Written according to the New Text book (2012-2013) published by the Maharashtra State Board

of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.

Std. XII Sci.

Chemistry Numericals

Prof. Santosh B. Yadav

(M. Sc., SET, NET)
Department of Chemistry
R. Jhunjunwala College, Ghatkopar

Salient Features:
9 Completely exam oriented solved problems.
9 Formulae bank for every topic.
9 Practice problems with hints for every subtopic.
9 Problems from various competitive exams.
9 236 Solved problems, 637 Problems for practice
and 104 Multiple Choice Questions.
9 Self evaluative in nature.

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Std. XII Sci.
Chemistry Numericals

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Sixth Edition: November 2012

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 PREFACE
The desire to learn Chemistry remains diminished unless and until the student masters Physical chemistry. Physical chemistry
is a field of science which mainly consists of problems and hence it calls for a deep knowledge of formulas and ability to
solve numerical problems quickly and efficiently.

Hence to ease this task we bring to you “Std. XII Sci. Chemistry Numericals” a book containing adequate solved problems
for every chapter classified into subtopics that provides an indepth knowledge of the procedure to tackle the problems. At the
end of each topic and sub-topic practice problems are provided to test the student’s preparation and increase his confidence.
Additional and multiple choice questions are also provided to increase the knowledge and ability of the student. Board
problems and various competitive exams problems of the last many years have been included to provide the importance of
questions.

To end on a candid note, I would like to make a humble request to each and every student: Preserve this book as a Holy
Grail as it helps you in the complete and thorough preparation from the examination point of view. There is always a room
for improvement, hence I welcome all suggestions and regret any errors that may have occurred in the making of this book.

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

Your’s faithfully

Publisher
 Contents
No. Topic Name Page No.

1. Solid State 1

2. Solutions and Colligative Properties 20

3. Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetics 62

4. Electrochemistry 116

5. Chemical Kinetics 163

6. IUPAC Name and Nomenclature 234

 TARGET Publications Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals

01 Solid state
Formulae
1. Density of unit cell:
z.M
d= 3
a .NA
where, a is edge of unit cell
NA = Avogadro number (6.023 × 1023)
M = Molar mass
z = number of atoms per unit cell
For fcc, z = 4
for bcc, z = 2
for simple cubic, z = 1
2. Radius rule and coordination number for ionic crystals:
In simple ionic crystals, the cations commonly occupy the voids or holes. The voids are empty
spaces left between anionic spheres.
⎛ r+ ⎞
i. Radius Ratio ⎜ − ⎟ :
⎝r ⎠
The critical radius ratio of the void (cation) and sphere (anion), is calculated by solid
geometry.
r+ Cation radius
∴ Radius ratio = − =
r Anion radius

ii. Coordination Number (CN) :

The number of spheres (atoms, molecules or ions) directly surrounding a single sphere in a
crystal, is called coordination number.
3. Crystal structures of some elements and their coordination number’s (CN):
Crystal structure Example Coordination No.
bcc Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ba 8
fcc or ccp Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, Pt 12
hcp (Hexagonal closed packed) Zn, Mo, Cd, V, Be, Mg 21
4. Relation between radius ratio, coordination number and geometry :
⎛ r+ ⎞ Coordination Geometry Examples
Radius ratio ⎜ − ⎟ number
⎝r ⎠
0.155 to 0.225 3 Planar triangular B2O3
0.225 to 0.414 4 Tetrahedral ZnS
0.414 to 0.732 6 Octahedral NaCl
0.732 to 1.0 8 Cubic CsCl

Solid State 1
 Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals TARGET Publications
5. Characteristics of some typical crystal structure :
Crystal Type of unit Examples Radius CN
cell ratio Cation Anion
CsCl bcc CsCl, CsBr, TiCl 0.93 8 8
NaCl fcc AgCl, MgO 0.52 6 6
ZnS fcc ZnS 0.40 4 4
CaF2 fcc CaF2, SrF2, CdF2 0.73 8 4

Solved Examples Example 1.3

In silicates the oxygen atom forms a tetrahedral
Type 1: Radius Ratio of ionic compound/ void. The limiting radius ratio for tetrahedral
The Formula of compound void is 0.22. The radius of oxide is 1.4 Å. Find
out the radius of cation.
Example 1.1 Solution:
Barium has a radius of 224 pm and crystallizes Given: Radius of oxide (r−) = 1.4 Å
in a body-centred cubic structure. What is the Radius ratio = 0.22
edge length of the unit cell?
To find: Radius of cation (r+) = ?
Solution:
Given: Radius (r) = 224 pm Formula:
To find: Edge length of unit cell (a) = ? Radius of the cation
Radius ratio =
3a Radius of the anion
Formula: r =
4 Calculation:
Calculation: From formula,
For BCC r+
From formula, Radius ratio =
r−
r × 4 224 × 4
a= = = 517.3 pm r+
3 1.7320 0.22 =
1.4
+
r = 0.22 × 1.4
Example 1.2
∴ r + = 0.308 Å
Aluminium crystallizes in cubic close packed
structure. Its metallic radius is 125 pm. What is
the edge length of unit cell? Example 1.4
Solution: The radius of Be2+ cation is 59 pm and that of
Given: Radius (r) = 125 pm S2− is 170 pm. Find out the coordination number
To find: Edge length of unit cell (a) = ? and structure of BeS.
a Solution:
Formula: r =
2× 2 Given: Radius of cation Be2+(r+)= 59 pm
Calculation: Radius of anion S2− (r−) = 170 pm
Since Al crystallizes in Face centred cubic To find: i. The coordination number of
(FCC) structure Be2+ S2− = ?
From formula, ii. Structure of BeS = ?
a = r×2× 2 Formula:
= 125 × 2 × 1.4142 Radius of the cation
Radius ratio =
∴ a = 353.5 pm Radius of the anion
2 Solid State
 TARGET Publications Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals
Calculation: Formula:
From formula, Radius of the cation
Radius ratio =
r + rBe2 + 59 Radius of the anion
Radius ratio = −
= = = 0.347
r r 2− 170 Calculation:
S
From formula,
Since the radius ratio lies in between r+ 94
0.225 – 0.414 Radius ratio = −
= = 0.6438
r 146
The coordination number of Be2+ S2− is 4 And
Since the radius ratio lies in between
the structure of BeS is tetrahedral.
0.414 – 0.732
The coordination number of calcium is 6.
Example 1.5
If the radius of cation is 96 pm and that of anion
Example 1.7
is 618 pm. Determine the coordination number
Sodium metal crystallizes in body centered
and structure of the crystal lattice.
cubic lattice with cell edge = 4.29 Å. What is
Solution: the radius of sodium atom?
Given: Radius of cation (r+) = 96 pm Solution:
Radius of anion (r−) = 618 pm Given: Edge length of unit cell (a)
To find: i. Coordination number = ? = 4.29 Å
ii. Structure of the crystal lattice To find: Radius (r) =?
=? 3a
Formula: Formula: Radius (r) =
4
Radius of the cation Calculation:
Radius ratio =
Radius of the anion For BCC
Calculation: From formula,
From formula, 3a 1.7320 × 4.29
Radius (r) = = = 1.86 Å
r+ 96 4 4
Radius ratio = −
= = 0.1553
r 618 Example 1.8
Since the radius ratio lies in between Br− ion forms a close packed structure. If the
0.155 – 0.225 radius of Br− ions is 195 pm. Calculate the
The coordination number of crystal is 3 radius of the cation that just fits into the
And the structure of crystal lattice is Trigonal tetrahedral hole. Can a cation A+ having a radius
planar. of 82 pm be slipped into the octahedral hole of
the crystal A+Br-?
Example 1.6 Solution:
The radius of calcium ion is 94 pm and that of Given: Radius of anion Br– (r– ) = 195 pm
an oxide ion is 146 pm. Find the coordination Radius of cation ( rA+ ) = 82 pm
number of calcium.
To find:
Solution: i. The radius of the cation that just fits into
Given: Radius of cation (r+) = 94 pm the tetrahedral hole (r+) = ?
Radius of anion (r–) = 146pm ii. Whether the cation A+ having a radius of
To find: The coordination number of 82 pm can be slipped into the octahedral
calcium = ? hole of the crystal (A+ Br–) = ?
Solid State 3
 Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals TARGET Publications
Formula: Example 1.10
Radius of the cation Determine the structure and coordination
Radius ratio =
Radius of the anion number of MgS on the basis of radius ratio in
Calculation: which radius of Mg2+ and S2– is 65 pm and 184
i. For, pm respectively.
r+ Solution:
Limiting value for − for tetrahedral hole
r Given: Radius of cation Mg2+ (r+) = 65 pm
is 0.225 – 0.414 Radius of anion S2− (r−) = 184 pm
From formula,
To find: i. The coordination number of
Radius of the tetrahedral hole
MgS = ?
( rA+ ) = Radius ratio × r–
ii. Structure of MgS = ?
= 0.225 × 195
Formula:
= 43.875 pm
Radius of the cation
ii. For cation A+ with radius = 82 pm Radius ratio =
Radius of the anion
From formula,
Calculation:
r+ 82
Radius ratio = − = = 0.4205 From formula,
r 195
As it lies in the range 0.414 – 0.732, r+ r 2+ 65
Mg
hence the cation A+ can be slipped into Radius ratio = −
= = = 0.3533
r r 2− 184
the octahedral hole of the crystal A+Br−. S

Since the radius ratio lies in between

Example 1.9 0.225 – 0.414
A solid AB has ZnS type structure. If the radius The coordination number of MgS is 4.
of cation is 50 pm, calculate the maximum And the structure of MgS is Tetrahedral.
possible value of the radius of anion B−.
Solution:
Type 2: Density of the unit cell
Given: Radius of cation (r+) = 50 pm
To find: Radius of anion (r−) = ?
Example 2.1
Radius of the cation
Formula: Radius ratio = Al crystallizes in FCC structure. Calculate the
Radius of the anion
molar mass of Al atoms, if length of the unit cell
Calculation:
is 404 pm and density of Al is 2.7 g/cm3.
ZnS has tetrahedral arrangement.
Solution:
r+
The range of for stable four fold Given: Density (d) = 2.7 g/cm3
r−
coordination is 0.225 to 0.414 Length of unit cell (a) = 404 pm
Hence the radius of anion can be calculated by = 4.04 × 10−8 cm
r+ z = 4 (FCC)
taking − = 0.225
r To find: Atomic mass of element (M) =?
r+ 50 Formula: i. V = a3
∴ r– = =
0.225 0.225 z×M
= 222.22 pm ii. Density (d) =
NA × V
4 Solid State
 TARGET Publications Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals
Calculation: Example 2.3
From formula (i), Polonium exist as a simple cube. The edge of its
V = (4.04 × 10−8 cm)3 unit cell is 334.7 pm. Calculate its density.
= 6.594 × 10−23 cm3 Solution:
From formula (ii), Given: Edge length (a) = 334.7
N ×V×d = 3.347 × 10−8 cm
M= A
z Atomic mass of Po = (M) = 210
6.023 × 1023 × 6.594 × 10−23 × 2.7 z=1 (Simple cube)
= Avogadro’s number = NA
4
M = 26.81 amu = 6.023 × 1023
To find: Density (d) = ?
Example 2.2 Formula: i. V = a3
If the radius of palladium is 248 pm and the z×M
ii. Density (d) =
lattice type is body centered cubic, what is the NA × V
theoretical density of palladium ? Calculation:
Solution: From formula (i),
Given: Radius (r) = 248 pm
V = (3.347 × 10−8 cm)3
= 2.48 × 10−8cm
= 3.7494 × 10−23 cm3
z = 2 (BCC)
From formula (ii),
Atomic mass of Pd = 106
To find: Density (d) = ? ⎛ 1 × 210 ⎞
d= ⎜ −23 ⎟
⎝ 6.023 × 10 × 3.7494 × 10 ⎠
23
3a
Formula: i. Atomic Radius (r) = = 9.30 g/cm3
4
ii. V = a3
z×M Example 2.4
iii. Density (d) =
NA × V Gallium crystallizes in a simple cubic lattice.
Calculation: The density of gallium is 5.904 g/cm3.
For BCC Determine a value for atomic radius of gallium.
From formula (i), Solution:
1.732 × a Given: Density (d) = 5.904 g/cm3
2.48 × 10−8 cm =
4 Atomic mass of Ga (M) = 69.7
−8
2.48 × 10 cm × 4 z = 1 (Simple cube)
a=
1.732 Avogadro’s number (NA)
= 5.727 × 10−8 cm = 6.023 × 1023
From formula (ii),
To find: Atomic radius (r) = ?
V = (5.727 × 10−8 cm)3
z×M
= 18.78 × 10−23 cm3 Formula: i. Density (d) =
From formula (iii), NA × V
2 × 106 ii. V = a3
d=
6.023 × 1023 × 18.78 × 10−23 a
iii. r=
= 1.87 g/cm3 2

Solid State 5
 Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals TARGET Publications
Calculation: Example 2.6
From formula (i), The edge length of the unit cell of Ta, is
1 × 69.7 330.6 pm; the unit cell is body-centred cubic.
5.904 = Tantalum has a density of16.69 g/cm3
6.023 × 1023 × V
i. Calculate the mass of a tantalum atom.
V = 1.96 × 10−23
ii. Calculate the atomic mass of tantalum in
From formula (ii),
g/mol.
a = 3 1.96 × 10−23 = 2.7 × 10−8 Solution:
For Simple cube structure Given: Edge length of the unit cell (a)
From formula (iii), = 330.6 pm = 330.6 × 10−10 cm
2.7 × 10−8 = 3.306 × 10−8 cm
r =
2 Density (d) = 16.69 g/cm3
= 1.35 × 10−8 cm z = 2 (FCC)
= 135 pm To Find: i. Mass of a tantalum atom = ?
ii. Atomic mass of tantalum in
g/mol = ?
Example 2.5
Formula: i. V = a3
You are given a small bar of an unknown metal.
Mass
You find the density of the metal to be 11.5 ii. Density =
g/cm3. An X-ray diffraction experiment Volume
measures the edge of the face-centred cubic unit z×M
ii. Density (d) =
cell as 4.06 × 10−10 m. Find the gram-atomic NA × V
mass of this metal and tentatively identify it. Calculation:
Solution: From formula (i),
Given: Density (d) = 11.5 g/cm3 V = (3.306 × 10−8 cm)3
z = 4 (FCC)
= 3.6133 × 10−23 cm3
Edge Length (a) = 4.06 × 10−10 m i. Mass of the 2 tantalum atoms in the body-
= 4.06 × 10−8 cm centered cubic unit cell
To find: Atomic mass (M) =? From formula (ii),
Formula: i. V = a3 Mass = Density × Volume
z×M = 16.69 × 3.6133 × 10–23
ii. Density (d) =
NA × V = 6.0307 × 10−22 g
Calculation: The mass of one atom of Ta
From formula (i), 6.0307 × 10−22
=
V = (4.06 × 10-8 cm)3 2
= 6.69234 × 10−23 cm3 = 3.015 × 10−22 g
From formula (ii), ii. Atomic mass of tantalum in g/mol
d × NA × V From formula (iii),
M=
z N ×V×d
M= A
11.5 × 6.023 × 1023 × 6.69234 × 10−23 z
M=
4 6.023 × 1023 × 3.6133 × 10−23 × 16.69
=
= 115.88 amu 2
This weight is close to that of Indium. Atomic mass of Ta = 181.6 g/mol
6 Solid State
 TARGET Publications Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals
Example 2.7 Calculation:
Nickel crystallizes in a face-centred cubic For FCC Lattice
lattice. If the density of the metal is From formula (i),
8.908 g/cm3, what is the unit cell edge length in a
pm? 1.97 × 10−8 =
2 2
Solution: a = 5.572 × 10−8 cm
Given: Density (d) = 8.908 g/cm3 From formula (ii),
z = 4 (FCC Lattice) V = (5.572 × 10−8 cm)3 = 1.72995 × 10–22 cm3
Atomic mass of Ni (M) = 58.6934 From formula (iii),
NA = 6.023 × 1023 N ×V×d
To find: Edge length of unit cell (a) = ? M= A
z
z×M 6.023 × 1023 × 1.72995 × 10−22 × 1.54
Formula: i. Density (d) = =
NA × V 4
ii. V = a3 M = 40.11 g/mol
The metal is calcium.
Calculation:
From formula (i), Example 2.9
4 × 58.6934 4 × 58.6934 Metallic iron crystallizes in a type of cubic unit
V = = cell. The unit cell edge length is 287 pm. The
NA × d 6.023 × 1023 × 8.908
density of iron is 7.87 g/cm3. How many iron
= 4.376 × 10−23 cm3 atoms are there within one unit cell?
From formula (ii), Solution:
a = 4.376 × 10−23 Given: Edge length of unit cell (a)
= 287 pm = 287 × 10−10 cm
= 3.524 × 10−8 cm
= 2.87 × 10–8 cm
= 352.4 pm Density of iron (d) = 7.87 g/cm3
NA = 6.023 × 1023 atoms mol−1
Example 2.8 Atomic mass of iron (M) = 55.845
A metal crystallizes in a face-centred cubic To find: Number of iron atoms (z) = ?
lattice. The radius of the atom is 0.197 nm. The Formula: i. V = a3
density of the element is 1.54 g/cm3. What is z×M
this metal? ii. Density (d) =
NA × V
Solution:
Calculation:
Given: Radius of atom (r) = 0.197 nm
From formula (i),
= 1.97 × 10−8 cm
V = (2.87 × 10−8 cm)3
Density (d) = 1.54 g/cm3
= 2.364 × 10−23 cm3
z = 4 (FCC Lattice) From formula (ii),
NA = 6.023 × 1023 atoms d × NA × V
To Find: Name of metal = ? z=
M
a
Formula: i. r= 7.87 × 6.023 × 1023 × 2.364 × 10−23
2 2 =
55.845
ii. V = a3 z = 2.006
z×M z = 2 atoms per unit cell.
iii. Density (d) =
NA × V Hence it is Face centred cubic structure (FCC)
Solid State 7
 Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals TARGET Publications
Example 2.10 Problems for Practice
A metal crystallizes into two cubic system-face
centred cubic (FCC) and body centred cubic Type 1: Radius Ratio of ionic compound/
(BCC) whose unit cell lengths are 3.5 and 3.0Å The Formula of compound
respectively. Calculate the ratio of densities of 1. A cubic solid is made of two elements P
FCC and BCC. and Q. Atoms of Q are at the corners of
Solution: the cube and that of P are at the body-
Given: FCC unit cell length = 3.5Å centre. What is the formula of the
BCC unit cell length = 3.0Å compound? What are the coordination
numbers of P and Q?
z1 for FCC = 4
z2 for BCC = 2 2. The two ions A+ and B– have radius 58
and 210 pm respectively in closed packed
To Find: Ratio of densities of FCC and BCC
crystal of compound AB. Predict the
d coordination number of A+.
= 1 =?
d2
3
3. The ionic radii of Rb+, Br– are 1.47 and
Formula: i. V=a 1.95 respectively. Predict the most
z×M probable type of geometry exhibited by
ii. Density (d) = RbBr on the basis of radius ratio rule.
NA × V
Calculation: 4. A solid has NaCl structure. If radius of
the cation is 150 pm. Calculate the
FCC unit cell length = 3.5 Å
maximum possible value of the radius of
BCC unit cell length = 3.0 Å the anion.
From formula (i),
5. Why is coordination number of 12 not
V1 = (3.5 × 10−8)3 found in ionic crystals?
V2 = a3 = (3.0 × 10−8)3
6. Gold crystallizes in a FCC lattice, the
From formula (ii), observed unit cell length is 4.070 Å.
z ×M Calculate the radius of a gold atom.
Density in FCC (d1) = 1
N A × V1 7. A compound is formed by two elements
z2 × M M and N. The element N forms CCP and
Density in BCC (d2) = rd
N A × V2 1
atoms of M occupy of tetrahedral
3
d1 ⎛z ⎞ ⎛V ⎞ voids. What is the formula of the
= ⎜ 1 ⎟× ⎜ 2 ⎟
d2 ⎝ z 2 ⎠ ⎝ V1 ⎠ compound?
⎛4⎞ ⎛ (3.0 × 10−8 )3 ⎞ 8. Ferric oxide crystallizes in a hexagonal
= ⎜ ⎟× ⎜ −8 3 ⎟ close-packed array of oxide ions with two
⎝2⎠ ⎝ (3.5 × 10 ) ⎠
out of every three octahedral holes
⎛ 2.7 ×10−23 ⎞ occupied by ferric ions. Derive the
=2× ⎜ −23 ⎟
⎝ 4.2875 ×10 ⎠ formula of the ferric oxide.
= 2 × 0.6297 = 1.259 9. A compound forms hexagonal close-
packed structure. What is the total number
d1
∴ = 1.259 of voids in 0.5 mol of it? How many of
d2 these are tetrahedral voids?
8 Solid State
 TARGET Publications
Type 2: Density of the unit cell
10. Thallium(I) chloride crystallizes in either
a simple cubic lattice or FCC lattice of
Cl− ion. The density of a given sample of
solid is 9.0 g cm−3 and edge of the unit
cell is 3.95 × 10−8 cm. Predict the category
of unit cell.
11. Tungsten has a BCC lattice and each
lattice point is occupied by one atom.
Calculate the metallic radius of the
tungsten atom if density of tungsten is
19.30 g/cm3 and its atomic mass is 183.9.
12. Europium crystallizes in a BCC lattice.
The density of europium is 5.26 g/cm3.
Calculate the unit cell edge length.
(Atomic mass = 152)
13. Al crystallizes in FCC structure. Its
metallic radius is 125 pm. What is the
edge length of unit cell? How many unit
cells are there in 1 cm3 of Al.
14. Copper crystal has a face centred cubic
structure. Atomic radius of copper atom is
128 pm. What is the density of copper
metal? (Atomic mass of copper is 63.5)
15. Krypton crystallizes with a face-centered
cubic unit cell of edge 559 pm.
i. What is the density of solid
krypton?
ii. What is the atomic radius of
krypton?
iii. What is the volume of one krypton
atom?
iv. What percentage of the unit cell is
empty space if each atom is treated
as a hard sphere?
16. At a certain temperature and pressure an
element has a simple body-centred cubic
unit cell. The corresponding density is
4.253 g/cm3 and the atomic radius is
9.492 Å. Calculate the atomic mass for
this element.
Solid State
Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals
17. Calculate the X ray density of Aluminium
which forms FCC crystal lattice, if edge
length of unit cell is 4.049 Å.
(Atomic mass of Al = 26.98 g/mol.
Avogadro’s number = 6.023 × 1023)
18. Platinum crystallizes in FCC crystal with
unit length of 3.9231 Å. Calculate the
density and atomic radius of platinum.
(Atomic mass of Pt = 195.08)
Additional Problems for Practice
1. Metallic uranium crystallizes in a
body‐centered cubic lattice, with one U
atom per lattice point. How many atoms
are there per unit cell? If the edge length
of the unit cell is found to be 343 pm,
what is the metallic radius of U in pm?
2. A solid is made up of two elements P and
Q. Atoms Q are in FCC arrangement,
while P occupy all the tetrahedral sites.
What is the formula of the compound ?
3. In FCC structure of mixed oxide, the
lattice is made up of oxide ions, one
eighth of tetrahedral voids are occupied
by divalent ions (A2+) while one half of
octahedral voids are occupied by trivalent
ions (B+). What is the formula of the
oxide?
4. Niobium is found to crystallize with BCC
structure and found to have density of
8.55 g/cm3. Determine the edge length of
unit cell.
5. A metallic crystal has FCC lattice
structure. Its edge length is 360 pm. What
is the distance of closest approach for two
atoms?
6. Gold (atomic radius = 0.144 nm)
crystallizes in a face-centred unit cell.
What is the length of a side of the cell?
7. Given that a solid crystallizes in a body-
centred cubic structure that is 3.05 Å on
each side. What is the volume of one unit
cell in Å?
9
 Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals TARGET Publications
8. Many metals pack in cubic unit cells. The 13. Sodium has a density of 0.971 g/cm3 and
density of a metal and length of the unit crystallizes with a body-centred cubic unit
cell can be used to determine the type for cell.
packing. For example, gold has a density i. What is the radius of a sodium
of 19.32 g/cm3 and a unit cell side length atom?
of 4.08 Å. ii. What is the edge length of the cell?
(1 Å = 1 × 10–8 cm.) Give answers in picometers.
i. How many gold atoms are in 14. Calcium has a cubic closest packed
exactly 1 cm3? structure as a solid. Assuming that
ii. How many unit cells are in exactly calcium has an atomic radius of 197
1 cm3? pm, calculate the density of solid calcium.
iii. How many gold atoms are there per 15. Calculate the length of edge of unit cell
unit cell? for α-iron belonging to BCC structure.
iv. The atoms/unit cell suggests that Take the density of α-iron as
gold packs as a (a) simple, (b) 7.86 × 103 kg/m3. (Atomic mass of iron =
body-centered or (c) face-centered 55.85)
unit cell. 16. Metallic copper crystallizes in BCC
lattice. If the length of cubic unit cell is
9. Niobium with atomic mass 92.9 amu 362 pm then calculate the closest distance
crystallizes in body centered cubic between two copper atoms, also calculate
structure. If density of Niobium is the density of crystalline copper.
85.5 g/cm3. Calculate atomic radius of
Niobium 17. Copper has FCC structure and its atomic
radius is 0.1278 nm. Calculate its density.
10. If the length of body diagonal for CsCl (Atomic mass of copper = 63.5)
which into a cubic structure with Cl– ions 18. Vanadium has the iron (monoatomic
at the corners and Cs+ ions at centre of FCC) structure. If the length of unit cell
unit cell is 7Å and the radius is 1.69 Å edge is 305 pm, calculate the density of
What is the radius of Cl– ? vanadium.
(Atomic mass of V = 50.94 g/mol)
11. Many metals pack in cubic unit cells. The
density of a metal and length of the unit Questions From Various Exams
cell can be used to determine the type for
packing. For example, sodium has a 1. The ionic radius of an anion is 2.11 Å .
density of 0.968 g/cm3 and a unit cell side Find the radius of the smallest cation that
length (a) of 4.29 can have stable eight fold coordination
with the above anions.
i. How many sodium atoms are in
[GATE-1987]
1 cm3?
ii. How many unit cells are in 1 cm3? 2. The chloride ion has a radius of
0.181 nm. Calculate the radius of smallest
iii. How many sodium atoms are there
cation which can be coordinated with
per unit cell?
eight neighbouring chloride ions.
12. Chromium crystallizes in a body-centred [GATE-1989]
cubic structure. The unit cell volume is 3. A solid has NaCl structure. If the radius
2.583 × 10−23 cm3. Determine the atomic of the cation is 100 pm, what is the radius
radius os Cr in pm. of the anion? [CBSE 1985]
10 Solid State
 TARGET Publications
4. Predict the closed packed structure of an
ionic compound A+B– in which the radius
of cation = 148 pm and radius of anion =
195 pm. What is the coordination number
of cation? [CBSE-1998]
5. Predict the structure of MgO crystal and
coordination number of its cation in
which radii of cation and anion are equal
to 65 pm and 140 pm respectively.
[CBSE 1998]
6. The two ions A+ and B– have radius 88
and 200 pm respectively in closed packed
crystal of compound AB. Predict the
coordination number of A+ [CBSE 1990]
7. An ionic compound has unit cell
consisting of A ions at the corners of a
cube and B ions on the centres of face
after cube. What would be the empirical
formula of this compound?
[AIEEE 2005]
8. In a solid AB having the NaCl structure A
atoms occupies the corners of the cubic
unit cell. If all the face centered atoms
along one of the axes are removed then
the resultant stoichiometry of the solid is
[IIT 2001]
9. A metallic element crystallizes into lattice
containing a sequence of layers of
ABABAB…. Any packing of spheres
leaves out voids in the lattice. Then
calculate the empty space in percentage
by volume in this lattice. [IIT 1996]
10. A substance Ax By crystallizes in FCC
lattice in which atoms A occupy each
corner of the cube and atom B occupy the
centers of each face of the cube. Identify
the composition of AxBy [IIT 2002]
11. Chromium metal crystallizes with BCC
lattice. The length of the unit cell edge is
found to be 287 pm. Calculate the atomic
radius. What would be the density of
chromium in g/cm3.
(Atomic mass of Cr = 51.99)
[IIT July 1997]
Solid State
Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals
12. A unit cell of sodium chloride has four
formula unit. The edge length of the unit
cell is 0.564 nm. What is the density of
sodium chloride?
[IIT May 1997]
13. The unit cell of an element of atomic
mass 96 and density 10.3 g cm−3 is cube
with edge length 314 pm. Find the
structure of the crystal lattice.
(Simple cubic, FCC , BCC)
(Avogadro constant = 6.023 × 1023 mol−1)
[CBSE 1995]
14. The unit cell of an element of atomic
mass 108 and density 10.5 g/cm–3 is a
cube with edge length 409 pm. Find the
structure of the crystal lattice (Simple
cubic, FCC, BCC) (Avogadro
constant(NA) = 6.023 × 1023 mol−1)
[CBSE 1995]
15. An element (Atomic mass = 60) having
FCC unit cell, has density of 6.23 g cm−3.
What is the edge length of the unit cell?
16. The compound CuCl has ZnS structure
and the edge length of the unit cell is 500
pm. Calculate the density.
(Atomic mass of Cu = 63, Cl = 35.5
Avogadro constant = 6.023 × 1023 mol−1)
[CBSE 1997]
17. An element A (atomic mass 100) having
BCC structure has unit cell edge 400 pm.
Calculate the density of A and the number
of unit cells for 10 g of A. (Avogadro
Number = 6.023 × 1023 ) [CBSE 1990]
18. An element of atomic mass 98.5 g/mol
occurs in FCC structure. If its unit cell
edge length is 500 pm and its density is
5.22 g/cm3. What is the value of
Avogadro constant? [CBSC 1997]
19. A face centred cubic element (atomic
mass = 60) has a unit cell 400 pm. What
is its density?(N = 6.023 × 1023 mol−1)
[CBSE 1992]
11
 Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals TARGET Publications
20. Copper crystal has face centred cubic
Multiple Choice Questions
lattice structure. Its density is
3
8.93 g/cm .What is the length of the unit 1. The space occupied by b.c.c. arrangement
cell? (NA = 6.023 × 1023 mol−1; Atomic is approximately
mass of Cu = 63.5) [CBSE 1992] (A) 50% (B) 68%
(C) 74% (D) 56%
21. A metal (At mass = 50) has a BCC crystal
structure. The density of the metal is 5.96 2. The maximum percentage of available
g/cm3. Find the volume of unit cell. (NA = volume that can be filled in a face
6.023 × 1023 mol−1 ) centered cubic system by an atom is
(A) 74% (B) 68%
[CBSE 1993]
(C) 34% (D) 26%
22. The density of chromium metal is
7.2 cm3. If unit cell is cubic with edge r
Na +
length of 289 pm, determine the type of 3. In NaCl lattice, the radius ratio is =
r
Cl−
unit cell (Simple/BCC/FCC) At mass of
Cr = 52 amu [CBSE (A) 0.225 (B) 0.115
(C) 0.5414 (D) 0.471
1997]
23. An element crystallizes in a structure 4. Xenon crystallizes in face centre cubic
lattice and the edge of the unit cell is 620
having FCC unit cell of an edge of
pm, then the radius of Xenon atom is
200 pm. Calculate its density if 200 g of
(A) 219.20 pm (B) 438.5 pm
this element contains 24 × 1023 atoms (C) 265.5 pm (D) 536.94 pm
[CBSE 1991]
5. A metallic element crystallizes in simple
24. A metal has FCC crystal structure. The
cubic lattice. Each edge length of the unit
length of its unit cell is 404 pm. What is
cell is 3 Å. The density of the element is 8
the molar mass of metal atoms if the
g / cc. Number of unit cells in 108 g of
density of the metal is 2.72 g/cm3
the metal is
(NA = 6.023 × 1023) [CBSE 1993]
(A) 1.33 × 1020 (B) 2.7 × 1022
25. The density of CsBr which has CsCl (C) 5 × 1023 (D) 2 × 1024
(BCC) structure is 4.4 g/cm3. The unit cell
6. The density of KBr is 2.75 gm cm−3.
edge length is 400 pm. Calculate the Length of the unit cell is 654 pm. K
interionic distance in crystal of CsBr. = 39, Br = 80. Then what is TRUE about
(NA = 6.023 × 1023. At mass of Cs = 133, the predicted nature of the solid.
Br = 80) [CBSE 1993] (A) Solid has face centered cubic
system with z = 4.
26. Potassium fluoride has the NaCl type
(B) Solid has simple cubic system with
structure. The density of KF is z = 4.
2.48 g/cm3 at 20 °C. (C) Solid has face centered cubic
i. Calculate the unit cell length system with z = 1
ii. Calculate the nearest neighbour (D) Solid has body centered cubic
distance in KF [CBSE 1999] system with z = 2
12 Solid State
 TARGET Publications Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals
7. A compound CuCl has face centered 14. The packing efficiency of the two−
cubic structure. Its density is 3.4 g cm–3. dimensional square unit cell shown below
The length of unit cell is. (At mass of Cu is
= 63.54 and Cl = 35.5)
(A) 39.27 %
(A) 5.783 Å (B) 6.783 Å
(C) 7.783 Å (D) 8.783 Å (B) 68.02 %
8. At room temperature, sodium crystallizes
(C) 74.05 %
in a body centered cubic lattice with a =
4.24 Å. The theoretical density of sodium L
(D) 78.54 %
(At. mass of Na = 23) is
(A) 1.002 g cm–3 (B) 2.002 g cm–3 15. If ‘a’ stands for the edge length of the
cubic systems: simple cubic, body
(C) 3.002 g cm–3 (D) 4.002 g cm−3
centered cubic and face centered cubic,
9. The edge length of the unit cell of NaCl then the ratio of radii of the spheres in
crystal lattice is 552 pm. If ionic radius of these systems will be respectively.
sodium ion is 95 pm, what is the ionic
1 3 3
radius of chloride ion? (A) a: a: a
2 2 2
(A) 190 pm (B) 368 pm
(C) 181 pm (D) 276 pm (B) 1a : 3a: 2a
10. The radius of the Na+ is 95 pm and that of 1 3 1
(C) a: a: a
Cl– ion is 181 pm. Predict the 2 4 2 2
coordination number of Na+. 1 1
(A) 4 (D) a: 3a: a
2 2
(B) 6
(C) 8 16. CsBr crystal has bcc structure. It has an
(D) Unpredictable edge length of 4.3 Å. The shortest
11. A solid AB has rock salt structure. If the interionic distance between Cs+ and Br−
edge length is 520 pm and radius of A+ is ions is
80 pm, the radius of anion B– would be (A) 1.86 Å (B) 3.72 Å
(A) 440 pm (B) 220 pm (C) 4.3 Å (D) 7.44 Å
(C) 360 pm (D) 180 pm 17. The number of atoms in 100 g of an fcc
12. NH4Cl crystallizes in bcc lattice with edge crystal with density d = 10 g / cm3 and
length of unit cell equal to 387 pm. If cell edge equal to 100 pm, is equal to
–
radius of Cl is 181 pm, the radius of (A) 4 × 1025 (B) 3 × 1025
NH +4 will be (C) 2 × 1025 (D) 1 × 1025
(A) 174 pm (B) 154 pm 18. An element (atomic mass 100 g / mol )
(C) 116 pm (D) 206 pm
having bcc structure has unit cell edge
13. What is the simplest formula of a solid 400 pm. Then density of the element is
whose cubic unit cell has the atom A at (A) 10.376 g / cm3
each corner, the atom B at each face
(B) 5.188 g / cm3
centre and C atom at the body centre
(A) AB2 C (B) A2BC (C) 7.289 g / cm3
(C) AB3C (D) ABC3 (D) 2.144 g / cm3
Solid State 13
 Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals TARGET Publications
19. Copper crystallizes in fcc with a unit cell
Answers to Questions from Various Exams
length of 361 pm. What is the radius of
copper atom ?
1. 1.545 Å
(A) 108 pm (B) 127 pm
(C) 157 pm (D) 181 pm 2. r+ = 1.32 Å
3. 241.5 pm
20. AB crystallizes in a body centered cubic
lattice with edge length ‘a’ equal to 4. Cubic, 8
387 pm. The distance between two 5. Octahedral, 6
oppositely charged ions in the lattice is 6. 6
(A) 335 pm (B) 250 pm 7. AB3
(C) 200 pm (D) 300 pm 8. A3B4
21. A solid has a structure in which ‘W’ 9. 26 %
atoms are located at the corners of a cubic 10. AB3
lattice, ‘O’ atoms at the centre of edges 11. 124.27 pm, 7.30 g/mL
and ‘Na’ atoms at the centre of the cube. 12. 2.16 g/cm3
The formula for the compound is
13. Body centred cubic (BCC) lattice.
(A) NaWO2 (B) NaWO3
(C) Na2WO3 (D) NaWO4 14. Face centred cubic (FCC) lattice.
15. 400 pm
Answers to Additional Problems for Practice
16. 5.22 g/cm3
1. 2 atoms, 8.9 pm 17. 5.188 g/cm3, 3.0 × 1022 unit cells
2. P2Q
18. 6.03 × 10+23 mol−1
3. AB2O
4. 303.5 pm 19. 6.226 g/cm3
5. 255 pm 20. 361.5 pm
6. 0.407 nm 21. 2.7857 × 10−23 cm3
7. 28.372 Å 22. Body centred cubic (BCC) lattice.
8. i. 5.9058 × 1022 atoms 23. 41.7 g/cm3
ii. 1.47238 × 1022 unit cells
24. 27 g/mol
iii. 4 atom/unit cell
iv. FCC 25. 346.4 pm
9. 1.43 × 102 pm 26. i. 537.7 pm
10. 181 pm ii. 268.9 pm
11. i. 2.54 × 1022 atoms in 1 cm3
ii. 1.27 × 1022 unit cells Answer Key to Multiple Choice Questions
iii. 2 atoms per unit cell
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (A)
12. 128 × 10−10 pm
13. i. 185.5 pm 5. (C) 6. (A) 7. (A) 8. (A)
ii. 428.4 pm
9. (C) 10. (B) 11. (D) 12. (B)
14. 1.54 g/cm3
15. 0.124 nm 13. (C) 14. (D) 15. (C) 16. (B)
16. 313 pm, 4.45 g/cm3
17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (B) 20. (A)
17. 8.98 kg/m3
18. 5.96 g/cm3 21. (B)
14 Solid State
 TARGET Publications Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals
Problem 3:
Hints to Problems for Practice
Given: Radius of Cation Rb+ (r+) = 1.47Å
Problem 1: Radius of anion Br– (r–) = 1.95 Å
Given : Atoms of P are present at the body- To find: Structure of RbBr = ?
centre Formula:
Atoms of Q are present at the Radius of thecation
corners of the cube Radius ratio =
Radius of theanion
To find: Formula of the compound = ?
Co-ordination numbers of P and Calculation:
Q=? From formula,
Calculation: r+ r + 1.47
It is given that the atoms of Q are present at the Radius ratio = −
= Rb = = 0.7538
r r − 1.95
corners of the cube. Br

∴ Number of atoms contributed by a corner Since the radius ratio lies in between 0.732 – 1.0
1 The coordination number of RbBr is 8
of atom Q per unit cell = atoms And the structure of RbBr is Cubic.
8
Number of atoms contributed by 8
1 Problem 4:
corners of atom Q per unit cell = × 8 Given: Radius of cation Na+ (r+) =150 pm
8
= 1 atom To find: Radius of anion Cl– (r–) =?
It is also given that the atoms of P are present at Formula:
the body-centre. Radius of thecation
Radius ratio =
Therefore, number of atoms of P in one unit cell Radius of theanion
= 1 atom Calculation:
This means that the ratio of the number of P NaCl has octahedral structural arrangement
atoms to the number of Q atoms, P:Q =1:1
r+
Hence, the formula of the compound is PQ. The range of for stable six fold
The coordination number of both P and Q is 8 r−
coordination is 0.414 to 0.732
Problem 2: Hence the radius of cation can be calculated by
Given: Radius of Cation A+ (r+) = 58 pm r+
Radius of anion B– (r–) = 210 pm taking − = 0.414
r
To find: The coordination number of AB = ? From formula,
Formula:
r+
Radius of thecation 0.414 = −
Radius ratio = r
Radius of theanion +
r 150
Calculation: r– = = = 362.32 pm
0.414 0.414
From formula,
r+ r+ 58
Radius ratio = − = A = = 0.276 Problem 5:
r r− 210 Maximum radius ratio in ionic crystals lies in
B

Since the radius ratio lies in between the range 0.732 – 1 which corresponds to a
0.225 – 0.414 coordination number of 8. Hence
The coordination number of AB is 4 coordination number greater than 8 is not
And the structure of AB is Tetrahedral possible in ionic crystals.
Solid State 15
 Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals TARGET Publications
Problem 6: It is given that two out of every three octahedral
Given: Edge length of unit cell (a) = 4.070 Å holes are occupied by ferric ions. So, number of
To find: Radius (r) =? 2
ferric (Fe3+) ions = x
a 3
Formula: r =
2 2 Therefore, ratio of the number of Fe3+ ions to
Calculation: the number of O2− ions,
Since Au crystallizes in face centred cubic 2
Fe3+ : O2− = x : x
(FCC) structure 3
From formula, 2
4.070 = :1
r= 3
2 × 1.4142 =2:3
= 1.44 Å Hence, the formula of the ferric oxide is Fe2O3.

Problem 7: Problem 9:
rd
1 Given : Compound has hexagonal close-
Given: M occupy of tetrahedral voids packed structure
3
To find : Formula of the compound = ? Avogadro’s Number = NA
Calculation: = 6.023 × 1023
The CCP lattice is formed by the atoms of the To find: Total number of voids = ?
element N. Number of tetrahedral voids = ?
Here, the number of tetrahedral voids generated Calculation:
is equal to twice the number of atoms of the Number of close-packed particles = 0.5 × NA
element N. = 0.5 × 6.023 × 1023
rd = 3.011 × 1023
1
The atoms of element M occupy of the Therefore, number of octahedral voids
3 = 3.011 × 1023
tetrahedral voids. And, number of tetrahedral voids
1 = 2 × 3.011 × 1023
Therefore, the number of atoms of M = 2 × =
3 = 6.022 ×1023
2 Therefore, total number of voids
of the number of atoms of N. = (3.011 × 1023) + (6.023 × 1023)
3
Therefore, ratio of the number of atoms of M to = 9.034 × 1023
2
that of N is M: N = : 1 = 2:3 Problem 10:
3 Given: Density = 9.0 g cm–3
Thus, the formula of the compound is M2N3 Edge length (a) = 3.95 × 10−8 cm
Atomic mass of Th (M) = 232
Problem 8: To find: Category of unit cell = ?
Given: Ferric oxide has hexagonal close- Formula: i. V = a3
packed array. Every three octahedral z×M
holes are occupied by ferric ions. ii. Density (d) =
NA × V
To find: Formula of the ferric oxide = ?
Calculation: Calculation:
Let the number of oxide (O2−) ions be x. From formula (i),
So, number of octahedral voids = x V = (3.95 × 10−8 cm)3
= 6.163 × 10−23 cm3
16 Solid State
 TARGET Publications Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals
From formula (ii), Calculation:
d × NA × V From formula (i),
z=
M 152
Eu =
9 × 6.023 × 1023 × 6.163 × 10−23 6.023 × 1023
=
232 From formula (ii),
= 1.4 152
=1 V=
6.023 × 1023 × 5.26
z =1 atom per unit
= 4.7978 × 10–23 cm3
Hence it is Simple cubic structure (SC)
From formula (iii),
Problem 11: a= 3
4.7978 × 10−23
Given: Atomic mass of Tungsten (M) a = 3.63 × 10−8 cm
= 183.9 a = 363 pm
Density (d) = 19.30 g/cm3
z = 2 (For BCC)
Problem 13:
To find: Metallic radius (a) = ?
Given: Radius (r) = 125 pm
z×M
Formula: i. Density (d) = = 1.25 × 10−8 cm
NA × V
z = 4 (FCC)
ii. V = a3
To find: Edge length of unit cell (a) = ?
Calculation:
Number of unit cells in 1 cm3 of
From formula (i),
Al = ?
z×M
V= a
NA × d Formula: i. r=
2 2
2 × 183.9
= ii. V = a3
6.023 × 1023 × 19.30
Calculation:
= 3.1640 × 10−23 cm3
From formula (i),
From formula (ii),
a
a = 3 3.1640 × 10−23 1.25 × 10-8 =
2 × 1.414
= 3.1628 × 10−8 cm −8
a = 1.25 × 10 × 2 × 1.414
= 3.535 × 10−8 cm
Problem 12:
Given: Density of Europium (d) = 5.26 g/cm3 = 353.5 pm
Atomic mass (M) = 152 From formula (ii),
To find: Edge length of unit cell (a) = ? V = (3.535 × 10−8)3
Formula: = 4.418 × 10–23 cm3
Atomic mass Number of unit cells in 1 cm3 of Al
i. Mass of 1 atom =
Avogadro 's number = 1 cm3/V
Mass 1
ii. Volume = =
Density 4.418 × 1023
iii. Volume = a 3 = 2.266 × 1024 unit cells
Solid State 17
 Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals TARGET Publications
3
Problem 14: Formula: i. V=a
Given: Atomic radius of Cu atom z×M
ii. Density (d) =
= 128 pm NA × V
= 128 × 10−10 cm a
z = 4 (FCC) iii. r=
Atomic mass of Cu = 63.5 2 2
Density of Cu (d) = ? 4
To find: iv. V = πr3
Formula: i. Face diagonal 3
= 2 × edge length Calculation:
From formula (i),
ii. Volume (V) = a3
V = (5.59 × 10−8 cm)3 = 1.7468 × 10−22 cm3
z×M From formula (ii),
iii. Density (d) =
NA × V 4 × 83.798
d=
Calculation: 6.023 × 1023 × 1.7468 × 10−22
For FCC Lattice = 3.19 g/cm3
In face centred cubic arrangement face diagonal For FCC
is four times the radius of atoms face diagonal From formula (iii),
= 4 × 128 5.59 × 10−8 cm 5.59 × 10−8 cm
= 512 pm r= =
2 2 2 × 1.414
= 512 × 10−10cm −8
r = 1.98 × 10 cm
From formula (i),
From formula (iv),
512 4
Edge length (a) = V = × 3.142 × (1.98 × 10–8)3
2 3
= 362 × 10–10 cm 4
From formula (ii), = × 3.142 × 7.762 × 10–24
3
V = (3.62 × 10−8 cm)3
9.756 × 10−23
= 47.4 × 10−24 cm3 =
From formula (iii), 3
V = 3.25 × 10−23 cm3
4 × 63.5
d= Volume of the 4 atoms in the unit cell:
(6.023 × 1023 × 47.4 × 10−24 ) 3.25 × 10−23 cm3 × 4 = 1.292 × 10−22 cm3
= 8.897 g/cm3 Volume of cell not filled with Kr:
(1.7468 × 10−22) − (1.292 × 10−22)
Problem 15: = 4.568 × 10−23 cm3
Given: Edge length (a) = 559 pm % of empty space:
= 5.59 × 10−8 cm 4.568 × 10−23
= 0.2615
z = 4 (FCC) 1.7468 × 10−22
Atomic mass of Krypton (M) = = 26.15 %
83.798
To find: i. Density of solid krypton = ? Problem 16:
ii. Atomic radius of krypton =? Given: Density d = 4.253 g/cm3
iii. Volume of one krypton atom Atomic radius (a) = 9.492Å
=? = 9.492 × 10−8 cm
iv. % of the unit cell which is z = 2 (BCC)
empty space = ? To Find: Atomic mass of element (M) =?
18 Solid State
 TARGET Publications Std. XII Sci.: Chemistry Numericals
3a Problem 18:
Formula: i. r= Given: Edge length (a) = 3.9231 Å
4
= 3.9231 × 10−8 cm
ii. Volume of the unit cell V = a3
Atomic weight of Pt (M)= 195.08
z×M z = 4 (FCC)
iii. Density (d) =
N0 × V Avogadro’s number = NA
Calculation: = 6.023 × 1023
To find: Density (d) = ?
For BCC
Atomic radius (r) = ?
From formula (i), Formula: i. V = a3
3 × 9.492 ×10−8 z×M
r= = 4.11 × 10−8 cm ii. Density (d) =
4 NA × V
From formula (ii),
a 2
V = (4.11 × 10−8 cm)3 = 6.94 × 10−23 cm3 iii. Atomic Radius (r) =
4
From formula (iii), Calculation:
d From formula (i),
M = N0 × V ×
z V = (3.9231 × 10−8 cm)3
6.023 × 1023 × 6.94 × 10−23 × 4.253 = 6.038 × 10−23 cm3
= From formula (ii),
2
4 × 195.8
M = 88.89 amu d=
6.023 × 1023 × 6.038 × 10−23
= 21.53 g/cm3
Problem 17: From formula (iii),
Given: Edge length (a) = 4.049 Å 3.9231 × 10−8 × 2
= 4.049 × 10−8 cm r=
4
Atomic mass of Al (M) = 138 .7 pm
= 26.98 g/mol
z = 4 (FCC)
Avogadro’s number = NA
= 6.023 × 1023
To find: Density (d) = ?
Formula: i. V = a3
z×M
ii. Density (d) =
NA × V
Calculation:
From formula (i),
V = (4.049 × 10−8 cm)3
= 6.6381 × 10−23 cm3
From formula (ii),
4 × 26.98
d =
6.023 × 1023 × 6.6381 × 10−23
= 2.699 g/cm3
Solid State 19