4 = 0 3
or (x − 4) = 0, i.e. x = 4
i.e. x = 1 or x = −4
and both solutions may be checked in the original
Problem 6. Determine the roots of 4x 2 − 25 = 0 equation.
by factorization
Problem 10. Solve the quadratic equation
The LHS of 4x 2 − 25 = 0 is the difference of two 4x 2 + 8x + 3 = 0 by factorizing
squares, (2x)2 and (5)2 .
By factorizing, 4x 2 − 25 = (2x + 5)(2x − 5), i.e.
The factors of 4x 2 are 4x and x or 2x and 2x.
(2x + 5)(2x − 5) = 0
The factors of 3 are 3 and 1, or −3 and −1.
5 Remembering that the product of the inner terms added
Hence, either (2x + 5) = 0, i.e. x = − = −2.5
2 to the product of the two outer terms must equal +8x,
5 the only combination that is true (by trial and error) is
or (2x − 5) = 0, i.e. x = = 2.5
2 (4x 2 + 8x + 3) = (2x + 3)(2x + 1)
104 Basic Engineering Mathematics

Hence, (2x + 3)(2x + 1) = 0, from which either i.e. x 2 − 5x + 5x − 25 = 0

(2x + 3) = 0 or (2x + 1) = 0.
i.e. x 2 − 25 = 0
3
Thus, 2x = −3, from which x = − or −1.5
2 Problem 14. Find the equation in x whose roots
1 are 1.2 and −0.4
or 2x = −1, from which x = − or −0.5
2
which may be checked in the original equation. If 1.2 and −0.4 are the roots of a quadratic equation
then
Problem 11. Solve the quadratic equation (x − 1.2)(x + 0.4) = 0
15x 2 + 2x − 8 = 0 by factorizing 2
i.e. x − 1.2x + 0.4x − 0.48 = 0
The factors of 15x 2 are 15x and x or 5x and 3x. i.e. x 2 − 0.8x − 0.48 = 0
The factors of −8 are −4 are +2, or 4 and −2, or −8
and +1, or 8 and −1.
By trial and error the only combination that works is Now try the following Practice Exercise

15x 2 + 2x − 8 = (5x + 4)(3x − 2)

Practice Exercise 54 Solving quadratic
Hence, (5x + 4)(3x − 2) = 0, from which either 5x + equations by factorization (answers on
4 = 0 or 3x − 2 = 0. page 346)
4 2 In problems 1 to 30, solve the given equations by
Hence, x = − or x =
5 3 factorization.
which may be checked in the original equation.
1. x 2 − 16 = 0 2. x 2 + 4x − 32 = 0
Problem 12. The roots of a quadratic equation 3. (x + 2)2 = 16 4. 4x 2 − 9 = 0
1 5. 3x 2 + 4x = 0 6. 8x 2 − 32 = 0
are and −2. Determine the equation in x
3
7. x 2 − 8x + 16 = 0 8. x 2 + 10x + 25 = 0
If the roots of a quadratic equation are, say, α and β, 9. x 2 − 2x + 1 = 0 10. x 2 + 5x + 6 = 0
then (x − α)(x − β) = 0. 11. x 2 + 10x + 21 = 0 12. x 2 − x − 2 = 0
1 13. y 2 − y − 12 = 0 14. y 2 − 9y + 14 = 0
Hence, if α = and β = −2,
3 15. x 2 + 8x + 16 = 0 16. x 2 − 4x + 4 = 0
 
1 17. x 2 + 6x + 9 = 0 18. x 2 − 9 = 0
x− (x − (−2)) = 0
3
  19. 3x 2 + 8x + 4 = 0 20. 4x 2 + 12x + 9 = 0
1 1
x− (x + 2) = 0 21. 4z 2 − =0 22. x 2 + 3x − 28 = 0
3 16
1 2 23. 2x − x − 3 = 0
2 24. 6x 2 − 5x + 1 = 0
x 2 − x + 2x − = 0
3 3 25. 10x 2 + 3x − 4 = 0 26. 21x 2 − 25x = 4
5 2 27. 8x 2 + 13x − 6 = 0 28. 5x 2 + 13x − 6 = 0
x2 + x − = 0
3 3
29. 6x 2 − 5x − 4 = 0 30. 8x 2 + 2x − 15 = 0
or 3x 2 + 5x − 2 = 0
In problems 31 to 36, determine the quadratic
Problem 13. Find the equation in x whose roots equations in x whose roots are
are 5 and −5 31. 3 and 1 32. 2 and −5
33. −1 and −4 34. 2.5 and −0.5
If 5 and −5 are the roots of a quadratic equation then
35. 6 and −6 36. 2.4 and −0.7
(x − 5)(x + 5) = 0
 Solving quadratic equations 105

(iii) Rearrange the equations so that the x 2 and x

14.3 Solution of quadratic equations
terms are on one side of the equals sign and the
by ‘completing the square’ constant is on the other side. Hence,
An expression such as x 2 or (x + 2)2 or (x − 3)2 is 5 3
x2 + x =
called a perfect square. 2 2
√
If x 2 = 3 then x = ± 3 (iv) Add to both sides of the equation (half the coeffi-
√ √ 5
If (x + 2)2 = 5 then x + 2 = ± 5 and x = −2 ± 5 cient of x)2 . In this case the coefficient of x is
√ √  2
2
If (x − 3)2 = 8 then x − 3 = ± 8 and x = 3 ± 8 5
Half the coefficient squared is therefore
Hence, if a quadratic equation can be rearranged so that 4
one side of the equation is a perfect square and the other Thus,
side of the equation is a number, then the solution of  2  2
5 5 3 5
the equation is readily obtained by taking the square x2 + x + = +
2 4 2 4
roots of each side as in the above examples. The process
of rearranging one side of a quadratic equation into a The LHS is now a perfect square, i.e.
perfect square before solving is called ‘completing the    2
5 2 3 5
square’. x+ = +
4 2 4
(x + a)2 = x 2 + 2ax + a 2
(v) Evaluate the RHS. Thus,
Thus, in order to make the quadratic expression x 2 + 2ax  
into a perfect square, it is necessary to add (half the 5 2 3 25 24 + 25 49
 2 x+ = + = =
2a 4 2 16 16 16
2
coefficient of x) , i.e. or a 2
2 (vi) Take the square root of both sides of the equation
For example, x 2 + 3x becomes a perfect square by (remembering that the square root of a number
 2
3 gives a ± answer). Thus,
adding , i.e.   
2  
5 2 49
 2   x+ =
3 3 2 4 16
x 2 + 3x + = x+
2 2 5 7
i.e. x + =±
The method of completing the square is demonstrated 4 4
in the following worked problems. (vii) Solve the simple equation. Thus,
5 7
Problem 15. Solve 2x 2 + 5x = 3 by completing x =− ±
4 4
the square
5 7 2 1
i.e. x = − + = = or 0.5
4 4 4 2
The procedure is as follows.
5 7 12
(i) Rearrange the equation so that all terms are on the and x = − − = − = −3
4 4 4
same side of the equals sign (and the coefficient
Hence, x = 0.5 or x = −3; i.e., the roots of the
of the x 2 term is positive). Hence,
equation 2x 2 + 5x = 3 are 0.5 and −3.
2x 2 + 5x − 3 = 0
Problem 16. Solve 2x 2 + 9x + 8 = 0, correct to 3
(ii) Make the coefficient of the x 2 term unity. In this
significant figures, by completing the square
case this is achieved by dividing throughout by 2.
Hence,
Making the coefficient of x 2 unity gives
2x 2 5x 3 9
+ − =0 x2 + x + 4 = 0
2 2 2 2
5 3 9
i.e. x2 + x − =0 Rearranging gives x + x = −4
2
2 2 2
106 Basic Engineering Mathematics

Adding to both sides (half the coefficient of x)2 gives Now try the following Practice Exercise
 2  2
9 9 9
x2 + x + = −4 Practice Exercise 55 Solving quadratic
2 4 4
equations by completing the square
The LHS is now a perfect square. Thus, (answers on page 346)

 2 Solve the following equations correct to 3 decimal

9 81 81 64 17 places by completing the square.
x+ = −4 = − =
4 16 16 16 16 1. x 2 + 4x + 1 = 0 2. 2x 2 + 5x − 4 = 0
3. 3x 2 − x − 5 = 0 4. 5x 2 − 8x + 2 = 0
Taking the square root of both sides gives
5. 4x 2 − 11x + 3 = 0 6. 2x 2 + 5x = 2
 
9 17
x+ = = ±1.031
4 16 14.4 Solution of quadratic equations
9 by formula
Hence, x = − ± 1.031
4
Let the general form of a quadratic equation be given
i.e. x = −1.22 or −3.28, correct to 3 significant figures. by ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b and c are constants.
Dividing ax 2 + bx + c = 0 by a gives
Problem 17. By completing the square, solve the
quadratic equation 4.6y 2 + 3.5y − 1.75 = 0, correct b c
x2 + x + = 0
to 3 decimal places a a
b c
Rearranging gives x2 + x = −
4.6y 2 + 3.5y − 1.75 = 0 a a
Adding to each side of the equation the square of half
Making the coefficient of y 2 unity gives the coefficient of the term in x to make the LHS a perfect
square gives
3.5 1.75
y2 + y− =0  2  2
4.6 4.6 b b b c
x + x+
2
= −
3.5 1.75 a 2a 2a a
and rearranging gives y2 + y=  2
4.6 4.6 b b 2
c b2 − 4ac
Rearranging gives x + = 2− =
a 4a a 4a 2
Adding to both sides (half the coefficient of y)2 gives
    Taking the square root of both sides gives
3.5 3.5 2 1.75 3.5 2  √
y +
2
y+ = + 
4.6 9.2 4.6 9.2 b b2 − 4ac ± b2 − 4ac
x+ = =
2a 4a 2 2a
The LHS is now a perfect square. Thus, √
b b − 4ac
2
 2 Hence, x =− ±
3.5 2a 2a
y+ = 0.5251654 √
9.2 −b ± b2 − 4ac
i.e. the quadratic formula is x=
2a
Taking the square root of both sides gives
(This method of obtaining the formula is completing the
3.5 √ square − as shown in the previous section.)
y+ = 0.5251654 = ±0.7246830 In summary,
9.2
3.5 √
Hence, y =− ± 0.7246830 −b ± b2 − 4ac
9.2 if ax + bx + c = 0 then x =
2
2a
i.e. y = 0.344 or −1.105
This is known as the quadratic formula.
 Solving quadratic equations 107

Hence, x = −0.36 or −1.39, correct to 2 decimal

Problem 18. Solve x 2 + 2x − 8 = 0 by using the places.
quadratic formula
Problem 21. Use the quadratic formula to solve
Comparing x 2 + 2x − 8 = 0 with ax 2 + bx + c = 0 x +2 3
+ = 7 correct to 4 significant figures
gives a = 1, b = 2 and c = −8. 4 x −1
Substituting these values into the quadratic formula
√ Multiplying throughout by 4(x − 1) gives
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a (x + 2) 3
4(x − 1) + 4(x − 1) = 4(x − 1)(7)
gives 4 (x − 1)
 √ Cancelling gives (x − 1)(x + 2) + (4)(3) = 28(x − 1)
−2 ± 22 − 4(1)(−8) −2 ± 4 + 32
x= =
2(1) 2 x 2 + x − 2 + 12 = 28x − 28
√
−2 ± 36 −2 ± 6 Hence, x 2 − 27x + 38 = 0
= =
2 2
−2 + 6 −2 − 6 Using the quadratic formula,
= or
2 2 
4 −8 −(−27) ± (−27)2 − 4(1)(38)
Hence, x = or , i.e. x = 2 or x = −4. x=
2 2 2
√
27 ± 577 27 ± 24.0208
Problem 19. Solve 3x 2 − 11x − 4 = 0 by using = =
2 2
the quadratic formula
27 + 24.0208
Hence, x= = 25.5104
Comparing 3x 2 − 11x − 4 = 0 with ax 2 + bx + c = 0 2
gives a = 3, b = −11 and c = −4. Hence, 27 − 24.0208
 or x= = 1.4896
2
−(−11) ± (−11)2 − 4(3)(−4)
x=
2(3) Hence, x = 25.51 or 1.490, correct to 4 significant
√ √
+11 ± 121 + 48 11 ± 169 figures.
= =
6 6
11 ± 13 11 + 13 11 − 13 Now try the following Practice Exercise
= = or
6 6 6
24 −2 1 Practice Exercise 56 Solving quadratic
Hence, x = or , i.e. x = 4 or x = − equations by formula (answers on page 346)
6 6 3
Solve the following equations by using the
Problem 20. Solve 4x 2 + 7x + 2 = 0 giving the
quadratic formula, correct to 3 decimal places.
roots correct to 2 decimal places
1. 2x 2 + 5x − 4 = 0
Comparing 4x 2 + 7x + 2 = 0 with ax 2 + bx + c gives 2. 5.76x 2 + 2.86x − 1.35 = 0
a = 4, b = 7 and c = 2. Hence,
 3. 2x 2 − 7x + 4 = 0
−7 ± 72 − 4(4)(2) 3
x= 4. 4x + 5 =
2(4) x
√
−7 ± 17 −7 ± 4.123 5
= = 5. (2x + 1) =
8 8 x −3
−7 + 4.123 −7 − 4.123 6. 3x 2 − 5x + 1 = 0
= or
8 8
108 Basic Engineering Mathematics

Problem 23. Calculate the diameter of a solid

7. 4x 2 + 6x − 8 = 0
cylinder which has a height of 82.0 cm and a total
8. 5.6x 2 − 11.2x − 1 = 0 surface area of 2.0 m2
9. 3x(x + 2) + 2x(x − 4) = 8 Total surface area of a cylinder
10. 4x 2 − x(2x + 5) = 14 = curved surface area + 2 circular ends
5 2 = 2πrh + 2πr 2 (where r = radius and h = height)
11. + =6
x −3 x −2
Since the total surface area = 2.0 m2 and the height h =
3
12. + 2x = 7 + 4x 82 cm or 0.82 m,
x −7
x +1 2.0 = 2πr(0.82) + 2πr 2
13. = x −3
x −1 i.e. 2πr 2 + 2πr(0.82) − 2.0 = 0
1
Dividing throughout by 2π gives r 2 + 0.82r − = 0
π
14.5 Practical problems involving Using the quadratic formula,
quadratic equations   
−0.82 ± (0.82)2 − 4(1) − π1
There are many practical problems in which a r=
2(1)
quadratic equation has first to be obtained, from given √
information, before it is solved. −0.82 ± 1.94564 −0.82 ± 1.39486
= =
2 2
Problem 22. The area of a rectangle is 23.6 cm2 = 0.2874 or − 1.1074
and its width is 3.10 cm shorter than its length.
Thus, the radius r of the cylinder is 0.2874 m (the
Determine the dimensions of the rectangle, correct
negative solution being neglected).
to 3 significant figures
Hence, the diameter of the cylinder
Let the length of the rectangle be x cm. Then the width
= 2 × 0.2874
is (x − 3.10) cm.
= 0.5748 m or 57.5 cm
Area = length × width = x(x − 3.10) = 23.6 correct to 3 significant figures.
i.e. x 2 − 3.10x − 23.6 = 0
Problem 24. The height s metres of a mass
Using the quadratic formula, projected vertically upwards at time t seconds is
 1
s = ut − gt 2. Determine how long the mass will
−(−3.10) ± (−3.10)2 − 4(1)(−23.6) 2
x= take after being projected to reach a height of 16 m
2(1)
√ (a) on the ascent and (b) on the descent, when
3.10 ± 9.61 + 94.4 3.10 ± 10.20 u = 30 m/s and g = 9.81 m/s2
= =
2 2
13.30 −7.10 1
= or When height s = 16 m, 16 = 30t − (9.81)t 2
2 2 2
Hence, x = 6.65 cm or −3.55 cm. The latter solution is i.e. 4.905t − 30t + 16 = 0
2

neglected since length cannot be negative.

Using the quadratic formula,
Thus, length x = 6.65 cm and width = x − 3.10 =

6.65 − 3.10 = 3.55 cm, i.e. the dimensions of the rect- −(−30) ± (−30)2 − 4(4.905)(16)
angle are 6.65 cm by 3.55 cm. t=
2(4.905)
(Check: Area = 6.65 × 3.55 = 23.6 cm 2 , correct to √
3 significant figures.) 30 ± 586.1 30 ± 24.21
= = = 5.53 or 0.59
9.81 9.81
 Solving quadratic equations 109

Hence, the mass will reach a height of 16 m after If A = 482.2 and l = 15.3, then
0.59 s on the ascent and after 5.53 s on the descent. 482.2 = πr(15.3) + πr 2

Problem 25. A shed is 4.0 m long and 2.0 m wide. i.e. πr 2 + 15.3πr − 482.2 = 0
A concrete path of constant width is laid all the way
482.2
around the shed. If the area of the path is 9.50 m2 , or r 2 + 15.3r − =0
calculate its width to the nearest centimetre π
Using the quadratic formula,
Figure 14.1 shows a plan view of the shed with its   
surrounding path of width t metres. −482.2
−15.3 ± (15.3)2 −4
π
r=
2
t √
t −15.3 ± 848.0461 −15.3 ± 29.12123
= =
2 2
2.0 m
Hence, radius r = 6.9106 cm (or −22.21 cm, which is
meaningless and is thus ignored).
4.0 m (4.0 1 2t) Thus, the diameter of the base = 2r = 2(6.9106)
= 13.82 cm.

SHED Now try the following Practice Exercise

Figure 14.1 Practice Exercise 57 Practical problems

involving quadratic equations (answers on
page 346)
Area of path = 2(2.0 × t ) + 2t (4.0 + 2t )
1. The angle a rotating shaft turns through in t
i.e. 9.50 = 4.0t + 8.0t + 4t 2 1
seconds is given by θ = ωt + αt 2. Deter-
or 4t 2+ 12.0t − 9.50 = 0 2
mine the time taken to complete 4 radians if
Hence, ω is 3.0 rad/s and α is 0.60 rad/s2.
 2. The power P developed in an electrical cir-
−(12.0) ± (12.0)2 − 4(4)(−9.50) cuit is given by P = 10I − 8I 2 , where I is
t=
2(4) the current in amperes. Determine the current
√ necessary to produce a power of 2.5 watts in
−12.0 ± 296.0 −12.0 ± 17.20465 the circuit.
= =
8 8
3. The area of a triangle is 47.6 cm2 and its
i.e. t = 0.6506 m or − 3.65058 m. perpendicular height is 4.3 cm more than its
base length. Determine the length of the base
Neglecting the negative result, which is meaningless, correct to 3 significant figures.
the width of the path, t = 0.651 m or 65 cm correct to
the nearest centimetre. 4. The sag, l, in metres in a cable stretched
between two supports, distance x m apart, is
Problem 26. If the total surface area of a solid 12
given by l = + x. Determine the distance
cone is 486.2 cm2 and its slant height is 15.3 cm, x
between the supports when the sag is 20 m.
determine its base diameter.
5. The acid dissociation constant K a of ethanoic
From Chapter 27, page 245, the total surface area A of acid is 1.8 × 10−5 mol dm−3 for a particu-
a solid cone is given by A = πrl + πr 2 , where l is the lar solution. Using the Ostwald dilution law,
slant height and r the base radius.
110 Basic Engineering Mathematics

For a simultaneous solution the values of y must be

x2 equal, hence the RHS of each equation is equated.
Ka = , determine x, the degree of
v(1 − x) Thus, 5x − 4 − 2x 2 = 6x − 7
ionization, given that v = 10 dm3 .
6. A rectangular building is 15 m long by 11 m Rearranging gives 5x − 4 − 2x 2 − 6x + 7 = 0
wide. A concrete path of constant width is i.e. −x + 3 − 2x 2 = 0
laid all the way around the building. If the
area of the path is 60.0 m2 , calculate its width or 2x 2 + x − 3 = 0
correct to the nearest millimetre. Factorizing gives (2x + 3)(x − 1) = 0
7. The total surface area of a closed cylindrical 3
i.e. x = − or x = 1
container is 20.0 m3 . Calculate the radius of 2
the cylinder if its height is 2.80 m.
In the equation y = 6x − 7,
8. The bending moment M at a point in a beam
3x(20 − x)  
is given by M = , where x metres 3
2 3
is the distance from the point of support. when x = − , y=6 − − 7 = −16
2 2
Determine the value of x when the bending
moment is 50 Nm. and when x = 1, y = 6 − 7 = −1
9. A tennis court measures 24 m by 11 m. In the
layout of a number of courts an area of ground (Checking the result in y = 5x − 4 − 2x 2 :
must be allowed for at the ends and at the
   
sides of each court. If a border of constant 3 3 3 2
width is allowed around each court and the when x = − , y =5 − −4−2 −
2 2 2
total area of the court and its border is 950 m2,
find the width of the borders. 15 9
=− − 4 − = −16, as above,
2 2
10. Two resistors, when connected in series, have
a total resistance of 40 ohms. When con- and when x = 1, y = 5 − 4 − 2 = −1, as above.)
nected in parallel their total resistance is 8.4
ohms. If one of the resistors has a resistance Hence, the simultaneous solutions occur when
of Rx , ohms, 3
x = − , y = −16 and when x = 1, y = −1.
(a) show that Rx2 − 40Rx + 336 = 0 and 2
(b) calculate the resistance of each.
Now try the following Practice Exercise

14.6 Solution of linear and quadratic Practice Exercise 58 Solving linear and
equations simultaneously quadratic equations simultaneously
(answers on page 346)
Sometimes a linear equation and a quadratic equation
need to be solved simultaneously. An algebraic method Determine the solutions of the following simulta-
of solution is shown in Problem 27; a graphical solution neous equations.
is shown in Chapter 19, page 160. 1. y = x 2 + x + 1 2. y = 15x 2 + 21x − 11
y = 4−x y = 2x − 1
Problem 27. Determine the values of x and y
which simultaneously satisfy the equations 3. 2x 2 + y = 4 + 5x
y = 5x − 4 − 2x 2 and y = 6x − 7 x+y =4